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Trichuris trichiura egg extract proteome reveals potential diagnostic targets and immunomodulators. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009221. [PMID: 33760829 PMCID: PMC8021180 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Embryonated eggs are the infectious developmental stage of Trichuris trichiura and are the primary stimulus for the immune system of the definitive host. The intestinal-dwelling T. trichiura affects an estimated 465 million people worldwide with an estimated global burden of disease of 640 000 DALYs (Disability Adjusted Life Years). In Latin America and the Caribbean, trichuriasis is the most prevalent soil transmitted helminthiasis in the region (12.3%; 95% CI). The adverse health consequences impair childhood school performance and reduce school attendance resulting in lower future wage-earning capacity. The accumulation of the long-term effects translates into poverty promoting sequelae and a cycle of impoverishment. Each infective T. trichiura egg carries the antigens needed to face the immune system with a wide variety of proteins present in the shell, larvae’s surface, and the accompanying fluid that contains their excretions/secretions. We used a proteomic approach with tandem mass spectrometry to investigate the proteome of soluble non-embryonated egg extracts of T. trichiura obtained from naturally infected African green monkeys (Chlorocebus sabaeus). A total of 231 proteins were identified, 168 of them with known molecular functions. The proteome revealed common proteins families which are known to play roles in energy and metabolism; the cytoskeleton, muscle and motility; proteolysis; signaling; the stress response and detoxification; transcription and translation; and lipid binding and transport. In addition to the study of the T. trichiura non-embryonated egg proteome, the antigenic profile of the T. trichiura non-embryonated egg and female soluble proteins against serum antibodies from C. sabaeus naturally infected with trichuriasis was investigated. We used an immunoproteomic approach by Western blot and tandem mass spectrometry from the corresponding SDS-PAGE gels. Vitellogenin N and VWD and DUF1943 domain containing protein, poly-cysteine and histidine tailed protein isoform 2, heat shock protein 70, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, actin, and enolase, were among the potential immunoactive proteins. To our knowledge, this is the first study on the T. trichiura non-embryonated egg proteome as a novel source of information on potential targets for immunodiagnostics and immunomodulators from a neglected tropical disease. This initial list of T. trichiura non-embryonated egg proteins (proteome and antigenic profile) can be used in future research on the immunobiology and pathogenesis of human trichuriasis and the treatment of human intestinal immune-related diseases. Who came first the worm or its egg? In the case of whipworm, we know it is the egg. The infective life cycle stage of the human whipworm (Trichuris trichiura) is the primary stimulus for the immune system of the definitive host. Each infective whipworm egg carries the information needed to face the immune system of the host with a wide variety of proteins present in the shell, larvae’s surface, and the accompanying fluid that contains their excretions/secretions. We investigated the soluble proteins of the non-embryonated egg using an immunoproteomic approach and then selected the top five proteins using a series of bioinformatic analysis. We used these top five proteins to recognize potential targets for immunodiagnostics and immunomodulation while comparing them to known female worm proteins. We found that the proteins we selected were involved in lipid transport, energy and metabolism, and muscle and motility. One protein has unknown function.
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Rehman A, Ullah R, Khan MAH, Abidi SMA. Glutathione-S-transferase: an important diagnostic antigen of liver amphistome Gigantocotyle explanatum, infecting the Indian water buffalo. Acta Trop 2020; 205:105400. [PMID: 32081660 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2020.105400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 01/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The foodborne trematodiases pose a significant health problem to the animals as well as the human population living in close proximities with the livestock and are still considered as the neglected tropical diseases by the World Health Organisation. The digenetic trematode, Gigantocotyle explanatum infecting the liver of Indian water buffalo, Bubalus bubalis, has been identified as one of the most common helminth parasite responsible for the disease, amphistomosis, in livestock. Despite huge abattoir prevalence, the epidemiological data and the actual economic losses incurred due to this parasite alone are yet to be established probably due to the limitations of routinely used diagnostic tests. The gold standard for the confirmation of such infections under field conditions is still the fecal egg count (FEC). However, the poor sensitivity and cumbersome nature of these tests necessitates the development of a more sensitive, reliable and easy to perform workflow/method. Immunological diagnosis of helminthic infections is still considered as an alternative to the FEC. Therefore, efforts have been made to utilize glutathione-S-transferase (GST), a vitally significant molecule of the adult G. explanatum, for the serodiagnosis of amphistomosis under both laboratory and field conditions. The GST antigen was first affinity purified from the somatic extract of the adult worms since its highest level was recorded in the somatic extracts followed by eggs and the excretory/secretory products. A five-fold affinity purified native GST antigen of about 25 kDa was found to be highly immunogenic as evident from high titre (1:25,600) of the polyclonal antibodies raised in the rabbits. The immunoblotting results revealed differential presence of GST in the adult worms, their eggs and excretory/secretory products. The immunolocalization studies revealed that the vitelline glands are the major source of GST in liver amphistome. Further, we were able to successfully screen animals naturally infected with G. explanatum using anti GST polyclonal antibodies in dot blot assay. High levels of both circulating GST antigen and anti GST antibodies were detected in the serum of the animals naturally infected with G. explanatum, while no cross reactivity was observed with the tropical liver fluke, F. gigantica which often infects the buffalo liver concurrently. The findings of the present study indicate that GST could be used as an important antigen for the diagnosis of G. explanatum infection in Indian water buffaloes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdur Rehman
- Section of Parasitology, Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India.
| | - Rizwan Ullah
- Section of Parasitology, Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | - M A Hannan Khan
- Section of Parasitology, Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India; Department of Zoology, School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, BGSB University, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - S M A Abidi
- Section of Parasitology, Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India.
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Grzelak S, Moskwa B, Bień J. Trichinella britovi muscle larvae and adult worms: stage-specific and common antigens detected by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis-based immunoblotting. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:584. [PMID: 30419953 PMCID: PMC6233509 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-3177-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Trichinella britovi is the second most common species of Trichinella that may affect human health. As an early diagnosis of trichinellosis is crucial for effective treatment, it is important to identify sensitive, specific and common antigens of adult T. britovi worms and muscle larvae. The present study was undertaken to uncover the stage-specific and common proteins of T. britovi that may be used in specific diagnostics. Methods Somatic extracts obtained from two developmental stages, muscle larvae (ML) and adult worms (Ad), were separated using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) coupled with immunoblot analysis. The positively-visualized protein spots specific for each stage were identified through liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-LC/MS). Results A total of 272 spots were detected in the proteome of T. britovi adult worms (Ad) and 261 in the muscle larvae (ML). The somatic extracts from Ad and ML were specifically recognized by T. britovi-infected swine sera at 10 days post infection (dpi) and 60 dpi, with a total of 70 prominent protein spots. According to immunoblotting patterns and LC-MS/MS results, the immunogenic spots recognized by different pig T. britovi-infected sera were divided into three groups for the two developmental stages: adult stage-specific proteins, muscle larvae stage-specific proteins, and proteins common to both stages. Forty-five Ad proteins (29 Ad-specific and 16 common) and thirteen ML proteins (nine ML-specific and four common) cross-reacted with sera at 10 dpi. Many of the proteins identified in Ad (myosin-4, myosin light chain kinase, paramyosin, intermediate filament protein B, actin-depolymerizing factor 1 and calreticulin) are involved in structural and motor activity. Among the most abundant proteins identified in ML were 14-3-3 protein zeta, actin-5C, ATP synthase subunit d, deoxyribonuclease-2-alpha, poly-cysteine and histide-tailed protein, enolase, V-type proton ATPase catalytic and serine protease 30. Heat-shock protein, intermediate filament protein ifa-1 and intermediate filament protein B were identified in both proteomes. Conclusions To our knowledge, this study represents the first immunoproteomic identification of the antigenic proteins of adult worms and muscle larvae of T. britovi. Our results provide a valuable basis for the development of diagnostic methods. The identification of common components for the two developmental stages of T. britovi may be useful in the preparation of parasitic antigens in recombinant forms for diagnostic use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Grzelak
- Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Twarda 51/55, 00-818, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Bożena Moskwa
- Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Twarda 51/55, 00-818, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Justyna Bień
- Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Twarda 51/55, 00-818, Warsaw, Poland.
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Zhai Q, Fu Z, Hong Y, Yu X, Han Q, Lu K, Li H, Dou X, Zhu C, Liu J, Lin J, Li G. iTRAQ-Based Comparative Proteomic Analysis of Adult Schistosoma japonicum from Water Buffalo and Yellow Cattle. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:99. [PMID: 29467732 PMCID: PMC5808103 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis japonicum is one of the most severe zoonotic diseases in China. Water buffalo and yellow cattle are important reservoir hosts and the main transmission sources of Schistosoma japonicum in endemic areas. The susceptibility of these two hosts to schistosome infection is different, as water buffaloes are less susceptible to S. japonicum than yellow cattle. In this study, iTRAQ-coupled LC-MS/MS was applied to compare the protein expression profiles of adult schistosomes recovered from water buffalo with those of yellow cattle. A total of 131 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were identified, including 46 upregulated proteins and 85 downregulated proteins. The iTRAQ results were confirmed by Western blotting and quantitative real-time PCR. Further analysis indicated that these DEPs were primarily involved in protein synthesis, transcriptional regulation, protein proteolysis, cytoskeletal structure and oxidative stress response processes. The results revealed that some of the differential expression molecules may affect the development and survival of schistosomes in these two natural hosts. Of note, this study provides useful information for understanding the interplay between schistosomes and their final hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiqiang Fu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Hong
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xingang Yu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Han
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ke Lu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuefeng Dou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Chuangang Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinming Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiaojiao Lin
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Guoqing Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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Development of monoclonal antibodies against Sj29 and its possible application for schistosomiasis diagnosis. Int J Infect Dis 2017; 61:74-78. [PMID: 28412409 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2017.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Timely Schistosoma japonicum detection improves outcomes in schistosomiasis. Here, we established a double antibody sandwich ELISA to detect Schistosoma japonicum. METHODS Sj29 polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies were developed and identified. A Sj29 double antibody sandwich ELISA was evaluated. RESULTS Assay sensitivity for detecting Schistosoma japonicum circulating antigen Sj29 was 76.7% (23/30), 54.5% (18/33) and 50.0% (18/36) in patients with acute, chronic and advanced schistosomiasis. No false positives or cross-reactivity was observed in healthy controls or patients with clonorchiasis, paragonimiasis, or ancylostomiasis, respectively. By contrast, false positives (5.7%) and cross-reactivity (6.5%-10%) were detected using an AWA-ELISA. The circulating antigen positive rates decreased significantly faster than that of the antibody detection after 6 months treatment (22.2%, 4/18 and 88.9%, 16/18). Chi-Square Tests revealed that Sj29 sandwich ELISA had lower sensitivity than AWA indirect ELISA in the detection of S. japonicum infected patients (p<0.05). Although our assay detection specificity in patients infected with other parasites or healthy controls appeared higher, the difference between the assays was insignificant. However, our assay showed significantly better results in monitoring praziquantel therapeutic effects (p=0.001), with antigen-positive rates decreasing significantly faster than antibody detection rates after 6 months of treatment (22.2%, 4/18 versus 88.9%, 16/18). CONCLUSIONS Sj29 double antibody sandwich ELISA was established. The specificity of this method for detecting healthy sera was 100%. Meanwhile, Sj29 sandwich ELISA may have a potential diagnostic capability to distinguish current from past infections and assess drug treatment responses.
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Hinz R, Schwarz NG, Hahn A, Frickmann H. Serological approaches for the diagnosis of schistosomiasis - A review. Mol Cell Probes 2016; 31:2-21. [PMID: 27986555 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2016.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is a common disease in endemic areas of Sub-Saharan Africa, South America and Asia. It is rare in Europe, mainly imported from endemic countries due to travelling or human migration. Available methods for the diagnosis of schistosomiasis comprise microscopic, molecular and serological approaches, with the latter detecting antigens or antibodies associated with Schistosoma spp. infection. The serological approach is a valuable screening tool in low-endemicity settings and for travel medicine, though the interpretation of any diagnostic results requires knowledge of test characteristics and a patient's history. Specific antibody detection by most currently used assays is only possible in a relatively late stage of infection and does not allow for the differentiation of acute from previous infections for therapeutic control or the discrimination between persisting infection and re-infection. Throughout the last decades, new target antigens have been identified, and assays with improved performance and suitability for use in the field have been developed. For numerous assays, large-scale studies are still required to reliably characterise assay characteristics alone and in association with other available methods for the diagnosis of schistosomiasis. Apart from S. mansoni, S. haematobium and S. japonicum, for which most available tests were developed, other species of Schistosoma that occur less frequently need to be taken into account. This narrative review describes and critically discusses the results of published studies on the evaluation of serological assays that detect antibodies against different Schistosoma species of humans. It provides insights into the diagnostic performance and an overview of available assays and their suitability for large-scale use or individual diagnosis, and thus sets the scene for serological diagnosis of schistosomiasis and the interpretation of results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Hinz
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; Department of Tropical Medicine at the Bernhard Nocht Institute, German Armed Forces Hospital Hamburg, Germany.
| | | | - Andreas Hahn
- Takeda Pharma Vertrieb GmbH & Co. KG, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hagen Frickmann
- Department of Tropical Medicine at the Bernhard Nocht Institute, German Armed Forces Hospital Hamburg, Germany; Institute for Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medicine Rostock, Germany
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Schistosoma mekongi cathepsin B and its use in the development of an immunodiagnosis. Acta Trop 2016; 155:11-9. [PMID: 26655041 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2015.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Revised: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Schistosomiasis mekongi is one of the most important human parasitic diseases caused by Schistosoma mekongi in South-east Asia. The endemic area is the Mekong River sub-region from Laos to Cambodia. This parasite also infects dogs and pigs which are its alternative host species. Currently, the lack of reliable rapid diagnosis makes it difficult to monitor the infection and spreading of the disease. In this study, we screened the antigens of the parasite with sera of infected mice using Western blotting and identified proteins of interest with LC-MS/MS to obtain potential candidate proteins for diagnostic development. This assay yielded 2 immunoreactive bands at molecular masses of 31 and 22kDa. The 31kDa protein was the major band identified as cathepsin B, and its gene was cloned to obtain a full cDNA sequence (SmekCatB). The cDNA consisted of 1123bp and its longest reading frame encoded for 342 amino acids with some putative post translation modifications. The recombinant SmekCatB (rSmekCatB) with hexahistidine tag at the C-terminus was expressed in Escherichia coli and purified by Ni-NTA resin under denaturing conditions. The rSmekCatB reacted with sera of S. mekongi-infected mice. Indirect ELISA using rSmekCatB as the antigen to detect mouse antibodies, revealed a sensitivity of 91.67% for schistosomiasis mekongi and the specificity of 100%. Our data suggested that SmekCatB is one of the most promising parasitic antigens that could be used for the diagnosis of S. mekongi infection.
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Wang T, Zhao M, Rotgans BA, Strong A, Liang D, Ni G, Limpanont Y, Ramasoota P, McManus DP, Cummins SF. Proteomic Analysis of the Schistosoma mansoni Miracidium. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147247. [PMID: 26799066 PMCID: PMC4723143 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite extensive control efforts, schistosomiasis continues to be a major public health problem in developing nations in the tropics and sub-tropics. The miracidium, along with the cercaria, both of which are water-borne and free-living, are the only two stages in the life-cycle of Schistosoma mansoni which are involved in host invasion. Miracidia penetrate intermediate host snails and develop into sporocysts, which lead to cercariae that can infect humans. Infection of the snail host by the miracidium represents an ideal point at which to interrupt the parasite’s life-cycle. This research focuses on an analysis of the miracidium proteome, including those proteins that are secreted. We have identified a repertoire of proteins in the S. mansoni miracidium at 2 hours post-hatch, including proteases, venom allergen-like proteins, receptors and HSP70, which might play roles in snail-parasite interplay. Proteins involved in energy production and conservation were prevalent, as were proteins predicted to be associated with defence. This study also provides a strong foundation for further understanding the roles that neurohormones play in host-seeking by schistosomes, with the potential for development of novel anthelmintics that interfere with its various life-cycle stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianfang Wang
- Genecology Research Centre, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore DC, Queensland, 4558, Australia
| | - Min Zhao
- Genecology Research Centre, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore DC, Queensland, 4558, Australia
| | - Bronwyn A. Rotgans
- Genecology Research Centre, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore DC, Queensland, 4558, Australia
| | - April Strong
- Genecology Research Centre, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore DC, Queensland, 4558, Australia
| | - Di Liang
- Genecology Research Centre, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore DC, Queensland, 4558, Australia
| | - Guoying Ni
- Genecology Research Centre, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore DC, Queensland, 4558, Australia
- School of Medical Science, Griffith Health Institute, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, 4222, Australia
| | - Yanin Limpanont
- Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Pongrama Ramasoota
- Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Donald P. McManus
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, 4006, Australia
| | - Scott F. Cummins
- Genecology Research Centre, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore DC, Queensland, 4558, Australia
- * E-mail:
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Zhang M, Fu Z, Li C, Han Y, Cao X, Han H, Liu Y, Lu K, Hong Y, Lin J. Screening diagnostic candidates for schistosomiasis from tegument proteins of adult Schistosoma japonicum using an immunoproteomic approach. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0003454. [PMID: 25706299 PMCID: PMC4338221 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schistosomiasis is one of the world's most prevalent zoonotic diseases and a serious worldwide public health problem. Since the tegument (TG) of Schistosoma japonicum is in direct contact with the host and induces a host immune response against infection, the identification of immune response target molecules in the schistosome TG is crucial for screening diagnostic antigens for this disease. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS In this study, an immunoproteomics approach used TG proteins as screening antigens to identify potential diagnostic molecules of S. japonicum. Ten spots corresponding to six proteins were identified that immunoreacted with sera from S. japonicum-infected rabbits but not sera from uninfected rabbits and their specific IgG antibody levels declined quickly after praziquantel treatment. Recombinant phosphoglycerate mutase (PGM) and UV excision repair protein RAD23 homolog B (RAD23) proteins were expressed and their diagnostic potential for schistosomiasis was evaluated and compared with schistosome soluble egg antigen (SEA) using ELISA. The results showed high sensitivity and specificity and low crossreactivity when rSjPGM-ELISA and rSjRAD23-ELISA were used to detect water buffalo schistosomiasis. Moreover, antibodies to rSjPGM and rSjRAD23 might be short-lived since they declined quickly after chemotherapy. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE Therefore, the two schistosome TG proteins SjPGM and SjRAD23 were identified as potential diagnostic markers for the disease. The two recombinant proteins might have the potential to evaluate the effectiveness of drug treatments and for distinguishing between current and past infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Zhiqiang Fu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Changjian Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanhui Han
- College of Animal Science, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
| | - Xiaodan Cao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongxiao Han
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yantao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ke Lu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Hong
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiaojiao Lin
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
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Yang J, Pan W, Sun X, Zhao X, Yuan G, Sun Q, Huang J, Zhu X. Immunoproteomic profile of Trichinella spiralis adult worm proteins recognized by early infection sera. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:20. [PMID: 25582511 PMCID: PMC4299305 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-0641-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Trichinellosis, a widespread zoonosis, is regarded as an emerging or reemerging disease. Effective treatment and prognosis of trichinellosis depends on early diagnosis of the infection. The objective of this study was to identify sensitive and specific antigens for early diagnosis or effective vaccine antigens for preventing infection. Methods The somatic proteins of T. spiralis adult worms were separated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE). The separated proteins were probed with early infection sera from swine or mice infected with T. spiralis for 7 days. The primary immunoreactive spots were characterized by MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS analysis in combination with bioinformatics. The identified proteins were annotated using WEGO based on their functions. The immunodominant protein was chosen for expression as recombinant protein in E. coli and the purified recombinant protein was used to confirm its antigenicity by Western blot with the same infection sera. Results Approximately 300 spots were separated by 2-DE, with molecular weights ranging from 10 to 130 kDa, and pI values ranging from pH 4 to 10. The sera from swine and mice infected with T. spiralis for 7 days recognized 64 proteins. MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS analysis identified 55 proteins, some with different isoforms. Finally, 40 individual immunoreactive proteins were obtained with a wide range of biological functions. Several proteins, such as heat shock protein 70, 14-3-3 protein, and cysteine protease could be used as immunodiagnostic or vaccine antigens. Among these identified proteins, the highly immunodominant Ts14-3-3 was chosen for expression in E. coli and purified recombinant Ts14-3-3 was able to be strongly recognized by the same T. spiralis infected sera used for identifying these antigens, therefore the most promising antigen for early immunodiagnosis of Trichinella infection. Conclusions A total of 64 proteins from the adult worm were recognized by early infection sera from swine and mice infected with T. spiralis for 7 days. Several proteins, are of particular interest as immunodiagnostic or vaccine antigens, especially with Ts14-3-3 as most promising due to its highly immunogenicity during early infection, expressed protein can be recognized by Trichinella early infection sera and the native Ts14-3-3 expression in both adult and larval stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yang
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
| | - Wei Pan
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
| | - Ximeng Sun
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
| | - Xi Zhao
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
| | - Gu Yuan
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
| | - Qing Sun
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
| | - Jingjing Huang
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
| | - Xinping Zhu
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
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11
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The serological diagnosis of human clonorchiasis by time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay based on GST2-specific IgG4 detection. Parasitol Res 2014; 113:149-55. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-013-3637-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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12
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Yu Q, Yang H, Guan F, Feng Y, Yang X, Zhu Y. Detection of IgG in sera of patients with schistosomiasis japonica by developing magnetic affinity enzyme-linked immunoassay based on recombinant 14-3-3 protein. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2013; 108:37-41. [DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/trt097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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13
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Cloning, expression and molecular characterization of a 14-3-3 gene from a parasitic ciliate, Cryptocaryon irritans. Vet Parasitol 2013; 197:427-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2013.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Revised: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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14
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Yu Q, Yang H, Feng Y, Yang X, Zhu Y. Magnetic affinity enzyme-linked immunoassay based on recombinant 26 kDa glutathione-S-transferase for serological diagnosis of schistosomiasis japonica. Acta Trop 2012; 124:199-202. [PMID: 22940100 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2012.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2012] [Revised: 08/04/2012] [Accepted: 08/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Schistosomiasis remains a serious worldwide public health problem. Improving the diagnostic assay for surveillance and monitoring will contribute to hastening the possible elimination of the disease in endemic regions. Therefore, this study aims to develop magnetic affinity enzyme-linked immunoassay (MEIA) for serological diagnosis of schistosomiasis based on recombinant 26kDa glutathione-S-transferase of Schistosoma japonicum (rSj26GST). BALB/c mice infected with S. japonicum cercariae (40 per mouse) were used. After infecting for 6 weeks, the antibody was detected by MEIA. All of the infected mouse sera were effectively determined by MEIA. Compared with the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), MEIA has a higher ratio of the mean positive value to the mean negative value (P/N) at the same dilution ratio (3.92 versus 2.66). MEIA was further applied for diagnosis of human schistosomiasis. Sera from 28 schistosomiasis-confirmed patients with low-intensity infection, 15 treated patients, and 20 non-endemic negative controls, were used to assess the assay. The results showed that MEIA and ELISA had similarity in positive detection rates. However, the higher P/N of MEIA was observed at the same dilution ratio. MEIA had high negative rate in detection of specific IgG in the treated patients. Moreover, there was no cross reaction with the sera of paragonimiasis patients. These results suggested that MEIA based on rSj26GST is a simple, rapid, convenient assay for the diagnosis of schistosomiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Yu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
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15
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Li Y, Wang L, Fang R, Nie H, Zhou Y, Zhao J, Hu M. Establishment and evaluation of an iELISA using the recombinant membrane protein LHD-Sj23 for the serodiagnosis of Schistosoma japonicum infection in cattle in China. Vet Parasitol 2012; 188:247-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.03.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2011] [Revised: 03/21/2012] [Accepted: 03/25/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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16
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Enk MJ, Oliveira e Silva G, Rodrigues NB. Diagnostic accuracy and applicability of a PCR system for the detection of Schistosoma mansoni DNA in human urine samples from an endemic area. PLoS One 2012; 7:e38947. [PMID: 22701733 PMCID: PMC3372502 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2011] [Accepted: 05/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis caused by Schistosoma mansoni, one of the most neglected human parasitoses in Latin America and Africa, is routinely confirmed by microscopic visualization of eggs in stool. The main limitation of this diagnostic approach is its lack of sensitivity in detecting individual low worm burdens and consequently data on infection rates in low transmission settings are little reliable. According to the scientific literature, PCR assays are characterized by high sensitivity and specificity in detecting parasite DNA in biological samples. A simple and cost effective extraction method for DNA of Schistosoma mansoni from urine samples in combination with a conventional PCR assay was developed and applied in an endemic area. This urine based PCR system was tested for diagnostic accuracy among a population of a small village in an endemic area, comparing it to a reference test composed of three different parasitological techniques. The diagnostic parameters revealed a sensitivity of 100%, a specificity of 91.20%, positive and negative predictive values of 86.25% and 100%, respectively, and a test accuracy of 94.33%. Further statistical analysis showed a k index of 0.8806, indicating an excellent agreement between the reference test and the PCR system. Data obtained from the mouse model indicate the infection can be detected one week after cercariae penetration, opening a new perspective for early detection and patient management during this stage of the disease. The data indicate that this innovative PCR system provides a simple to handle and robust diagnostic tool for the detection of S. mansoni DNA from urine samples and a promising approach to overcome the diagnostic obstacles in low transmission settings. Furthermore the principals of this molecular technique, based on the examination of human urine samples may be useful for the diagnosis of other neglected tropical diseases that can be detected by trans-renal DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Johannes Enk
- Laboratório de Esquistossomose, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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Carvalho GBF, Silva-Pereira RAD, Pacífico LGG, Fonseca CT. Identification of Schistosoma mansoni candidate antigens for diagnosis of schistosomiasis. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2011; 106:837-43. [DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762011000700009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2011] [Accepted: 07/26/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
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18
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Wang X, Chen W, Li X, Zhou C, Deng C, Lv X, Fan Y, Men J, Liang C, Yu X. Identification and molecular characterization of a novel signaling molecule 14-3-3 epsilon in Clonorchis sinensis excretory/secretory products. Parasitol Res 2011; 110:1411-20. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-011-2642-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2011] [Accepted: 09/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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A novel liquid-phase piezoelectric immunosensor for detecting Schistosoma japonicum circulating antigen. Parasitol Int 2011; 60:301-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2011.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2010] [Revised: 05/05/2011] [Accepted: 05/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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20
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Qian CY, Huang B, Yu CX, Zhang J, Yin XR, Wang J, Song LJ, Zhang W, Ke XD. Detection of the circulating antigen 14-3-3 protein of Schistosoma japonicum by time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay in rabbits. Parasit Vectors 2011; 4:95. [PMID: 21619661 PMCID: PMC3115898 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-4-95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2011] [Accepted: 05/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Schistosomiasis remains a major public health concern that afflicts millions of people worldwide. Low levels of Schistosoma infection require more sensitive diagnostic methods. In this study, a time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay (TRFIA) was developed for detecting the signal transduction protein 14-3-3, a circulating antigen of Schistosoma japonicum. Results The detection limit of 14-3-3-TRFIA was 0.78 ng/ml, with a linear measurement range from 0.78 to 800 ng/ml. The average intra-assay and inter-assay variability of this TRFIA was 8.9% and 12.2% respectively, and the mean recovery rate ranged from 92.1% to 115.5%. Within the first 21 days post-infection in rabbits, the positive rates of the 14-3-3-TRFIA were distinctly higher compared to ELISA. All these findings illustrate that 14-3-3-TRFIA has a higher detection efficacy and is a good early diagnostic method for active Schistosoma infection. Conclusions A sandwich TRFIA for detecting the circulating antigen 14-3-3 of S. japonicum has been developed, and has demonstrated to be a good potential diagnostic method for schistosomiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Yan Qian
- Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
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21
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Qian CY, Song LJ, Hua WQ, Yin XR, Wang J, Zhang W, Xu YL, Yu CX. Kinetics of circulating antigen 14-3-3 in sera of rabbits firstly infected with Schistosoma japonicum and treated with/without praziquantel. Parasitol Res 2010; 108:493-5. [PMID: 20953628 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-010-2112-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2010] [Accepted: 10/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A sandwich ELISA was developed for the detection of circulating antigen 14-3-3 in the sera of rabbits. Rabbits that were infected with 500 cercariae of Schistosoma japonicum were grouped and the kinetics of 14-3-3 was observed. For the treated group, the 14-3-3 protein could be detected as early as 2-4 weeks postinfection and then its levels rose rapidly and reached a peak at around 6 weeks. The 14-3-3 levels in the sera significantly decreased after the infected rabbits were treated with praziquantel at 6 weeks postinfection and declined to the initial level about 8 weeks posttreatment. While in the untreated group, 14-3-3 levels reached a peak in 8 weeks postinfection and then remained at plateau level for about 6 weeks. Our findings showed that detection of S. japonicum 14-3-3 has an important value for diagnosis of acute infection of S. japonicum and evaluation of chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Yan Qian
- Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, 117 Yangxiang, Meiyuan, Wuxi, 214064, Jiangsu Province, China
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Zhong ZR, Zhou HB, Li XY, Luo QL, Song XR, Wang W, Wen HQ, Yu L, Wei W, Shen JL. Serological proteome-oriented screening and application of antigens for the diagnosis of Schistosomiasis japonica. Acta Trop 2010; 116:1-8. [PMID: 20451489 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2010.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2009] [Revised: 04/26/2010] [Accepted: 04/29/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Schistosomiasis remains a major parasitic disease, with 200 million people infected and 779 million people at risk worldwide. The lack of reliable diagnostic techniques makes this disease difficult to control. In an attempt to discover useful candidates for the diagnosis of schistosomiasis, proteomics in combination with western blotting were employed in this study. This serological proteome assay yielded more than 30 immunodominant spots. Ten of these spots were precisely matched with a homologous two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) gel and successfully identified by LC/MS-MS as corresponding to four different proteins. Of these proteins, SjLAP and SjFBPA were successfully expressed, and their recombinant protein products were further applied in the diagnosis of human Schistosomiasis japonica using ELISA. The ELISA results revealed sensitivities of 98.1% and 87.8% for acute and chronic schistosomiasis with rSjLAP and 100% and 84.7% with rSjFBPA, whereas the assays showed a specificity of 96.7% with both recombinant proteins. After treatment with praziquantel, the titres of the antibodies against both antigens declined significantly (P<0.001). Our data therefore suggest that these antibody-oriented recombinant proteins had a high efficacy for the diagnosis of S. japonica, and 2-DE based screening followed by LC/MS-MS has promising potential in the screening of candidate antigens for the diagnosis of schistosomiasis.
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Eursitthichai V, Viyanant V, Tesana S, Sithithaworn P, Kosa N, Grams R. Opisthorchis viverrini: evaluation of 28 kDa glutathione S-transferase as diagnostic tool in human opisthorchiasis. Acta Trop 2010; 114:76-80. [PMID: 20096257 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2010.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2009] [Revised: 01/04/2010] [Accepted: 01/12/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The liver fluke Opisthorchis viverrini is the agent of human opisthorchiasis in Thailand with a high prevalence observed in the rural population of north and northeastern regions of the country. A focus of research has therefore been the development of diagnostic tools to indicate infection by this parasite. In the present study, a 28 kDa glutathione S-transferase of O. viverrini (OV28GST), which is found in the excretion/secretion product of the parasite, was evaluated for its application in diagnosis of human opisthorchiasis. Bacterially expressed and functionally active rOV28GST was used in immunoblots and indirect ELISA to detect anti-OV28GST antibody in sera of infected individuals. Crude whole worm extract, sera of uninfected individuals and a rabbit anti-rOV28GST antiserum were used as controls in the assays while positivity for parasite DNA by PCR and egg count in faeces were used as primary indicators of infection. The results showed weak or absent reactivity of the infected sera to immunoblotted rOV28GST and no significant difference in absorbance values when compared to uninfected sera in ELISA. In addition, a glutathione capture ELISA which was performed to test for circulating OV28GST in human and hamster sera showed negative results. In conclusion, OV28GST is not applicable as a diagnostic tool in established infections due to low specific antibody titre and abundance as circulating antigen.
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