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Molecular Techniques as Alternatives of Diagnostic Tools in China as Schistosomiasis Moving towards Elimination. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11030287. [PMID: 35335611 PMCID: PMC8951378 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11030287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis japonica caused by the trematode flukes of Schistosoma japonicum was one of the most grievous infectious diseases in China in the mid-20th century, while its elimination has been placed on the agenda of the national strategic plan of healthy China 2030 after 70 years of continuous control campaigns. Diagnostic tools play a pivotal role in warfare against schistosomiasis but must adapt to the endemic status and objectives of activities. With the decrease of prevalence and infection intensity of schistosomiasis in human beings and livestock, optimal methodologies with high sensitivity and absolute specificity are needed for the detection of asymptomatic cases or light infections, as well as disease surveillance to verify elimination. In comparison with the parasitological methods with relatively low sensitivity and serological techniques lacking specificity, which both had been widely used in previous control stages, the molecular detection methods based on the amplification of promising genes of the schistosome genome may pick up the baton to assist the eventual aim of elimination. In this article, we reviewed the developed molecular methods for detecting S. japonicum infection and their application in schistosomiasis japonica diagnosis. Concurrently, we also analyzed the chances and challenges of molecular tools to the field application process in China.
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Frickmann H, Loderstädt U, Nickel B, Poppert S, Odermatt P, Sayasone S, Van Esbroeck M, Micalessi I, Cnops L, Adisakwattana P, Leboulle G, Landt O, Thye T, Tannich E. Low Sensitivity of Real Time PCRs Targeting Retrotransposon Sequences for the Detection of Schistosoma japonicum Complex DNA in Human Serum. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10081067. [PMID: 34451531 PMCID: PMC8398367 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10081067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
While hybridization probe-based real-time PCR assays targeting highly repetitive multi-copy genome sequences for the diagnosis of S. mansoni complex or S. haematobium complex from human serum are well established, reports on the evaluation of respective assays for the identification of S. japonicum complex DNA in human serum are scarce. Here, we assessed the potential use of the retrotransposon sequences SjR2 and SjCHGCS19 from S. japonicum, S. mekongi and S. malayensis for the diagnosis of Asian Schistosoma infections. Based on available S. japonicum sequences and newly provided S. mekongi and S. malayensis sequences, hybridization probe-based real-time PCRs targeting SjR2 and SjCHGCS19 of the S. japonicum complex were designed both as consensus primer assays as well as multi-primer assays for the coverage of multiple variants of the target sequences. The assays were established using plasmids and S. mekongi DNA. While the consensus primer assays failed to detect S. mekongi DNA in human serum samples, the multi-primer assays showed positive or borderline positive results but only in 9.8% (6/61) of serum samples from patients with confirmed S. mekongi infections. Some cross-reactions with samples positive for S. mansoni or S. haematobium were observed but with the SjCHGCS19-PCR only. In spite of the low sensitivity, the presented experience may guide future evaluations of S. japonicum-complex-specific PCRs from human serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hagen Frickmann
- Department of Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Bundeswehr Hospital Hamburg, 20359 Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medicine Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany
- Correspondence: (H.F.); (E.T.); Tel.: +49-40-6947-28743 (H.F.); +49-40-42828-260 (E.T.)
| | - Ulrike Loderstädt
- Department of Hospital Hygiene & Infectious Diseases, University Medicine Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany;
| | - Beatrice Nickel
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, 4051 Basel, Switzerland; (B.N.); (S.P.); (P.O.)
- University of Basel, 4001 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sven Poppert
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, 4051 Basel, Switzerland; (B.N.); (S.P.); (P.O.)
- University of Basel, 4001 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Peter Odermatt
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, 4051 Basel, Switzerland; (B.N.); (S.P.); (P.O.)
- University of Basel, 4001 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Somphou Sayasone
- Lao Tropical and Public Health Institute, Vientiane Capital 01000, Laos;
| | - Marjan Van Esbroeck
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium; (M.V.E.); (I.M.); (L.C.)
| | - Isabel Micalessi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium; (M.V.E.); (I.M.); (L.C.)
| | - Lieselotte Cnops
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium; (M.V.E.); (I.M.); (L.C.)
| | - Poom Adisakwattana
- Department of Helminthology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand;
| | | | - Olfert Landt
- TIB MOLBIOL, 12103 Berlin, Germany; (G.L.); (O.L.)
| | - Thorsten Thye
- Department Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine Hamburg, 20359 Hamburg, Germany;
| | - Egbert Tannich
- National Reference Centre for Tropical Pathogens, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine Hamburg, 20359 Hamburg, Germany
- Correspondence: (H.F.); (E.T.); Tel.: +49-40-6947-28743 (H.F.); +49-40-42828-260 (E.T.)
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Chapman PA, Cribb TH, Flint M, Traub RJ, Blair D, Kyaw-Tanner MT, Mills PC. Spirorchiidiasis in marine turtles: the current state of knowledge. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2019; 133:217-245. [PMID: 31187736 DOI: 10.3354/dao03348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Blood flukes of the family Spirorchiidae are important disease agents in marine turtles. The family is near cosmopolitan in distribution. Twenty-nine marine species across 10 genera are currently recognized, but taxonomic problems remain and it is likely that more species will be discovered. Spirorchiids infect the circulatory system, where they and their eggs cause a range of inflammatory lesions. Infection is sometimes implicated in the death of the turtle. In some regions, prevalence in stranded turtles is close to 100%. Knowledge of life cycles, important for control and epidemiological studies, has proven elusive until recently, when the first intermediate host identifications were made. Recent molecular studies of eggs and adult worms indicate that a considerable level of intrageneric and intraspecific diversity exists. The characterization of this diversity is likely to be of importance in exploring parasite taxonomy and ecology, unravelling life cycles, identifying the differential pathogenicity of genotypes and species, and developing antemortem diagnostic tools, all of which are major priorities for future spirorchiid research. Diagnosis to date has been reliant on copromicroscopy or necropsy, which both have significant limitations. The current lack of reliable antemortem diagnostic options is a roadblock to determining the true prevalence and epidemiology of spirorchiidiasis and the development of effective treatment regimes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phoebe A Chapman
- Veterinary-Marine Animal Research, Teaching and Investigation, School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland 4343, Australia
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Zhang X, He CC, Liu JM, Li H, Lu K, Fu ZQ, Zhu CG, Liu YP, Tong LB, Zhou DB, Zha L, Hong Y, Jin YM, Lin JJ. Nested-PCR assay for detection of Schistosoma japonicum infection in domestic animals. Infect Dis Poverty 2017; 6:86. [PMID: 28407808 PMCID: PMC5390378 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-017-0298-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schistosomiasis japonica is a common zoonosis. Domestic animals are the primary source of infection and play an important role in disease transmission. The prevalence and infectivity of this disease in domestic animals in China have significantly decreased and, for this reason, diagnostics with a higher sensitivity have become increasingly necessary. It was reported that polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based methods could be used to detect schistosome infection in humans and animals and presented a high sensitivity and specificity. The present study aimed to develop a PCR-based method for detection of Schistosoma japonicum infection in domestic animals. METHODS A specific nested-PCR assay was developed to detect S. japonicum infection in domestic animals via amplification of a 231-bp DNA fragment of retrotransposon SjR2. The developed assay was first used in sera and dry blood filter paper (DBFP) from goats and buffaloes at different time points of infection. Then, 78 DBFPs from 39 artificially-infected bovines at 14 and 28 days post-infection and 42 DBFPs from schistosome-negative bovines from the city of Huangshan in the Anhui province were used to evaluate the diagnostic validity. Furthermore, this assay was used to detect S. japonicum infection in domestic animals in Dongzhi and Wangjiang counties. RESULTS The expected PCR product was detected in eggs and adult worms of S. japonicum and blood samples from S. japonicum-infected goats and water buffaloes, but not from Fasciola and Haemonchus contortus worms. The nested-PCR assay could detect the target S. japonicum DNA in DBFPs from goats and buffaloes after day 3 post-infection. The sensitivity in buffaloes at 14 and 28 days post-infection was 92.30% (36/39) and 100% (39/39), respectively. The specificity was 97.60% (41/42). The positivity rates in Dongzhi and Wangjiang counties were 6.00% and 8.00% in bovines and 22.00% and 16.67% in goats, respectively. The positivity rates in goats in both counties were higher than those in bovines with a significant difference in Dongzhi County but not in Wangjiang County (P < 0.05 and P = 0.23, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that the developed nested-PCR assay may be used for the diagnosis of S. japonicum infection in domestic animals, and the control of S. japonicum infection in goats should be paid more attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, 200241, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuan-Chuan He
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, 200241, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin-Ming Liu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, 200241, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hao Li
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, 200241, People's Republic of China
| | - Ke Lu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, 200241, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Fu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, 200241, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuan-Gang Zhu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, 200241, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi-Ping Liu
- Anhui Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Lai-Bao Tong
- Wangjiang county Center for Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Bureau, Anqing, People's Republic of China
| | - De-Bao Zhou
- Dongzhi county Center for Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Bureau, Chizhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Zha
- Huangshan Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Huangshan, 341000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Hong
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, 200241, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya-Mei Jin
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, 200241, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiao-Jiao Lin
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, 200241, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious and Zoonosea, Yangzhou, Jiangsu province, 225009, People's Republic of China
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He P, Song LG, Xie H, Liang JY, Yuan DY, Wu ZD, Lv ZY. Nucleic acid detection in the diagnosis and prevention of schistosomiasis. Infect Dis Poverty 2016; 5:25. [PMID: 27025210 PMCID: PMC4812660 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-016-0116-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is an important zoonotic parasitic disease that causes serious harms to humans and animals. Surveillance and diagnosis play key roles in schistosomiasis control, however, current techniques for surveillance and diagnosis of the disease have limitations. As genome data for parasites are increasing, novel techniques for detection incorporating nucleotide sequences are receiving widespread attention. These sensitive, specific, and rapid detection methods are particularly important in the diagnosis of low-grade and early infections, and may prove to have clinical significance. This paper reviews the progress of nucleic acid detection in the diagnosis and prevention of schistosomiasis, including such aspects as the selection of target genes, and development and application of nucleic acid detection methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping He
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510080, China.,Department of Pathogenic Biology, Medical School, Xizang Minzu University, Xianyang, 712082, China
| | - Lan-Gui Song
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Hui Xie
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Jin-Yi Liang
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Dong-Ya Yuan
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Medical School, Xizang Minzu University, Xianyang, 712082, China
| | - Zhong-Dao Wu
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China. .,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
| | - Zhi-Yue Lv
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China. .,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
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Comparative Study of the Accuracy of Different Techniques for the Laboratory Diagnosis of Schistosomiasis Mansoni in Areas of Low Endemicity in Barra Mansa City, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:135689. [PMID: 26504777 PMCID: PMC4609343 DOI: 10.1155/2015/135689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Revised: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Schistosomiasis constitutes a major public health problem, with an estimated 200 million people infected worldwide. Many areas of Brazil show low endemicity of schistosomiasis, and the current standard parasitological techniques are not sufficiently sensitive to detect the low-level helminth infections common in areas of low endemicity (ALEs). This study compared the Kato-Katz (KK); Hoffman, Pons, and Janer (HH); enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay- (ELISA-) IgG and ELISA-IgM; indirect immunofluorescence technique (IFT-IgM); and qPCR techniques for schistosomiasis detection in serum and fecal samples, using the circumoval precipitin test (COPT) as reference. An epidemiological survey was conducted in a randomized sample of residents from five neighborhoods of Barra Mansa, RJ, with 610 fecal and 612 serum samples. ELISA-IgM (21.4%) showed the highest positivity and HH and KK techniques were the least sensitive (0.8%). All techniques except qPCR-serum showed high accuracy (82–95.5%), differed significantly from COPT in positivity (P < 0.05), and showed poor agreement with COPT. Medium agreement was seen with ELISA-IgG (Kappa = 0.377) and IFA (Kappa = 0.347). Parasitological techniques showed much lower positivity rates than those by other techniques. We suggest the possibility of using a combination of laboratory tools for the diagnosis of schistosomiasis in ALEs.
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Mach KE, Mohan R, Patel S, Wong PK, Hsieh M, Liao JC. Development of a Biosensor-Based Rapid Urine Test for Detection of Urogenital Schistosomiasis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0003845. [PMID: 26134995 PMCID: PMC4489877 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen E. Mach
- Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Ruchika Mohan
- Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Shailja Patel
- Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Pak Kin Wong
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Michael Hsieh
- Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Joseph C. Liao
- Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, United States of America
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Espírito-Santo MCC, Alvarado-Mora MV, Dias-Neto E, Botelho-Lima LS, Moreira JP, Amorim M, Pinto PLS, Heath AR, Castilho VLP, Gonçalves EMDN, Luna EJDA, Carrilho FJ, Pinho JRR, Gryschek RCB. Evaluation of real-time PCR assay to detect Schistosoma mansoni infections in a low endemic setting. BMC Infect Dis 2014; 14:558. [PMID: 25338651 PMCID: PMC4210485 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-014-0558-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Schistosomiasis constitutes a major public health problem, and 200 million people are estimated to be infected with schistosomiasis worldwide. In Brazil, schistosomiasis has been reported in 19 states, showing areas of high and medium endemicity and a wide range of areas of low endemicity (ALE). Barra Mansa in Rio de Janeiro state has an estimated prevalence of 1%. ALE represent a new challenge for the helminth control because about 75% of infected individuals are asymptomatic and infections occur with a low parasite load (<100 eggs per gram of feces), causing a decrease in sensitivity of stool parasitological techniques, which are a reference for the laboratory diagnosis of this helminth. The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of a TaqMan quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) technique in serum and feces DNA samples using the techniques of Kato-Katz (KK), Hoffman, Pons and Janer (HH) as references, during an epidemiological survey using fecal samples and sera from randomized residents from an ALE. Methods A cross-sectional study conducted from April to December 2011 using a probabilistic sampling that collected 572 fecal and serum samples. The laboratory diagnostic techniques used were: KK, HH and qPCR (feces and serum). Results We obtained the following results using the different diagnostic techniques: KK and HH, 0.9% (n =5); qPCR-feces, 9.6% (n =55); and qPCR-serum, 1.4% (n =8). The qPCR-feces presented the highest positivity, whereas the techniques of HH and KK were the least sensitive to detect infections (0.8%). Compared to HH and KK, qPCR-feces showed a statistically significant difference in positivity (p <0.05), although with poor agreement. Conclusion The positivity rate presented by the qPCR approach was far higher than that obtained by parasitological techniques. The lack of adequate surveillance in ALE of schistosomiasis indicates a high possibility of these areas being actually of medium and high endemicity. This study presents a control perspective, pointing to the possibility of using combined laboratory tools in the diagnosis of schistosomiasis in ALE. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12879-014-0558-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Wang S, Hu W. Development of "-omics" research in Schistosoma spp. and -omics-based new diagnostic tools for schistosomiasis. Front Microbiol 2014; 5:313. [PMID: 25018752 PMCID: PMC4072072 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis, caused by dioecious flatworms in the genus Schistosoma, is torturing people from many developing countries nowadays and frequently leads to severe morbidity and mortality of the patients. Praziquantel based chemotherapy and morbidity control for this disease adopted currently necessitate viable and efficient diagnostic technologies. Fortunately, those “-omics” researches, which rely on high-throughput experimental technologies to produce massive amounts of informative data, have substantially contributed to the exploitation and innovation of diagnostic tools of schistosomiasis. In its first section, this review provides a concise conclusion on the progresses pertaining to schistosomal “-omics” researches to date, followed by a comprehensive section on the diagnostic methods of schistosomiasis, especially those innovative ones based on the detection of antibodies, antigens, nucleic acids, and metabolites with a focus on those achievements inspired by “-omics” researches. Finally, suggestions about the design of future diagnostic tools of schistosomiasis are proposed, in order to better harness those data produced by “-omics” studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuqi Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Microbial Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Hu
- Department of Microbiology and Microbial Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University Shanghai, China ; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology of Ministry of Health, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Diseases Control and Prevention Shanghai, China
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Espírito-Santo MCC, Alvarado-Mora MV, Pinto PLS, de Brito T, Botelho-Lima L, Heath AR, Amorim MG, Dias-Neto E, Chieffi PP, Pinho JRR, Carrilho FJ, Luna EJA, Gryschek RCB. Detection of Schistosoma mansoni infection by TaqMan® Real-Time PCR in a hamster model. Exp Parasitol 2014; 143:83-9. [PMID: 24858959 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2014.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Revised: 05/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
An experimental study in hamsters was performed to evaluate the capability for detecting Schistosoma mansoni DNA in serum and fecal samples during the pre and post-egg-laying periods of infection using TaqMan® Real-Time PCR system (qPCR), was compared with the circumoval precipitin test (COPT) and the Kato-Katz technique, especially among individuals with low parasitic burden. Twenty-four hamsters were infected with cercariae. Three hamsters were sacrificed per week under anesthesia, from 7 days post infection (DPI) up to 56 DPI. A serum sample and a pool of feces were collected from each hamster. The presence of S. mansoni eggs in fecal samples was evaluated by Kato-Katz method and in the hamsters gutby histopathology. Detection of S. mansoni DNA was performed using qPCR and S. mansoni antibody using COPT. The first detection of eggs in feces by Kato-Katz method and S. mansoni DNA in feces by qPCR occurred 49 DPI. Nevertheless, S. mansoni DNA was detected in serum samples from 14 up to 56 DPI. COPT was positive at 35 DPI. The results not only confirm the reliability of S. mansoni DNA detection by qPCR, but also demonstrate that serum is a trustworthy source of DNA in the pre patent infection period.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mónica Viviana Alvarado-Mora
- Laboratory of Tropical Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Gastroenterology, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Pedro Luiz Silva Pinto
- Department of Enteroparasites of the Center of Parasitology and Mycology, Instituto Adolfo Lutz da Secretaria de Estado da Saúde de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thales de Brito
- Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases and Laboratory of Medical Investigation 6, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil; Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lívia Botelho-Lima
- Laboratory of Tropical Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Gastroenterology, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Maria Galli Amorim
- Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Center for International Research and Education (CIPE), Hospital AC Camargo, Brazil
| | - Emmanuel Dias-Neto
- Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Center for International Research and Education (CIPE), Hospital AC Camargo, Brazil; Laboratory of Neurociencies (LIM-27), Department and Institute of Psychiatry, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Pedro Paulo Chieffi
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas da Santa Casa de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - João Renato Rebello Pinho
- Laboratory of Tropical Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Gastroenterology, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Flair José Carrilho
- Laboratory of Tropical Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Gastroenterology, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Ronaldo Cesar Borges Gryschek
- Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases and Laboratory of Medical Investigation 6, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
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Vinkeles Melchers NVS, van Dam GJ, Shaproski D, Kahama AI, Brienen EAT, Vennervald BJ, van Lieshout L. Diagnostic performance of Schistosoma real-time PCR in urine samples from Kenyan children infected with Schistosoma haematobium: day-to-day variation and follow-up after praziquantel treatment. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e2807. [PMID: 24743389 PMCID: PMC3990496 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 03/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In an effort to enhance accuracy of diagnosis of Schistosoma haematobium, this study explores day-to-day variability and diagnostic performance of real-time PCR for detection and quantification of Schistosoma DNA compared to other diagnostic tools in an endemic area before and after treatment. Methodology Previously collected urine samples (N = 390) from 114 preselected proven parasitological and/or clinical S. haematobium positive Kenyan schoolchildren were analyzed by a Schistosoma internal transcribed spacer-based real-time PCR after 14 years of storage. Pre-treatment day-to-day fluctuations of PCR and microscopy over three consecutive days were measured for 24 children using intra-class correlation coefficient. A combined ‘gold standard’ (PCR and/or microscopy positive) was used to measure sensitivity and negative predictive value (NPV) of several diagnostic tools at baseline, two and 18 months post-treatment with praziquantel. Principal Findings All 24 repeatedly tested children were PCR-positive over three days with little daily variation in median Ct-values, while 83.3% were found to be egg-positive for S. haematobium at day 1 and 75.0% at day 2 and 3 pre-treatment, signifying daily fluctuations in microscopy diagnosis. Of all 114 preselected schoolchildren, repeated microscopic measurements were required to detect 96.5% versus 100% of positive pre-treatment cases by single PCR. At two months post-treatment, microscopy and PCR detected 22.8% versus 69.3% positive children, respectively. Based on the ‘gold standard’, PCR showed high sensitivity (>92%) as compared to >31% sensitivity for microscopy, both pre- and post-treatment. Conclusions/Significance Detection and quantification of Schistosoma DNA in urine by real-time PCR was shown to be a powerful and specific diagnostic tool for detection of S. haematobium infections, with less day-to-day variation and higher sensitivity compared to microscopy. The superior performance of PCR before, and two and 18 months post-treatment provides a compelling argument for PCR as an accurate and reproducible tool for monitoring treatment efficacy. Schistosoma haematobium is a blood fluke that causes severe urogenital pathology and affects millions of people, mainly in sub-Sahara Africa. Current diagnosis is based on microscopic examination of urine samples, but this method is not only observer dependent, but also known for its low sensitivity and high day-to-day variability. Accurate diagnosis is important to assess community levels of infections for consideration of deworming campaigns, and to monitor treatment efficacy. We evaluated a real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay for specific detection and quantification of Schistosoma DNA in urine samples from 114 preselected S. haematobium infected schoolchildren of endemic coastal Kenya and compared the outcome to several other diagnostic methods. Three urine samples collected over three subsequent days from 24 participants were used for Analyzing day-to-day fluctuations in egg counts and Schistosoma DNA levels. Urine was also tested two and 18 months after praziquantel treatment. Compared to microscopy, we observed less day-to-day fluctuations and higher sensitivity with real-time PCR, in particular when tested two months after therapy. Real-time PCR is therefore useful for more accurate identification of S. haematobium, especially in monitoring control interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Govert J. van Dam
- Leiden University Medical Centre, Department of Parasitology, Centre of Infectious Diseases, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - David Shaproski
- Leiden University Medical Centre, Department of Parasitology, Centre of Infectious Diseases, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Anthony I. Kahama
- Division of Vector Borne Diseases, Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Eric A. T. Brienen
- Leiden University Medical Centre, Department of Parasitology, Centre of Infectious Diseases, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Birgitte J. Vennervald
- Section for Parasitology and Aquatic Diseases, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lisette van Lieshout
- Leiden University Medical Centre, Department of Parasitology, Centre of Infectious Diseases, Leiden, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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12
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Thi Phung L, Loukas A, Brindley PJ, Sripa B, Laha T. Retrotransposon OV-RTE-1 from the carcinogenic liver fluke Opisthorchis viverrini: potential target for DNA-based diagnosis. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2014; 21:443-51. [PMID: 24394447 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2013.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Revised: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Infections by the fish-borne liver flukes Opisthorchis viverrini and Clonorchis sinensis can lead to bile duct cancer. These neglected tropical disease pathogens occur in East Asia, with O. viverrini primarily in Thailand and Laos and C. sinensis in Cambodia, Vietnam, and China. Genomic information about these pathogens holds the potential to improve disease treatment and control. Transcriptome analysis indicates that mobile genetic elements are active in O. viverrini, including a novel non-Long Terminal Repeat (LTR) retrotransposon. A consensus sequence of this element, termed OV-RTE-1, was assembled from expressed sequence tags and PCR amplified genomic DNA. OV-RTE-1 was 3330 bp in length, encoded 1101 amino acid residues and exhibited hallmark structures and sequences of non-LTR retrotransposons including a single open reading frame encoding apurinic-apyrimidinic endonuclease (EN) and reverse transcriptase (RT). Phylogenetic analyses confirmed that OV-RTE-1 was member of the RTE clade of non-LTR retrotransposons. OV-RTE-1 is the first non-LTR retrotransposon characterized from the trematode family Opisthorchiidae. Sequences of OV-RTE-1 were targeted to develop a diagnostic tool for detection of infection by O. viverrini. PCR specific primers for detection of O. viverrini DNA showed 100% specificity and sensitivity for detection of as little as 5 fg of O. viverrini DNA whereas the PCR based approach showed 62% sensitivity and 100% specificity with clinical stool samples. The OV-RTE-1 specific PCR could be developed as a molecular diagnostic for Opisthorchis infection targeting parasite eggs in stool samples, especially in regions of mixed infection of O. viverrini and/or C. sinensis and minute intestinal flukes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luyen Thi Phung
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Alex Loukas
- Centre for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of Therapeutics, Queensland Tropical Health Alliance, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland 4878, Australia
| | - Paul J Brindley
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, and Research Center for Neglected Tropical and Infectious Diseases of Poverty, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Banchob Sripa
- Tropical Disease Research Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Thewarach Laha
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; Liver Fluke and Cholangiocarcinoma Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand.
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13
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Kongklieng A, Kaewkong W, Intapan PM, Sanpool O, Janwan P, Thanchomnang T, Lulitanond V, Sri-Aroon P, Limpanont Y, Maleewong W. Molecular differentiation of Schistosoma japonicum and Schistosoma mekongi by real-time PCR with high resolution melting analysis. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2013; 51:651-6. [PMID: 24516269 PMCID: PMC3916453 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2013.51.6.651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Revised: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Human schistosomiasis caused by Schistosoma japonicum and Schistosoma mekongi is a chronic and debilitating helminthic disease still prevalent in several countries of Asia. Due to morphological similarities of cercariae and eggs of these 2 species, microscopic differentiation is difficult. High resolution melting (HRM) real-time PCR is developed as an alternative tool for the detection and differentiation of these 2 species. A primer pair was designed for targeting the 18S ribosomal RNA gene to generate PCR products of 156 base pairs for both species. The melting points of S. japonicum and S. mekongi PCR products were 84.5±0.07℃ and 85.7±0.07℃, respectively. The method permits amplification from a single cercaria or an egg. The HRM real-time PCR is a rapid and simple tool for differentiation of S. japonicum and S. mekongi in the intermediate and final hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amornmas Kongklieng
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand. ; Research and Diagnostic Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Worasak Kaewkong
- Research and Diagnostic Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand. ; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, 65000 Thailand
| | - Pewpan M Intapan
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand. ; Research and Diagnostic Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Oranuch Sanpool
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand. ; Research and Diagnostic Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Penchom Janwan
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand. ; Research and Diagnostic Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Tongjit Thanchomnang
- Research and Diagnostic Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand. ; Faculty of Medicine, Mahasarakham University, Mahasarakham 44000, Thailand
| | - Viraphong Lulitanond
- Research and Diagnostic Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand. ; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Pusadee Sri-Aroon
- Applied Malacology Center, Department of Social and Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Yanin Limpanont
- Applied Malacology Center, Department of Social and Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Wanchai Maleewong
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand. ; Research and Diagnostic Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
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Lei JH, Guan F, Xu H, Chen L, Su BT, Zhou Y, Wang T, Li YL, Liu WQ. Application of an immunomagnetic bead ELISA based on IgY for detection of circulating antigen in urine of mice infected with Schistosoma japonicum. Vet Parasitol 2011; 187:196-202. [PMID: 22336770 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2011] [Revised: 12/01/2011] [Accepted: 12/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is an important zoonosis and some livestock especially bovine and swine play a crucial role on the disease transmission in endemic areas. The gold standard for animal Schistosoma japonicum infection is fecal examination although indirect agglutination assay (IHA) is so far mostly used in field survey and laboratory examination. Lack of sensitivity, poor practicality and high false positivity limit the use of those methods for routine veterinary detection as well as human diagnosis. A novel immunomagnetic bead ELISA based on IgY (egg yolk immunoglobulin) was developed for detection of circulating schistosomal antigen (CSA) in sera of hosts infected with S. japonicum. To assess the application of this method for diagnosis of domestic animal schistosomiasis with urine sample, the immunomagnetic bead ELISA based on IgY (IgY-IMB-ELISA) was employed in the present study to detect CSA in urine of murine schistosomiasis with either light (10 S. japonicum cercariae infection per mouse) or heavy infection (30 S. japonicum cercariae infection per mouse). The results showed that the CSA levels in urine of heavily and lightly infected mice reached a peak in 8 and 10 weeks after infection, respectively, remaining at a constant plateau in both groups by the end of the experiment (14 weeks after infection). The CSA level in urine of heavily infected mice was much higher than that of lightly infected mice from 8 to 14 weeks after infection. The effect of praziquantel treatment on the CSA level in urine of heavily infected mice was also investigated. It was found that the CSA level in urine of heavily infected mice with treatment was much lower than that of untreated mice at 4 weeks post-treatment, although still higher than that of control mice, and then gradually descended to the background level by 8 weeks after treatment. Our findings suggested that the IgY-IMB-ELISA may be an efficient and practical tool in non-invasive diagnosis of schistosome infection based on antigen detection, and evaluation of the efficacy of chemotherapy as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-hui Lei
- Department of Parasitology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, PR China
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