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Avila-Jimenez J, Gutiérrez JD, Altamiranda-Saavedra M. Potential distribution of four vectors of American Cutaneous Leishmaniasis: The effect of El Niño and La Niña episodes from the perspective of the ecological niche. Acta Trop 2021; 223:105894. [PMID: 33753032 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.105894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The potential distribution of four American Cutaneous Leishmaniasis vectors under average conditions during Neutral (in between episodes), El Niño, and La Niña episodes from 2000 to 2018 were constructed through ecological niche modeling. The potential distribution in El Niño and La Niña were compared with the Neutral distribution. The four vector species (Lutzomyia gomezi, Lutzomyia ovallesi, Lutzomyia panamensis, and Lutzomyia trapidoi) decreased the potential distribution with the occurrence of El Niño and La Niña episodes. During El Niño, the reduction was concentrated over the dry ecosystems, while with the occurrence of La Niña, the potential distribution decreased over most of the Neotropic, leaving areas of climatic suitability concentrated in the Andean and Amazon areas, along with some scattered patches. We found evidence that the occurrence of the climatic anomalies has an effect on the potential distribution of this vector species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Avila-Jimenez
- Maestria en Ciencias Biológicas. Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, Tunja, Boyacá, Colombia.
| | - Juan David Gutiérrez
- Grupo Ambiental de Investigación Aplicada-GAIA, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Santander, Bucaramanga, Santander, Colombia
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Carrillo-Bilbao G, Martin-Solano S, Saegerman C. Zoonotic Blood-Borne Pathogens in Non-Human Primates in the Neotropical Region: A Systematic Review. Pathogens 2021; 10:1009. [PMID: 34451473 PMCID: PMC8400055 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10081009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Understanding which non-human primates (NHPs) act as a wild reservoir for blood-borne pathogens will allow us to better understand the ecology of diseases and the role of NHPs in the emergence of human diseases in Ecuador, a small country in South America that lacks information on most of these pathogens. Methods and principal findings: A systematic review was carried out using PRISMA guidelines from 1927 until 2019 about blood-borne pathogens present in NHPs of the Neotropical region (i.e., South America and Middle America). Results: A total of 127 publications were found in several databases. We found in 25 genera (132 species) of NHPs a total of 56 blood-borne pathogens in 197 records where Protozoa has the highest number of records in neotropical NHPs (n = 128) compared to bacteria (n = 12) and viruses (n = 57). Plasmodium brasilianum and Trypanosoma cruzi are the most recorded protozoa in NHP. The neotropical primate genus with the highest number of blood-borne pathogens recorded is Alouatta sp. (n = 32). The use of non-invasive samples for neotropical NHPs remains poor in a group where several species are endangered or threatened. A combination of serological and molecular techniques is common when detecting blood-borne pathogens. Socioecological and ecological risk factors facilitate the transmission of these parasites. Finally, a large number of countries remain unsurveyed, such as Ecuador, which can be of public health importance. Conclusions and significance: NHPs are potential reservoirs of a large number of blood-borne pathogens. In Ecuador, research activities should be focused on bacteria and viruses, where there is a gap of information for neotropical NHPs, in order to implement surveillance programs with regular and effective monitoring protocols adapted to NHPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Carrillo-Bilbao
- Research Unit of Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Applied to Veterinary Sciences (UREAR-ULiège), Fundamental and Applied Research for Animal and Health (FARAH) Center, Department of Infections and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium;
- Facultad de Filosofía y Letras y Ciencias de la Educación, Universidad Central del Ecuador, 170521 Quito, Ecuador
- Instituto de Investigación en Zoonosis (CIZ), Universidad Central del Ecuador, 170521 Quito, Ecuador;
| | - Sarah Martin-Solano
- Instituto de Investigación en Zoonosis (CIZ), Universidad Central del Ecuador, 170521 Quito, Ecuador;
- Grupo de Investigación en Sanidad Animal y Humana (GISAH), Carrera Ingeniería en Biotecnología, Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida y la Agricultura, Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas—ESPE, 171103 Sangolquí, Ecuador
| | - Claude Saegerman
- Research Unit of Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Applied to Veterinary Sciences (UREAR-ULiège), Fundamental and Applied Research for Animal and Health (FARAH) Center, Department of Infections and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium;
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Maia-Elkhoury ANS, Magalhães Lima D, Salomón OD, Puppim Buzanovsky L, Saboyá-Díaz MI, Valadas SY, Sanchez-Vazquez MJ. Interaction between environmental and socioeconomic determinants for cutaneous leishmaniasis risk in Latin America. Rev Panam Salud Publica 2021; 45:e83. [PMID: 34220995 PMCID: PMC8238258 DOI: 10.26633/rpsp.2021.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Determine and characterize potential risk areas for the occurrence of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) in Latin America (LA). METHOD Ecological observational study with observation units defined by municipalities with CL transmission between 2014-2018. Environmental and socioeconomic variables available for at least 85% of the municipalities were used, combined in a single database, utilizing the R software. The principal component analysis methodology was combined with a hierarchical cluster analysis to group clusters of municipalities based on their similarity. The V-test was estimated to define the positive or negative association of the variables with the clusters and separation by natural breaks was used to determine which ones contributed the most to each cluster. Information on cases was also incorporated in the analyses to attribute CL risk for each cluster. RESULTS This study included 4,951 municipalities with CL transmission (36.5% of the total in LA) and seven clusters were defined by their association with 18 environmental and socioeconomic variables. The historical risk of CL is positively associated with the Amazonian, Andean and Savannah clusters in a decreasingly manner; and negatively associated with the Forest evergreen, Forest/crop and Forest/populated clusters. The Agricultural cluster did not reveal any association with the CL cases. CONCLUSIONS The study made it possible to identify and characterize the CL risk by clusters of municipalities and to recognize the epidemiological distribution pattern of transmission, which provides managers with better information for intersectoral interventions to control CL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Nilce. S. Maia-Elkhoury
- Pan American Health OrganizationRio de JaneiroBrazilPan American Health Organization, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Daniel Magalhães Lima
- Pan American Foot and Mouth Disease Center, Pan American Health OrganizationRio de JaneiroBrazilPan American Foot and Mouth Disease Center, Pan American Health Organization, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Oscar Daniel Salomón
- Tropical Medicine National InstitutePuerto IguazúArgentinaTropical Medicine National Institute, Puerto Iguazú, Argentina.
| | - Lia Puppim Buzanovsky
- Pan American Foot and Mouth Disease Center, Pan American Health OrganizationRio de JaneiroBrazilPan American Foot and Mouth Disease Center, Pan American Health Organization, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Martha Idalí Saboyá-Díaz
- Pan American Health OrganizationWashington, D.C.United States of the AmericasPan American Health Organization, Washington, D.C., United States of the Americas.
| | - Samantha Y.O.B. Valadas
- Pan American Health OrganizationRio de JaneiroBrazilPan American Health Organization, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Manuel J. Sanchez-Vazquez
- Pan American Foot and Mouth Disease Center, Pan American Health OrganizationRio de JaneiroBrazilPan American Foot and Mouth Disease Center, Pan American Health Organization, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Maia-Elkhoury ANS, Magalhães Lima D, Salomón OD, Buzanovsky LP, Saboyá-Díaz MI, Valadas SY, Sanchez-Vazquez MJ. [Interaction among environmental and socioeconomic determinants of risk for cutaneous leishmaniasis in Latin AmericaInteração entre os determinantes ambientais e socioeconômicos para o risco de leishmaniose cutânea na América Latina]. Rev Panam Salud Publica 2021; 45:e49. [PMID: 33936185 PMCID: PMC8080946 DOI: 10.26633/rpsp.2021.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Determine and characterize areas at potential risk for the occurrence of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) in Latin America. METHOD Ecological observational study with observation units defined by municipalities with CL transmission during 2014-2018. Environmental and socioeconomic variables available for at least 85% of municipalities were combined in a single database, using R software. Principal component analysis was combined with hierarchical cluster analysis for the formation of clusters of municipalities according to their similarity. The V-test was used to define positive or negative association of variables with clusters and separation by natural divisions to determine which contributed more to each cluster. Cases were included to attribute CL risk for each cluster. RESULTS The study included 4 951 municipalities with CL transmission (36.5% of municipalities in Latin America); seven clusters were defined by their association with 18 environmental and socioeconomic variables. Historical risk of CL is associated positively and in descending order with the Amazonian, Andean, and Savanna clusters; and negatively with the Forest/perennial, Forest/cultivated, and Forest/populated clusters. The Agricultural cluster showed no association with CL cases. CONCLUSIONS The study made it possible to identify and characterize CL risk by clusters of municipalities and to understand the characteristic epidemiological distribution patterns of transmission, providing program managers with better information for intersectoral interventions to control CL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Nilce S. Maia-Elkhoury
- Organización Panamericana de la SaludRío de JaneiroBrasilOrganización Panamericana de la Salud, Río de Janeiro, Brasil.
| | - Daniel Magalhães Lima
- Centro Panamericano de Fiebre AftosaOrganización Panamericana de la SaludRío de JaneiroBrasilCentro Panamericano de Fiebre Aftosa, Organización Panamericana de la Salud, Río de Janeiro, Brasil.
| | - Oscar Daniel Salomón
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina TropicalPuerto IguazúArgentinaInstituto Nacional de Medicina Tropical, Puerto Iguazú, Argentina.
| | - Lia Puppim Buzanovsky
- Centro Panamericano de Fiebre AftosaOrganización Panamericana de la SaludRío de JaneiroBrasilCentro Panamericano de Fiebre Aftosa, Organización Panamericana de la Salud, Río de Janeiro, Brasil.
| | - Martha Idalí Saboyá-Díaz
- Organización Panamericana de la SaludWashington, D.C.Estados Unidos de AméricaOrganización Panamericana de la Salud, Washington, D.C., Estados Unidos de América.
| | - Samantha Y.O.B. Valadas
- Organización Panamericana de la SaludRío de JaneiroBrasilOrganización Panamericana de la Salud, Río de Janeiro, Brasil.
| | - Manuel J. Sanchez-Vazquez
- Centro Panamericano de Fiebre AftosaOrganización Panamericana de la SaludRío de JaneiroBrasilCentro Panamericano de Fiebre Aftosa, Organización Panamericana de la Salud, Río de Janeiro, Brasil.
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Abstract
Parasites are interesting models for studying speciation processes because they have a high potential for specialization, thanks to the intimate ecological association with their hosts and vectors. Yet little is known about the circumstances under which new parasite lineages emerge. Here we studied the genome diversity of parasites of the Leishmania braziliensis species complex that inhabit both Amazonian and Andean biotas in Peru. We identify three major parasite lineages that occupy particular ecological niches and show that these emerged during forestation changes over the past 150,000 y. We furthermore discovered that meiotic recombination between Amazonian and Andean lineages resulted in full-genome hybrids presenting mixed mitochondrial genomes, providing insights into the genetic consequences of hybridization in parasitic protozoa. The tropical Andes are an important natural laboratory to understand speciation in many taxa. Here we examined the evolutionary history of parasites of the Leishmania braziliensis species complex based on whole-genome sequencing of 67 isolates from 47 localities in Peru. We first show the origin of Andean Leishmania as a clade of near-clonal lineages that diverged from admixed Amazonian ancestors, accompanied by a significant reduction in genome diversity and large structural variations implicated in host–parasite interactions. Within the Andean species, patterns of population structure were strongly associated with biogeographical origin. Molecular clock and ecological niche modeling suggested that the history of diversification of the Andean lineages is limited to the Late Pleistocene and intimately associated with habitat contractions driven by climate change. These results suggest that changes in forestation over the past 150,000 y have influenced speciation and diversity of these Neotropical parasites. Second, genome-scale analyses provided evidence of meiotic-like recombination between Andean and Amazonian Leishmania species, resulting in full-genome hybrids. The mitochondrial genome of these hybrids consisted of homogeneous uniparental maxicircles, but minicircles originated from both parental species. We further show that mitochondrial minicircles—but not maxicircles—show a similar evolutionary pattern to the nuclear genome, suggesting that compatibility between nuclear-encoded mitochondrial genes and minicircle-encoded guide RNA genes is essential to maintain efficient respiration. By comparing full nuclear and mitochondrial genome ancestries, our data expand our appreciation on the genetic consequences of diversification and hybridization in parasitic protozoa.
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Rivas AK, Alcover MM, Martínez-Orellana P, Montserrat-Sangrà S, Nachum-Biala Y, Fisa R, Riera C, Baneth G, Solano-Gallego L. Serological and molecular survey of Leishmania infection in dogs from Venezuela. VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY- REGIONAL STUDIES AND REPORTS 2020; 21:100420. [PMID: 32862890 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2020.100420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Venezuela is a country where human and canine leishmaniosis due to Leishmania infantum, Leishmania braziliensis and other Leishmania spp. is endemic. However, only limited data is available on canine Leishmania infection in Venezuela. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to evaluate the prevalence of Leishmania infection in dogs (n = 152) from the states of Lara (n = 91) and Yaracuy (n = 61) in Venezuela by means of serological and molecular methods. Physical examination was performed and blood samples were collected from all dogs. Serology for antibodies reactive with L. infantum and L. braziliensis antigens was assessed by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and detection of Leishmania DNA from blood samples was evaluated by kinetoplast Leishmania real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). In addition, Leishmania internal transcribed spacer (ITS-1) RT-PCR was performed on the samples positive by kinetoplast RT-PCR. The prevalence of Leishmania infection based on serological and/or molecular techniques was 11.8%. The seroprevalence for L. infantum and L. braziliensis antigens were 2.1% (3/144) and 8.3% (12/144), respectively. All dogs from the state of Yaracuy were serologically negative to L. infantum while 4.6% (4/86) of the dogs were reactive to L. braziliensis antigen. Fourteen percent (8/58) of the dogs from the state of Lara were positive to L. infantum and 5.2% (3/58) to L. braziliensis antigen. Three dogs were positive to both Leishmania spp. antigens. By RT-PCR, 6.5% (4/61) and 4.4% (4/91) of the dogs were positive for infection in the states of Lara and Yaracuy, respectively. The RT-PCR product of one dog from the state of Yaracuy was sequenced revealing a 100% identity with L. infantum. However, all RT-PCR positive dogs were seronegative to both Leishmania spp. antigens. In conclusion, the positivity for Leishmania spp. infections observed indicates that dogs are frequently infected by L. infantum, L. braziliensis or related Leishmania spp. in Venezuela.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aruanai Kalú Rivas
- Veterinary clinic "Teky pets" Barquisimeto, Venezuela; Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.
| | - M Magdalena Alcover
- Laboratori de Parasitologia, Departament de Biologia, Salut i Medi Ambient, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Pamela Martínez-Orellana
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.
| | - Sara Montserrat-Sangrà
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.
| | | | - Roser Fisa
- Laboratori de Parasitologia, Departament de Biologia, Salut i Medi Ambient, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Cristina Riera
- Laboratori de Parasitologia, Departament de Biologia, Salut i Medi Ambient, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Gad Baneth
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University, Rehovot, Israel.
| | - Laia Solano-Gallego
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.
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Hashiguchi Y, Gomez EA, Velez LN, Villegas NV, Kubo M, Mimori T, Hashiguchi K, Kato H. Anthropophilic phlebotomine sand fly Lutzomyia species and search for the natural Leishmania infections in an area endemic for cutaneous leishmaniasis in Ecuador. Acta Trop 2020; 203:105287. [PMID: 31790649 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.105287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
By employing protected human bait landing and modified Shannon light trap, a total of 1924 phlebotomine sand fly Lutzomyia spp. were captured in an area from which L. (V.) guyanensis was reported as the causative parasite of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL). The sand flies captured alive were dissected and identified at species level, based mainly on their spermathecae. At the same time, the sand flies dissected were searched for the Leishmania parasites by microscopic-test, and later on by PCR-test. No positive sand flies were detected by both tests, while considerable numbers of anthropophilic sand fly species of the genus Lutzomyia were observed as probable vectors of the Leishmania parasite in the areas. Those were eight species, Lu. robusta, Lu. trapidoi, Lu. maranonensis, Lu. gomezi, Lu. shannoni, Lu. migonei, Lu. punctigeniculata and Lu. spathotrichia. Among them, the first two species Lu. robusta and Lu. trapidoi were most dominant, suggesting probable vectors of the Leishmania parasite prevailing in the area. Lu. punctigeniculata and Lu. spathotrichia were for the first time recorded for the Manabí province, Ecuador. These findings provide basic information useful for future planning of the control and management of the disease in the areas, though further study to incriminate the vector sand fly remains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihisa Hashiguchi
- Departamento de Parasitologia y Medicina Tropical, Carrera de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias Medicas, Universidad Catolica de Santiago de Guayaquil, Avenida Carlos Julio Arsemena Km 1 ½, Guayaquil, Ecuador; Department of Parasitology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Kochi, Japan; Leishmaniasis Project (SINDE-SIU #415-214), Facultad de Ciencias Medicas, Universidad Catolica de Santiago de Guayaquil, Guayaquil, Ecuador.
| | - Eduardo A Gomez
- Departamento de Parasitologia y Medicina Tropical, Carrera de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias Medicas, Universidad Catolica de Santiago de Guayaquil, Avenida Carlos Julio Arsemena Km 1 ½, Guayaquil, Ecuador; Leishmaniasis Project (SINDE-SIU #415-214), Facultad de Ciencias Medicas, Universidad Catolica de Santiago de Guayaquil, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Lenin N Velez
- Departamento de Parasitologia y Medicina Tropical, Carrera de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias Medicas, Universidad Catolica de Santiago de Guayaquil, Avenida Carlos Julio Arsemena Km 1 ½, Guayaquil, Ecuador; Leishmaniasis Project (SINDE-SIU #415-214), Facultad de Ciencias Medicas, Universidad Catolica de Santiago de Guayaquil, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Nancy V Villegas
- Departamento de Parasitologia y Medicina Tropical, Carrera de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias Medicas, Universidad Catolica de Santiago de Guayaquil, Avenida Carlos Julio Arsemena Km 1 ½, Guayaquil, Ecuador; Leishmaniasis Project (SINDE-SIU #415-214), Facultad de Ciencias Medicas, Universidad Catolica de Santiago de Guayaquil, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Makoto Kubo
- Division of Immunology, Kitasato University School of Allied Health Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tatsuyuki Mimori
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kumamoto University, Japan
| | - Kazue Hashiguchi
- Leishmaniasis Project (SINDE-SIU #415-214), Facultad de Ciencias Medicas, Universidad Catolica de Santiago de Guayaquil, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Hirotomo Kato
- Division of Medical Zoology, Department of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
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Hashiguchi Y, Hashiguchi K, Zambrano FC, Parraga FD, Martillo VP, Torres EX, Velez LN, Villegas NV, Gomez EA, Kato H. Natural Leishmania (Leishmania) mexicana infection and biting activity of anthropophilic sand fly Lutzomyia ayacuchensis in the Ecuadorian Andes. Acta Trop 2020; 203:105321. [PMID: 31877283 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.105321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
To elucidate the transmission mode of Andean cutaneous leishmaniasis (Andean-CL), natural Leishmania infection and biting activity of sand flies were tested in a selected sylvatic focus of the endemic area of the Ecuadorian Andes. Monthly sand fly collections and dissections were conducted during 12 months from July 2018 to June 2019. The Leishmania positive specimens/slides with innumerable amounts of actively mobile flagellates made us easy to detect positive sand flies. The promastigotes observed located in the anterior and posterior midgut, without the hindgut localization. The parasite isolated was identified as L. (L.) mexicana by cytochrome b gene analysis. No other Leishmania or flagellate species parasitic in sand flies was observed in the area. Only Lu. ayacuchensis was caught throughout. Monthly microscopic examination of Lu. ayacuchensis revealed 0.75-8.33% of natural L. (L.) mexicana infection rates. Higher Leishmania infection months were present at the end of the wet season of the Andes, while higher sand fly numbers occurred during the dry season. Diurnal biting (blood meal seeking) activity of sand flies started around 17:30 before sunset, increased between 18:00 and 19:30, and thereafter decreased drastically probably because of low temperature (15-18 °C) in the area. The results provide information important for the planning of vector control strategy and management of the disease in the Andean-CL endemic area of Ecuador.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihisa Hashiguchi
- Departamento de Parasitologia y Medicina Tropical, Carrera de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias Medicas, Universidad Catolica de Santiago de Guayaquil, Guayaquil, Ecuador; Leishmaniasis Project (SINDE-SIU #415-214), Facultad de Ciencias Medicas, Universidad Catolica de Santiago de Guayaquil, Guayaquil, Ecuador; Department of Parasitology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Kochi, Japan.
| | - Kazue Hashiguchi
- Leishmaniasis Project (SINDE-SIU #415-214), Facultad de Ciencias Medicas, Universidad Catolica de Santiago de Guayaquil, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Flavio C Zambrano
- Leishmaniasis Project (SINDE-SIU #415-214), Facultad de Ciencias Medicas, Universidad Catolica de Santiago de Guayaquil, Guayaquil, Ecuador; Ministerio de Salud Publica, Ecuador
| | | | - Viriginia P Martillo
- Leishmaniasis Project (SINDE-SIU #415-214), Facultad de Ciencias Medicas, Universidad Catolica de Santiago de Guayaquil, Guayaquil, Ecuador; Ministerio de Salud Publica, Ecuador
| | - Edison X Torres
- Leishmaniasis Project (SINDE-SIU #415-214), Facultad de Ciencias Medicas, Universidad Catolica de Santiago de Guayaquil, Guayaquil, Ecuador; Ministerio de Salud Publica, Ecuador
| | - Lenin N Velez
- Departamento de Parasitologia y Medicina Tropical, Carrera de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias Medicas, Universidad Catolica de Santiago de Guayaquil, Guayaquil, Ecuador; Leishmaniasis Project (SINDE-SIU #415-214), Facultad de Ciencias Medicas, Universidad Catolica de Santiago de Guayaquil, Guayaquil, Ecuador; Ministerio de Salud Publica, Ecuador
| | - Nancy V Villegas
- Departamento de Parasitologia y Medicina Tropical, Carrera de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias Medicas, Universidad Catolica de Santiago de Guayaquil, Guayaquil, Ecuador; Leishmaniasis Project (SINDE-SIU #415-214), Facultad de Ciencias Medicas, Universidad Catolica de Santiago de Guayaquil, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Eduardo A Gomez
- Departamento de Parasitologia y Medicina Tropical, Carrera de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias Medicas, Universidad Catolica de Santiago de Guayaquil, Guayaquil, Ecuador; Leishmaniasis Project (SINDE-SIU #415-214), Facultad de Ciencias Medicas, Universidad Catolica de Santiago de Guayaquil, Guayaquil, Ecuador; Ministerio de Salud Publica, Ecuador
| | - Hirotomo Kato
- Division of Medical Zoology, Department of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
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Clinical and Pathological Aspects of Canine Cutaneous Leishmaniasis: A Meta-analysis. Acta Parasitol 2019; 64:916-922. [PMID: 31087259 DOI: 10.2478/s11686-019-00063-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In the present study, we described the most prevalent clinical symptoms, the most affected organs, and the macro and microscopic lesions associated with cutaneous leishmaniasis. METHODS Two independent researchers performed an extensive systematic review of the literature in four stages (identification, screening, eligibility, and inclusion) to identify studies published between January 2002 and November 2018 from the following electronic databases: Web of Science, PubMed, SciELO, Science Direct, and Google Scholar. Meta-analysis was conducted in "Metaprop" package of R 3.4.2 software. RESULTS The electronic search yielded 3896 results, out of which 155 were further analyzed based on the full-text. Data extracted from 16 articles were included in the meta-analysis, representing a total of 430 leishmaniasis cases. Only 43% of all animals were identified to exhibit the clinical and cutaneous changes characteristic of leishmaniasis based on the observation that skin lesions were the most prevalent clinical sign and were present in 86% of all cases. Other less prevalent symptoms included weight loss, cachexia, apathy and lymph node enlargement. Histopathological analysis showed that the skin was the most affected organ, affecting 64% of cases, followed by lymph nodes (12%), spleen (8%) and liver (7%). CONCLUSIONS Therefore, our current findings suggest that cutaneous leishmaniasis could lead to visceral disease. Notably, our findings indicated no clinical manifestation patterns in cutaneous leishmaniasis, since the same host species may present different clinical conditions.
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Gallego V, Berberian G, Siu H, Verbanaz S, Rodríguez-Morales AJ, Gautret P, Schlagenhauf P, Lloveras S. The 2019 Pan American games: Communicable disease risks and travel medicine advice for visitors to Peru - Recommendations from the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI). Travel Med Infect Dis 2019; 30:19-24. [PMID: 31238107 DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2019.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The next Pan American Games will be held in Peru in the period July-August 2019. Around 6680 participants from 41 countries are expected to take part in the event. There will be a total of 62 sport disciplines. This event poses specific challenges, given its size and the diversity of attendees. Such gatherings also have potential for the transmission of imported or endemic communicable diseases, including measles in view of the global outbreak situation, but also tropical endemic diseases. In anticipation of increased travel, a panel of experts from the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) developed the current recommendations taking into consideration the epidemiology and risks of the main communicable diseases at potential destinations in Peru, recommended immunizations and other preventives measures. These recommendations can be used as a basis for advice for travelers and travel medicine practitioners. Mosquito-borne infections also pose a challenge. Although Lima is malaria free, travelers visiting Peruvian high-risk areas for malaria should be assessed regarding the need for chemoprophylaxis. Advice on the correct timing and use of repellents and other personal protection measures is key to preventing vector-borne infections. Other important recommendations for travelers should focus on preventing water- and food-borne diseases including travelers' diarrhea. This paper addresses pre-travel, preventive strategies to reduce the risk of acquiring communicable diseases during the Pan American Games and also reviews the spectrum of endemic infections in Lima and Peru to facilitate the recognition and management of infectious diseases in travelers returning to their countries of origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Gallego
- Panel of Sports and Travel, Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Griselda Berberian
- Panel of Sports and Travel, Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Hugo Siu
- Panel of Sports and Travel, Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI), Lima, Peru
| | - Sergio Verbanaz
- Panel of Sports and Travel, Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alfonso J Rodríguez-Morales
- Panel of Scientific Publications and Teaching, Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI), Pereira, Colombia; Public Health and Infection Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira, Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia.
| | - Philippe Gautret
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Patricia Schlagenhauf
- University of Zürich Centre for Travel Medicine, Institute for Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention, Hirschengraben 84, 8001, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Susana Lloveras
- Panel of Sports and Travel, Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Panel of Scientific Publications and Teaching, Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI), Pereira, Colombia
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Torrellas A, Ferrer E, Cruz I, Lima HD, Delgado O, Rangel JC, Bravo JA, Chicharro C, Llanes-Acevedo IP, Miles MA, Feliciangeli MD. Molecular typing reveals the co-existence of two transmission cycles of American cutaneous leishmaniasis in the Andean Region of Venezuela with Lutzomyia migonei as the vector. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2018; 113:e180323. [PMID: 30540021 PMCID: PMC6282108 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760180323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The transmission routes for American cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) are in flux, so studies examining its transmission in humans, mammalian hosts, and sand fly vectors are urgently needed. OBJECTIVES The aim of this work was understand the epidemiological cycles of Leishmania spp., which causes ACL in the Andean Region of Venezuela, by identifying the Leishmania and the sand fly species involved in human and dog infections. METHODS Thirty-one biopsies from patients in Mérida and Táchira states with suspected ACL were studied by both parasitological tests (cultures and hamster inoculation) and a molecular test [Internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) nested polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP)]. We also conducted a survey to detect Leishmania infection in dogs (Immunifluorescence antibody test and ITS1 nested PCR-RFLP) and sand flies (ITS1 nested PCR-RFLP) from El Carrizal, a highly endemic focus of ACL in Venezuela. FINDINGS Three different Leishmania species were identified in the clinical samples from humans (Leishmania braziliensis, L. guyanensis, and L. mexicana) and dogs (L. guyanensis and L. mexicana). The predominant sand fly species found were those from the Verrucarum group (infected with L. mexicana) and Lutzomyia migonei (infected with L. guyanensis and L. mexicana). MAIN CONCLUSIONS We show that Lu. migonei may be the putative vector in two ACL epidemiological cycles, involving L. guyanensis and L. mexicana. We also report for the first time the presence of L. guyanensis in domestic animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annhymariet Torrellas
- Universidad de Carabobo, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Centro Nacional de Referencia de Flebotomos y otros Vectores, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Dr Francisco J Triana-Alonso, Maracay, Venezuela
| | - Elizabeth Ferrer
- Universidad de Carabobo, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Dr Francisco J Triana-Alonso, Maracay, Venezuela
| | - Israel Cruz
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Leishmaniasis, National Center for Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Héctor de Lima
- Ministerio del Poder Popular para la Salud, Servicio Autónomo, Instituto de Biomedicina, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Olinda Delgado
- Universidad Central de Venezuela, Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Caracas, Venezuela
| | | | - José Arturo Bravo
- Universidad de Carabobo, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Centro Nacional de Referencia de Flebotomos y otros Vectores, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Dr Francisco J Triana-Alonso, Maracay, Venezuela
| | - Carmen Chicharro
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Leishmaniasis, National Center for Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ivonne Pamela Llanes-Acevedo
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Leishmaniasis, National Center for Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Michael A Miles
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Department of Pathogen Molecular Biology, London, United Kingdom
| | - María Dora Feliciangeli
- Universidad de Carabobo, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Centro Nacional de Referencia de Flebotomos y otros Vectores, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Dr Francisco J Triana-Alonso, Maracay, Venezuela
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Leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania (Viannia) guyanensis in north-central Pacific region of Ecuador: A clinico-epidemiological feature. Acta Trop 2018; 185:204-211. [PMID: 29852129 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2018.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/26/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
The current four year study was undertaken to investigate the clinical and epidemiological features of Leishmania (Viannia) guyanensis infections in Valle Hermoso, Santo Domingo de Los Tsachilas province, north-central Pacific areas of Ecuador. A total of 155 parasitologically confirmed (Leishmania-amastigote-positive) clinical cases diagnosed at a rural health center during January 2014-December 2017 were analyzed thoroughly. Molecular characterization of the causative Leishmania parasites from different endemic sites within the study areas was performed by PCR amplification of cytochrome b (cyt b) sequencing. All the FTA-card and/or smear impregnated materials tested were characterized, and identified as L. (V.) guyanensis, without detecting any other Leishmania species. The following features were described: 1) the majority of patients were suffered from a single ulcer lesion (simple and mild to chronic), followed by multiple lesions, including recidiva cutis-"like" and Chiclero's ulcer-"like" clinical forms; 2) the majority (65.70%) of lesions were less than 10 mm in size, and distributed mainly on the upper body regions (arm, forearm, face, and neck including ear and head); 3) about 30% (29.68%) of the subjects tested were less than 10 years of age, strongly suggesting the intra- and/or peri-domestic transmission of the disease in the areas. The current clinico-epidemiological feature detected emphasizes the need for further such investigations of the L. (V.) guyanensis infections prevalent at different Pacific ecoregions of Ecuador, including Amazon regions.
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