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Figueredo RTA, Muller MI, Arana S, Long PF, Adriano EA. Phylogenetic and host-parasite relationship analyses of Henneguya caquetaia sp. nov (Myxosporea: Myxobolidae) infecting an Amazonian cichlid fish. Microb Pathog 2023; 179:106116. [PMID: 37068618 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
The present study describes a new species of Henneguya infecting the ornamental fish Caquetaia spectabilis from the Brazilian Amazon. Fish specimens were collected where the Tapajós and Amazon rivers merge, municipality of Santarém in the State of Pará, Brazil. Infections were intense, with several plasmodia spread on the opercula, fins and eye. Phylogenetic characterization and host-parasite relationship studies of the new Henneguya species used a combination of small subunit ribosomal DNA (ssrDNA) and morphological (photonic and transmission electron microscopy) analyses. Plasmodia were white round to ellipsoidal measuring up to 1.8 mm. The myxospores body measured 20.5 ± 3.9 (15-27) in length, 7.9 μm (6.2-10.8) in width, 6.7 μm (6.0-7.6) in thickness, 20.5 μm (14.4-32.3) in caudal appendages length, and 40.6 μm (34.2-54.6) in total length. The two polar capsules were elongated and equal in size, measuring 4.3 μm (3.3-5.4) in length and 2.1 μm (1.3-2.8) in width. Histological analysis revealed the parasite development in connective tissues of the fins, eyes and opercula. The skin of the fins and opercula presented detachment of the epidermis, however, no inflamatory infiltrate was observed. In the eye were observed inflammatory infiltratate in the epithelium and stroma of the cornea. Ultrastructure analysis showed the connective tissue capsule composed by an inner cellular layer with fibroblasts and outer layer where collagen fibers arranged transversely yet interspersed by layers of fibers arranged longitudinally. Numerous invaginations and extensive pinocytotic channels were observed in the plasmodial membrane. A layer of microfilament-like microfilament-like material was observed in the ectoplasm area and along to the internal surface of the plasmodial membrane. Generative cells and early stages of sporogenesis were seen more internally. The ssrDNA based phylogeny showed the South American species grouped in two lineages and the new species arises in a well-sustained subclade as sister branch of the clade composed by Henneguya spp. parasites of cichlids fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rayline T A Figueredo
- Department of Animal Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| | - Maria I Muller
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Diadema, SP, 09972-270, Brazil
| | - Sarah Arana
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, University of Campinas, 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Paul F Long
- Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, United Kingdom; Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, 05508-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Edson A Adriano
- Department of Animal Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil; Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Diadema, SP, 09972-270, Brazil
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2
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Rangel LF, Santos MJ, Rocha S. Synopsis of the species of Henneguya Thélohan, 1892 (Cnidaria: Myxosporea: Myxobolidae) described since 2012. Syst Parasitol 2023; 100:291-305. [PMID: 37020081 DOI: 10.1007/s11230-023-10088-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
The genus Henneguya Thélohan, 1892 (Cnidaria: Myxosporea: Myxobolidae) encompasses a large number of species that mostly infect freshwater fish belonging to 71 families of Actinopterygii. A synopsis of Henneguya species described between 2012 and 2022 is herein presented. It includes 57 species described during the last decade, and one species missing from the previous synopses, adding to a total of 254 species that have been formally described within this genus. Biological characters and myxospore morphometry are presented for each species record.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis F Rangel
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), University of Porto, Matosinhos, Portugal.
- CIIMAR, Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Maria J Santos
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), University of Porto, Matosinhos, Portugal
- CIIMAR, Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sónia Rocha
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- ICBAS - School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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3
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Immunomolecular response of CD4+, CD8+, TNF-α and IFN-γ in Myxobolus-infected koi (Cyprinus carpio) treated with probiotics. AQUACULTURE AND FISHERIES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aaf.2022.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Mathews PD, Bonillo C, Rabet N, Lord C, Causse R, Keith P, Audebert F. Phylogenetic analysis and characterization of a new parasitic cnidarian (Myxosporea: Myxobolidae) parasitizing skin of the giant mottled eel from the Solomon Islands. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2021; 94:104986. [PMID: 34246799 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.104986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Myxosporeans are microscopic cnidarians associated with severe diseases in aquaculture and wild fish populations. This group of parasitic cnidarians thus warrants close attention concerning its potential impact on susceptible fish stocks. At present, little is known about this group of parasites infecting anguillid eels. From myxospore specimens collected from a freshwater eel (Anguilla marmorata) in the Solomon Islands, we describe a new species belonging to the genus Myxobolus based on an integrative taxonomic analysis of morphological, biological traits and molecular data. Furthermore, we determined the phylogenetic position and relationships of this species among other platysporine myxosporeans. Molecular phylogenetic assessment of small subunit ribosomal DNA showed that the species clusters together with Myxobolus portucalensis and Echinactinomyxon type 5 Özer, Wootten and Shinn, 2002, in a well-supported subclade. This is the first report of a myxosporean parasite infecting fish from the Solomon Islands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick D Mathews
- Unité Biologie des Organismes et Écosystèmes Aquatiques-BOREA, Sorbonne Université, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, SU, MNHN, CNRS, IRD, UCN, UA, CP 26, 43 rue cuvier, 75005 Paris, France; Department of Zoology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, 05508-090 São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Céline Bonillo
- Unité Biologie des Organismes et Écosystèmes Aquatiques-BOREA, Sorbonne Université, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, SU, MNHN, CNRS, IRD, UCN, UA, CP 26, 43 rue cuvier, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Rabet
- Unité Biologie des Organismes et Écosystèmes Aquatiques-BOREA, Sorbonne Université, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, SU, MNHN, CNRS, IRD, UCN, UA, CP 26, 43 rue cuvier, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Clara Lord
- Unité Biologie des Organismes et Écosystèmes Aquatiques-BOREA, Sorbonne Université, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, SU, MNHN, CNRS, IRD, UCN, UA, CP 26, 43 rue cuvier, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Romain Causse
- Unité Biologie des Organismes et Écosystèmes Aquatiques-BOREA, Sorbonne Université, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, SU, MNHN, CNRS, IRD, UCN, UA, CP 26, 43 rue cuvier, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Philippe Keith
- Unité Biologie des Organismes et Écosystèmes Aquatiques-BOREA, Sorbonne Université, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, SU, MNHN, CNRS, IRD, UCN, UA, CP 26, 43 rue cuvier, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Fabienne Audebert
- Unité Biologie des Organismes et Écosystèmes Aquatiques-BOREA, Sorbonne Université, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, SU, MNHN, CNRS, IRD, UCN, UA, CP 26, 43 rue cuvier, 75005 Paris, France
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Sousa FB, Milanin T, Morandini AC, Espinoza LL, Flores-Gonzales A, Gomes AL, Matoso DA, Mathews PD. Molecular diagnostic based on 18S rDNA and supplemental taxonomic data of the cnidarian coelozoic Ceratomyxa (Cnidaria, Myxosporea) and comments on the intraspecific morphological variation. ZOOSYST EVOL 2021. [DOI: 10.3897/zse.97.64769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ceratomyxa amazonensis is a cnidarian myxosporean originally described with strongly arcuate crescent-shaped myxospores, absence of vegetative stages and infecting Symphysodon discus, an important Amazonian ornamental fish in the aquarium industry. As part of a long-term investigation concerning myxosporeans that infect discus fish Symphysodon spp. from different rivers of the Amazon Basin, thirty specimens of S. discus collected from Unini River were examined. Plasmodial vegetative stages therefrom were found freely floating in the bile of gall bladders from eighteen fish. Mature myxospores were slightly crescent-shaped, measuring 4.72 ± 0.1 (4.52–4.81) μm in length, 24.2 ± 0.4 (23.9–25.3) μm in thickness with polar capsules 2.31 ± 0.1 (2.29–2.33) μm in length and 2.15 ± 0.1 (2.13–2.17) μm in width. Strong morphological differences were observed between the newly isolated myxospores obtained and the previously described C. amazonensis; however, molecular assessment, based on 18S rDNA, revealed a high similarity (99.91%), with only a single nucleotide base change. This study provides new data, expanding the original description of the species with a discussion on differences in myxospore-morphology in the context of intraspecific morphological plasticity.
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Milanin T, Mathews PD, Morandini AC, Mertins O, Audebert F, Pereira JOL, Maia AAM. Morphostructural data and phylogenetic relationships of a new cnidarian myxosporean infecting spleen of an economic and ecological important bryconid fish from Brazil. Microb Pathog 2020; 150:104718. [PMID: 33385492 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A new cnidarian myxosporean infecting the spleen of an economic and ecological important bryconid fish (Salminus franciscanus) is described based on integrative taxonomic approach including morphological, ultrastructural, biological traits, geography, molecular data and phylogenetic analysis. In a total of thirty specimens examined, nineteen (63.3%) were infected by an undescribed parasite species belonging to the genus Myxobolus. Plasmodial development was asynchronous, with young development in the periphery and mature myxospores in the central area and without projections and microvilli in the plasmodial wall. Mature myxospores were ovoid in shape and measured 7.9 ± 0.2 μm (7.6-8.1 μm) in length and 5.4 ± 0.1 μm (5.0-5.6 μm) in width. The two polar capsules were equal in size, occupying a little more than half of the myxospore body, measuring 4.0 ± 0.2 μm (3.9-4.1 μm) in length and 1.7 ± 0.1 μm (1.5-1.8 μm) in width. The polar tubules coiled in six turns, perpendicular to the long axis of polar capsule. Phylogenetic analysis placed the new species within a clade containing nine myxobolid species from South American characiforms fish and appears as a close species of Myxobolus pantanalis. Nevertheless, the sequences of the new species and M. pantanalis have a large genetic divergence of 13.5% in their SSU rDNA. In light of the differences observed from the integrative taxonomy, we confidently considered that this isolate is a new species of cnidarian myxosporean, M. douradae n. sp., increasing the knowledge of diversity of this enigmatic group of cnidarians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Milanin
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Technology, University of São Paulo, 13635-900, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Patrick D Mathews
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, 05508-090, São Paulo, Brazil; Laboratoire de Biologie des Organismes et Écosystèmes Aquatiques, Museum National de d'Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, IRD, UCA, CP 26, 75005, Paris, France.
| | - André C Morandini
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, 05508-090, São Paulo, Brazil; Centro de Biologia Marinha, University of São Paulo, 11612-109, São Sebastião, Brazil
| | - Omar Mertins
- Department of Biophysics, Paulista Medical Scholl, Federal University of São Paulo, 04023-062, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fabienne Audebert
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Organismes et Écosystèmes Aquatiques, Museum National de d'Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, IRD, UCA, CP 26, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Jose O L Pereira
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Technology, University of São Paulo, 13635-900, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Antonio A M Maia
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Technology, University of São Paulo, 13635-900, São Paulo, Brazil
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Mathews PD, Mertins O, Milanin T, Espinoza LL, Flores-Gonzales AP, Audebert F, Morandini AC. Molecular Phylogeny and taxonomy of a new Myxobolus species from the endangered ornamental fish, Otocinclus cocama endemic to Peru: A host-parasite coextinction approach. Acta Trop 2020; 210:105545. [PMID: 32502480 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2020.105545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
A new Myxobolus species is described infecting gill filaments of the endangered ornamental fish Otocinclus cocama from Peruvian Amazon. In a total of 35 fish examined, five (14.3%) had myxozoan plasmodia. Taxonomic analysis was performed integrating multiple characters, including morphometrical, biological traits, ssrDNA sequence data and host ecological characters. Myxospores of M. iquitoensis n. sp. were ovoid in shape from the frontal view and measured 17.6±1.2 µm (16.2-19.8 µm) in length and 10.5±0.7 µm (9.8-12 µm) in width. The two polar capsules were elongate in shape, equal in size and occupying almost half of the myxospore body. They measured 8.7±0.4 µm (6.9-9.3 µm) in length and 3.3±0.2 µm (3-3.6 µm) in width. The polar tubules presented six to seven turns. Molecular phylogenetic analysis revealed that the obtained ssrDNA sequence did not match any existing sequences in GenBank but showed M. iquitoensis n. sp. to be a close species of M. figueirae. Nonetheless, the ssrDNA sequences of those species show large genetic divergence. This is the first description and phylogenetic study of a myxozoan parasitizing fish of the genus Otocinclus from South America, as well the first report of these parasites infecting a fish belonging to the Loricariidae family from Amazon basin. Considering the endangered status of the host, the high degree of host-specificity of freshwater histozoic myxobolids, the low occurrence shown by the new myxozoan, and the fact that this is the only host known for this myxozoan, the conservation status of the new species of myxozoan is likely to be connected to the future survival of its host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick D Mathews
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, 05508-090, São Paulo, Brazil; Unité de Biologie des Organismes et Écosystèmes Aquatiques, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, IRD, UCA, CP 26, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Omar Mertins
- Department of Biophysics, Paulista Medical Scholl, Federal University of São Paulo, 04023-062 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tiago Milanin
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Technology, University of São Paulo, 13635-900, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luis L Espinoza
- Laboratory of Biology and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, National University of San Marcos, 2800 San Borja, Lima, Peru
| | - Anai P Flores-Gonzales
- Post-Graduate Program in Tropical Biodiversity, Federal University of Amapá, 68903-419 Macapá, Brazil
| | - Fabienne Audebert
- Unité de Biologie des Organismes et Écosystèmes Aquatiques, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, IRD, UCA, CP 26, 75005 Paris, France
| | - André C Morandini
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, 05508-090, São Paulo, Brazil
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Mathews PD, Mertins O, Espinoza LL, Milanin T, Alama-Bermejo G, Audebert F, Morandini AC. Taxonomy and 18S rDNA-based phylogeny of Henneguya multiradiatus n. sp. (Cnidaria: Myxobolidae) a parasite of Brochis multiradiatus from Peruvian Amazon. Microb Pathog 2020; 147:104372. [PMID: 32652114 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
A new myxozoan species belonging to the genus Henneguya was isolated from the serous membrane of the visceral cavity of the hognosed catfish Brochis multiradiatus from Peruvian Amazon. Whitish plasmodia, macroscopically visible, were found in four of the thirty examined fishes. Mature myxospores were ellipsoidal in shape in frontal view and had a total length of 44.5 ± 0.6 μm (43.9-45.1), spore body measured 18.7 ± 0.9 μm (16.8-19.6) in length, 7.1 ± 0.2 μm (6.6-7.4) in width and 5.5 ± 0.3 μm (4.9-5.6) in thickness. The two polar capsules were elongated and equal in size, measuring 9.1 ± 0.1 μm (8.8-9.4) in length and 1.7 ± 0.1 μm (1.6-1.8) in width, occupying half of the myxospore body. Polar tubules coiled in 10-11 turns perpendicular to the long axis of the polar capsule. The caudal appendage was not bifurcated and measured 25.8 ± 0.6 μm (24.7-26.5) in length. The sequencing of the 18S rDNA gene resulted in 1400 bp and this sequence did not match any of the myxozoans available in GenBank. Phylogenetic analysis placed the new species in a well-supported subclade of Henneguya spp. infecting callichthyid fishes, with Henneguya loretoensis being the closest species. This study is the first description of a myxozoan species, Henneguya multiradiatus n. sp. from a fish of the genus Brochis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick D Mathews
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, 05508-090, São Paulo, Brazil; Unité de Biologie des Organismes et Écosystèmes Aquatiques, Museum National de d'Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, IRD, UCA, CP 26, 75005, Paris, France.
| | - Omar Mertins
- Department of Biophysics, Paulista Medical Scholl, Federal University of São Paulo, 04023-062, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luis L Espinoza
- Laboratory of Biology and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, National University of San Marcos, 2800, San Borja, Lima, Peru
| | - Tiago Milanin
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Technology, University of São Paulo, 13635-900, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gema Alama-Bermejo
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 37005, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Fabienne Audebert
- Unité de Biologie des Organismes et Écosystèmes Aquatiques, Museum National de d'Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, IRD, UCA, CP 26, 75005, Paris, France
| | - André C Morandini
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, 05508-090, São Paulo, Brazil; Marine Biology Center, University of São Paulo, 11612-109, São Sebastião, Brazil
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Liu T, Wei WY, Wang KY, Yang Q, Wang EL. Pathological and immunological analyses of Thelohanellus kitauei (Myxozoa:Myxosporea) infection in the scattered mirror carp, Cyprinus carpio. Sci Rep 2019; 9:20014. [PMID: 31882981 PMCID: PMC6934683 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56752-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Thelohanellus kitauei is a spore-forming myxosporean parasite prevalent in scattered mirror carp (Cyprinus carpio) that generates numerous cysts in the intestine and causes mass mortality in fish. To investigate the infection and mortality induced by T. kitauei in pond-reared farms in Luo-Jiang (104°51’N, 31°31’E), southwest China, morphological and molecular analyses of infected fish were conducted. Natural and specific immune indicators were further evaluated to determine the immunological effects of response to parasitic infection. The infectious parasite was identified as Thelohanellus kitauei based on morphological, 18S rDNA and infectious characteristics. Scattered mirror carp was determined as the specific intermediate host of the parasite. However, T. kitauei still caused considerable damage to the fish, in particular, injury and blockage of the intestines, resulting in malnutrition and even death. The mature spores of T. kitauei colonize the intestinal submucosa of carp and form cysts of various sizes that block the intestinal tract and release spores into the enteric cavity upon rupture, leading to the next phase of T. kitauei growth. Moreover, T. kitauei-infected carp showed weaker innate immunity. IgM is involved in the fight against parasitic infection while cytokines, such as IL-6, IL-1β and TNF-α, had an impact on infection processes. To our knowledge, this is the first report to show that T. kitauei infects and causes death in scattered mirror carp. Our collective findings from systematic pathology, morphology and immunology experiments provide a foundation for further research on infections by this type of parasite and development of effective treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Liu
- Department of Basic Veterinary, Veterinary Medicine College, Sichuan Agricultural University, Cheng'du, 611134, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Wen-Yan Wei
- China Institute of fisheries of chengdu agriculture and forestry academy, Cheng du, 610000, China
| | - Kai-Yu Wang
- Department of Basic Veterinary, Veterinary Medicine College, Sichuan Agricultural University, Cheng'du, 611134, Sichuan, P.R. China. .,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Cheng'du, 611134, Sichuan, P.R. China.
| | - Qian Yang
- Department of Basic Veterinary, Veterinary Medicine College, Sichuan Agricultural University, Cheng'du, 611134, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Er-Long Wang
- Department of Basic Veterinary, Veterinary Medicine College, Sichuan Agricultural University, Cheng'du, 611134, Sichuan, P.R. China
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