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Zhao Y, Zhang J, Chen Z, Wang Q. Bio-promoter mediated denitrification recovery from Cd(II) stress: Microbial activity resilience, electron behavior enhancement and microbial community evolution. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2024; 402:130780. [PMID: 38703963 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2024.130780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
Denitrification is fragile to toxic substances, while currently there are few regulation strategies for toxic substance-stressed denitrification. This study proposed a combined bio-promoter composed of basic bio-promoter (cytokinin, biotin, L-cysteine, and flavin adenine dinucleotide) and phosphomolybdic acid (PMo12) to recover cadmium(II) (Cd(II)) stressed denitrification. By inhibiting 58.02% and 48.84% of nitrate reductase and nitrite reductase activities, Cd(II) caused all the influent nitrogen to accumulate as NO3--N and NO2--N. Combined bio-promoter shortened the recovery time by 21 cycles and improved nitrogen removal efficiency by 10% as the synergistic effect of basic bio-promoter and PMo12. Basic bio-promoter enhanced antioxidant enzyme activities for reactive oxygen species clearance and recovered 23.30% of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide for sufficient electron donors. Meanwhile, PMo12 recovered electron carriers contents, increasing the electron transfer activity by 60.81% compared with self-recovery. Bio-promoters enhanced the abundance of denitrifiers Seminibacterium and Dechloromonas, which was positively correlated with rapid recovery of denitrification performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingxin Zhao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Jinshuang Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Zhihui Chen
- China Water Resources Bei Fang Investigation, Design & Research CO.LTD, China
| | - Qian Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China.
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Castro H, Rocha MI, Duarte M, Vilurbina J, Gomes-Alves AG, Leao T, Dias F, Morgan B, Deponte M, Tomás AM. The cytosolic hyperoxidation-sensitive and -robust Leishmania peroxiredoxins cPRX1 and cPRX2 are both dispensable for parasite infectivity. Redox Biol 2024; 71:103122. [PMID: 38490068 PMCID: PMC10955670 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2024.103122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Typical two-cysteine peroxiredoxins (2-Cys-PRXs) are H2O2-metabolizing enzymes whose activity relies on two cysteine residues. Protists of the family Trypanosomatidae invariably express one cytosolic 2-Cys-PRX (cPRX1). However, the Leishmaniinae sub-family features an additional isoform (cPRX2), almost identical to cPRX1, except for the lack of an elongated C-terminus with a Tyr-Phe (YF) motif. Previously, cytosolic PRXs were considered vital components of the trypanosomatid antioxidant machinery. Here, we shed new light on the properties, functions and relevance of cPRXs from the human pathogen Leishmania infantum. We show first that LicPRX1 is sensitive to inactivation by hyperoxidation, mirroring other YF-containing PRXs participating in redox signaling. Using genetic fusion constructs with roGFP2, we establish that LicPRX1 and LicPRX2 can act as sensors for H2O2 and oxidize protein thiols with implications for signal transduction. Third, we show that while disrupting the LicPRX-encoding genes increases susceptibility of L. infantum promastigotes to external H2O2in vitro, both enzymes are dispensable for the parasites to endure the macrophage respiratory burst, differentiate into amastigotes and initiate in vivo infections. This study introduces a novel perspective on the functions of trypanosomatid cPRXs, exposing their dual roles as both peroxidases and redox sensors. Furthermore, the discovery that Leishmania can adapt to the absence of both enzymes has significant implications for our understanding of Leishmania infections and their treatment. Importantly, it questions the conventional notion that the oxidative response of macrophages during phagocytosis is a major barrier to infection and the suitability of cPRXs as drug targets for leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Castro
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria Inês Rocha
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal
| | - Margarida Duarte
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal
| | - Jordi Vilurbina
- Fachbereich Chemie, Abteilung Biochemie, RPTU Kaiserslautern, D-67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Ana Georgina Gomes-Alves
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal
| | - Teresa Leao
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal
| | - Filipa Dias
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal
| | - Bruce Morgan
- Institut für Biochemie, Zentrum für Human und Molekularbiologie (ZHMB), Universität des Saarlandes, D-66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Marcel Deponte
- Fachbereich Chemie, Abteilung Biochemie, RPTU Kaiserslautern, D-67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Ana Maria Tomás
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal; ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.
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Al-Khalaifah HS. Major Molecular Factors Related to Leishmania Pathogenicity. Front Immunol 2022; 13:847797. [PMID: 35769465 PMCID: PMC9236557 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.847797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a major health problem with 600k - 1M new cases worldwide and 1 billion at risk. It involves a wide range of clinical forms ranging from self-healing cutaneous lesions to systemic diseases that are fatal if not treated, depending on the species of Leishmania. Leishmania sp. are digenetic parasites that have two different morphological stages. Leishmania parasites possess a number of invasive/evasive and pathoantigenic determinants that seem to have critical roles in Leishmania infection of macrophages which leads to successful intracellular parasitism in the parasitophorous vacuoles. These determinants are traditionally known as “virulence factors”, and are considered to be good targets for developing specific inhibitors to attenuate virulence of Leishmania by gene deletions or modifications, thus causing infective, but non-pathogenic mutants for vaccination. Pathway of biosynthesis is critical for keeping the parasite viable and is important for drug designing against these parasites. These drugs are aimed to target enzymes that control these pathways. Accordingly, maintaining low level of parasitic infection and in some cases as a weapon to eradicate infection completely. The current paper focuses on several virulence factors as determinants of Leishmania pathogenicity, as well as the metabolites produced by Leishmania to secure its survival in the host.
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Relevance of peroxiredoxins in pathogenic microorganisms. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:5701-5717. [PMID: 34258640 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11360-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The oxidative and nitrosative responses generated by animals and plants are important defenses against infection and establishment of pathogenic microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, and protozoa. Among distinct oxidant species, hydroperoxides are a group of chemically diverse compounds that comprise small hydrophilic molecules, such as hydrogen peroxide and peroxynitrite, and bulky hydrophobic species, such as organic hydroperoxides. Peroxiredoxins (Prx) are ubiquitous enzymes that use a highly reactive cysteine residue to decompose hydroperoxides and can also perform other functions, like molecular chaperone and phospholipase activities, contributing to microbial protection against the host defenses. Prx are present in distinct cell compartments and, in some cases, they can be secreted to the extracellular environment. Despite their high abundance, Prx expression can be further increased in response to oxidative stress promoted by host defense systems, by treatment with hydroperoxides or by antibiotics. In consequence, some isoforms have been described as virulence factors, highlighting their importance in pathogenesis. Prx are very diverse and are classified into six different classes (Prx1-AhpC, BCP-PrxQ, Tpx, Prx5, Prx6, and AhpE) based on structural and biochemical features. Some groups are absent in hosts, while others present structural peculiarities that differentiate them from the host's isoforms. In this context, the intrinsic characteristics of these enzymes may aid the development of new drugs to combat pathogenic microorganisms. Additionally, since some isoforms are also found in the extracellular environment, Prx emerge as attractive targets for the production of diagnostic tests and vaccines. KEY POINTS: • Peroxiredoxins are front-line defenses against host oxidative and nitrosative stress. • Functional and structural peculiarities differ pathogen and host enzymes. • Peroxiredoxins are potential targets to microbicidal drugs.
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Freire ML, Rêgo FD, Cota G, Pascoal-Xavier MA, Oliveira E. Potential antigenic targets used in immunological tests for diagnosis of tegumentary leishmaniasis: A systematic review. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0251956. [PMID: 34043671 PMCID: PMC8158869 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0251956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunological tests may represent valuable tools for the diagnosis of human tegumentary leishmaniasis (TL) due to their simple execution, less invasive nature and potential use as a point-of-care test. Indeed, several antigenic targets have been used with the aim of improving the restricted scenario for TL-diagnosis. We performed a worldwide systematic review to identify antigenic targets that have been evaluated for the main clinical forms of TL, such as cutaneous (CL) and mucosal (ML) leishmaniasis. Included were original studies evaluating the sensitivity and specificity of immunological tests for human-TL, CL and/or ML diagnosis using purified or recombinant proteins, synthetic peptides or polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies to detect Leishmania-specific antibodies or antigens. The review methodology followed PRISMA guidelines and all selected studies were evaluated in accordance with QUADAS-2. Thirty-eight original studies from four databases fulfilled the selection criteria. A total of 79 antigens were evaluated for the detection of antibodies as a diagnostic for TL, CL and/or ML by ELISA. Furthermore, three antibodies were evaluated for the detection of antigen by immunochromatographic test (ICT) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) for CL-diagnosis. Several antigenic targets showed 100% of sensitivity and specificity, suggesting potential use for TL-diagnosis in its different clinical manifestations. However, a high number of proof-of-concept studies reinforce the need for further analysis aimed at verifying true diagnostic accuracy in clinical practice.
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MESH Headings
- Antibodies, Protozoan/blood
- Antigens, Protozoan/blood
- Antigens, Protozoan/classification
- Antigens, Protozoan/immunology
- Chromatography, Affinity/standards
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay/standards
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry/standards
- Leishmania/immunology
- Leishmaniasis, Diffuse Cutaneous/diagnosis
- Leishmaniasis, Diffuse Cutaneous/immunology
- Leishmaniasis, Diffuse Cutaneous/parasitology
- Leishmaniasis, Mucocutaneous/diagnosis
- Leishmaniasis, Mucocutaneous/immunology
- Leishmaniasis, Mucocutaneous/parasitology
- Point-of-Care Testing/standards
- Practice Guidelines as Topic
- Sensitivity and Specificity
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Felipe Dutra Rêgo
- Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Gláucia Cota
- Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Edward Oliveira
- Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Fialho Junior L, da Fonseca Pires S, Burchmore R, McGill S, Weidt S, Ruiz JC, Guimarães FG, Chapeourouge A, Perales J, de Andrade HM. Proteomic analysis reveals differentially abundant proteins probably involved in the virulence of amastigote and promastigote forms of Leishmania infantum. Parasitol Res 2021; 120:679-692. [PMID: 33415401 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-020-07020-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Owing to the importance and clinical diversity of Leishmania infantum, studying its virulence factors is promising for understanding the relationship between parasites and hosts. In the present study, differentially abundant proteins from strains with different degrees of virulence in promastigote and amastigote forms were compared using two quantitative proteomics techniques, differential gel electrophoresis and isobaric mass tag labeling, followed by identification by mass spectrometry. A total of 142 proteins were identified: 96 upregulated and 46 downregulated proteins in the most virulent strain compared to less virulent. The interaction between the proteins identified in each evolutionary form was predicted. The results showed that in the amastigote form of the most virulent strain, there was a large group of proteins related to glycolysis, heat shock, and ribosomal proteins, whereas in the promastigote form, the group consisted of stress response, heat shock, and ribosomal proteins. In addition, biological processes related to metabolic pathways, ribosomes, and oxidative phosphorylation were enriched in the most virulent strain (BH400). Finally, we noted several proteins previously found to play important roles in L. infantum infection, which showed increased abundance in the virulent strain, such as ribosomal proteins, HSP70, enolase, fructose 1,6-biphosphate aldolase, peroxidoxin, and tryparedoxin peroxidase, many of which interact with each other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz Fialho Junior
- Laboratório de Leishmanioses, Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, CEP: 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Simone da Fonseca Pires
- Laboratório de Leishmanioses, Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, CEP: 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Richard Burchmore
- Glasgow Polyomics, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Campus, Glasgow, Scotland, G12 1QH, UK
| | - Suzanne McGill
- Glasgow Polyomics, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Campus, Glasgow, Scotland, G12 1QH, UK
| | - Stefan Weidt
- Glasgow Polyomics, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Campus, Glasgow, Scotland, G12 1QH, UK
| | - Jeronimo Conceição Ruiz
- Grupo Informática de Biossistemas e Genômica, Programa de Pós- Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Instituto René Rachou, Fiocruz Minas, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Frederico Goncalves Guimarães
- Grupo Informática de Biossistemas e Genômica, Programa de Pós- Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Instituto René Rachou, Fiocruz Minas, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Alexander Chapeourouge
- Laboratório de Toxinologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP: 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Jonas Perales
- Laboratório de Toxinologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP: 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Hélida Monteiro de Andrade
- Laboratório de Leishmanioses, Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, CEP: 31270-901, Brazil.
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