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Cheukamud W, Chansap S, Rattanasroi K, Changklungmoa N, Kueakhai P. Construction and mouse antibody response evaluation of juvenile stage-specific chimeric protein from Fasciola gigantica. Vet Parasitol 2024; 331:110254. [PMID: 39047536 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2024.110254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 07/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Fasciolosis, caused by the liver fluke Fasciola gigantica, is a major parasitic disease that affects livestock and therefore causes significant economic losses in tropical countries. Although anthelminthic drugs can kill the parasite, drug-resistant liver fluke populations are increasing. In this study, a recombinant F. gigantica chimeric protein (rFgCHI) consisting of cathepsin L1H (FgCL1H), cathepsin B3 (FgCB3), and Saposin-like protein 1 (FgSAP1) was designed and expressed in Escherichia coli (BL21). The molecular weight of rFgCHI was 61 kDa. To study the antibody response, male BALB/c mice were immunized via the subcutaneous injection of rFgCHI combined with Quil A. Immunization with rFgCHI showed the induction of IgG1 and IgG2a with a higher IgG1 isotype level, indicating the potential of mixed Th1/Th2 immune responses, with Th2 predominating. However, the results showed high levels of IgG against the single proteins, except for rFgSAP1. Through Western blotting, mouse anti-rFgCHI polyclonal antibodies could be detected to the native proteins obtained from the parasite at all stages. Immunolocalization also revealed that the anti-rFgCHI antibodies could detect targeted antigens in the cecal epithelium of the parasite. These results demonstrated that rFgCHI is immunogenic to the mouse immune system and may potentially be a protein candidate for the development of a fasciolosis vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Werachon Cheukamud
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences and Research unit of vaccine and diagnosis of parasitic diseases, Burapha University, Long-Hard Bangsaen Road, Saen Sook Sub-district, Mueang District, Chonburi 20131, Thailand
| | - Supanan Chansap
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences and Research unit of vaccine and diagnosis of parasitic diseases, Burapha University, Long-Hard Bangsaen Road, Saen Sook Sub-district, Mueang District, Chonburi 20131, Thailand
| | - Komsil Rattanasroi
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences and Research unit of vaccine and diagnosis of parasitic diseases, Burapha University, Long-Hard Bangsaen Road, Saen Sook Sub-district, Mueang District, Chonburi 20131, Thailand
| | - Narin Changklungmoa
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences and Research unit of vaccine and diagnosis of parasitic diseases, Burapha University, Long-Hard Bangsaen Road, Saen Sook Sub-district, Mueang District, Chonburi 20131, Thailand
| | - Pornanan Kueakhai
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences and Research unit of vaccine and diagnosis of parasitic diseases, Burapha University, Long-Hard Bangsaen Road, Saen Sook Sub-district, Mueang District, Chonburi 20131, Thailand.
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Shah M, Sitara F, Sarfraz A, Shehroz M, Wara TU, Perveen A, Ullah N, Zaman A, Nishan U, Ahmed S, Ullah R, Ali EA, Ojha SC. Development of a subunit vaccine against the cholangiocarcinoma causing Opisthorchis viverrini: a computational approach. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1281544. [PMID: 39050853 PMCID: PMC11266093 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1281544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Opisthorchis viverrini is the etiological agent of the disease opisthorchiasis and related cholangiocarcinoma (CCA). It infects fish-eating mammals and more than 10 million people in Southeast Asia suffered from opisthorchiasis with a high fatality rate. The only effective drug against this parasite is Praziquantel, which has significant side effects. Due to the lack of appropriate treatment options and the high death rate, there is a dire need to develop novel therapies against this pathogen. In this study, we designed a multi-epitope chimeric vaccine design against O. viverrini by using immunoinformatics approaches. Non-allergenic and immunogenic MHC-1, MHC-2, and B cell epitopes of three candidate proteins thioredoxin peroxidase (Ov-TPx-1), cathepsin F1 (Ov-CF-1) and calreticulin (Ov-CALR) of O. viverrini, were predicted to construct a potent multiepitope vaccine. The coverage of the HLA-alleles of these selected epitopes was determined globally. Four vaccine constructs made by different adjuvants and linkers were evaluated in the context of their physicochemical properties, antigenicity, and allergenicity. Protein-protein docking and MD simulation found that vaccines 3 was more stable and had a higher binding affinity for TLR2 and TLR4 immune receptors. In-silico restriction cloning of vaccine model led to the formation of plasmid constructs for expression in a suitable host. Finally, the immune simulation showed strong immunological reactions to the engineered vaccine. These findings suggest that the final vaccine construct has the potential to be validated by in vivo and in vitro experiments to confirm its efficacy against the CCA causing O. viverrini.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohibullah Shah
- Department of Biochemistry, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Farva Sitara
- Department of Biochemistry, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Asifa Sarfraz
- Department of Biochemistry, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Shehroz
- Department of Bioinformatics, Kohsar University Murree, Murree, Pakistan
| | - Tehreem Ul Wara
- Department of Biochemistry, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Asia Perveen
- Department of Biochemistry, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Najeeb Ullah
- Department of Biochemistry, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Aqal Zaman
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Umar Nishan
- Department of Chemistry, Kohat University of Science & Technology, Kohat, Pakistan
| | - Sarfraz Ahmed
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Riaz Ullah
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University Riyadh, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Essam A. Ali
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Suvash Chandra Ojha
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
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Qian MB, Keiser J, Utzinger J, Zhou XN. Clonorchiasis and opisthorchiasis: epidemiology, transmission, clinical features, morbidity, diagnosis, treatment, and control. Clin Microbiol Rev 2024; 37:e0000923. [PMID: 38169283 PMCID: PMC10938900 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00009-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Clonorchis sinensis, Opisthorchis viverrini, and Opisthorchis felineus are important liver flukes that cause a considerable public health burden in eastern Asia, southeastern Asia, and eastern Europe, respectively. The life cycles are complex, involving humans, animal reservoirs, and two kinds of intermediate hosts. An interplay of biological, cultural, ecological, economic, and social factors drives transmission. Chronic infections are associated with liver and biliary complications, most importantly cholangiocarcinoma. With regard to diagnosis, stool microscopy is widely used in epidemiologic surveys and for individual diagnosis. Immunologic techniques are employed for screening purposes, and molecular techniques facilitate species differentiation in reference laboratories. The mainstay of control is preventive chemotherapy with praziquantel, usually combined with behavioral change through information, education and communication, and environmental control. Tribendimidine, a drug registered in the People's Republic of China for soil-transmitted helminth infections, shows potential against both C. sinensis and O. viverrini and, hence, warrants further clinical development. Novel control approaches include fish vaccine and biological control. Considerable advances have been made using multi-omics which may trigger the development of new interventions. Pressing research needs include mapping the current distribution, disentangling the transmission, accurately estimating the disease burden, and developing new diagnostic and treatment tools, which would aid to optimize control and elimination measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Men-Bao Qian
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jennifer Keiser
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwil, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jürg Utzinger
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwil, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Xiao-Nong Zhou
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
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Liau MYQ, Toh EQ, Shelat VG. Opisthorchis viverrini-Current Understanding of the Neglected Hepatobiliary Parasite. Pathogens 2023; 12:795. [PMID: 37375485 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12060795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Opisthorchiasis due to Opisthorchis viverrini infection continues to be a significant public healthcare concern in various subregions of Southeast Asia, particularly in Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Myanmar, and Vietnam. The main mode of transmission is via consumption of raw or undercooked fish, which is deeply embedded in the culture and tradition of the people living near the Mekong River. After ingestion, the flukes migrate to the bile ducts, potentially causing many hepatobiliary complications, including cholangitis, cholecystitis, cholelithiasis, advanced periductal fibrosis and cholangiocarcinoma. Several mechanisms of opisthorchiasis-associated cholangiocarcinogenesis have been proposed and elucidated in the past decade, providing insight and potential drug targets to prevent the development of the sinister complication. The gold standard for diagnosing opisthorchiasis is still via stool microscopy, but the advent of novel serological, antigen, and molecular tests shows promise as more convenient, alternative diagnostic methods. The mainstay of treatment of opisthorchiasis is praziquantel, while treatment of opisthorchiasis-associated cholangiocarcinoma depends on its anatomic subtype and resectability. Thus far, the most successful fluke control programme is the Lawa model based in Thailand, which raised awareness, incorporated education, and frequent surveillance of intermediate hosts to reduce transmission of opisthorchiasis. Development of vaccines using tetraspanins shows promise and is currently ongoing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Yi Quan Liau
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 11 Mandalay Road, Singapore 308232, Singapore
| | - En Qi Toh
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 11 Mandalay Road, Singapore 308232, Singapore
| | - Vishalkumar Girishchandra Shelat
- Department of General Surgery, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, 11 Jalan Tan Tock Seng, Singapore 308433, Singapore
- Surgical Science Training Centre, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, 11 Jalan Tan Tock Seng, Singapore 308433, Singapore
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5
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You H, Jones MK, Gordon CA, Arganda AE, Cai P, Al-Wassiti H, Pouton CW, McManus DP. The mRNA Vaccine Technology Era and the Future Control of Parasitic Infections. Clin Microbiol Rev 2023; 36:e0024121. [PMID: 36625671 PMCID: PMC10035331 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00241-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite intensive long-term efforts, with very few exceptions, the development of effective vaccines against parasitic infections has presented considerable challenges, given the complexity of parasite life cycles, the interplay between parasites and their hosts, and their capacity to escape the host immune system and to regulate host immune responses. For many parasitic diseases, conventional vaccine platforms have generally proven ill suited, considering the complex manufacturing processes involved and the costs they incur, the inability to posttranslationally modify cloned target antigens, and the absence of long-lasting protective immunity induced by these antigens. An effective antiparasite vaccine platform is required to assess the effectiveness of novel vaccine candidates at high throughput. By exploiting the approach that has recently been used successfully to produce highly protective COVID mRNA vaccines, we anticipate a new wave of research to advance the use of mRNA vaccines to prevent parasitic infections in the near future. This article considers the characteristics that are required to develop a potent antiparasite vaccine and provides a conceptual foundation to promote the development of parasite mRNA-based vaccines. We review the recent advances and challenges encountered in developing antiparasite vaccines and evaluate the potential of developing mRNA vaccines against parasites, including those causing diseases such as malaria and schistosomiasis, against which vaccines are currently suboptimal or not yet available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong You
- Department of Infection and Inflammation, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Malcolm K. Jones
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Catherine A. Gordon
- Department of Infection and Inflammation, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Alexa E. Arganda
- Department of Infection and Inflammation, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Pengfei Cai
- Department of Infection and Inflammation, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Harry Al-Wassiti
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Colin W. Pouton
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Donald P. McManus
- Department of Infection and Inflammation, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
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Zhou Z, Zhou P, Mu Y, Wang L, Cao Z, Dong S, Bao H, Yang B, Xin M, Li R, Ge RL, Tang F. Therapeutic effect on Alveolar echinococcosis by targeting EM-Leucine aminopeptidase. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1027500. [PMID: 36311709 PMCID: PMC9614657 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1027500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Alveolar echinococcosis (AE) is a parasitic disease caused by E. multilocularis metacestodes and it is highly prevalent in the northern hemisphere. We have previously found that vaccination with E. multilocularis Leucine aminopeptidase (EM-LAP) induced specific immune response and had an inhibiting effect on the parasites. In this study, the therapeutic effect of recombinant EM-LAP (rEM-LAP) on AE was evaluated and verified using Ubenimex, a broad-spectrum inhibitor of LAP. The results reveal that rEM-LAP could inhibit cyst growth and invasion and induce specific immunity response in BALB/c mice infected with E. multilocularis protoscoleces. The ultrasonic, MRI, and morphological results show that treatment with rEM-LAP inhibits E. multilocularis infection and reduces cyst weight, number, fibrosis and invasion. The same effect is observed for the treatment with Ubenimex by inhibiting LAP activity. The indirect ELISA shows that rEM-LAP could induce specific immunity response and produce high levels of IgG, IgG1, IgG2a, IgM, and IgA, and the serum levels of IFN-γ and IL-4 are significantly increased compared to the control groups, indicating that treatment with rEM-LAP leads to a Th1 and Th2 mixed-type immune response. This study suggests that EM-LAP could be a potential therapeutic target of E. multilocularis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Zhou
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining, China
- Qinghai-Utah Joint Research Key Lab for High Altitude Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining, China
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Plateau Medical Application, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education, Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Pei Zhou
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining, China
- Qinghai-Utah Joint Research Key Lab for High Altitude Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining, China
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Plateau Medical Application, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education, Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Yalin Mu
- Department of Medical Imaging Center, Qinghai University Affiliated Hospital, Xining, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Pathology, The Second Xiangya Hospital DE Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhenjin Cao
- Department of Medical Imaging Center, Qinghai University Affiliated Hospital, Xining, China
| | - Shizhong Dong
- Department of Medical Imaging Center, Qinghai University Affiliated Hospital, Xining, China
| | - Haihua Bao
- Department of Medical Imaging Center, Qinghai University Affiliated Hospital, Xining, China
| | - Baoliang Yang
- Department of ENT, Qinghai Red Cross Hospital, Xining, China
| | - Minyuan Xin
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining, China
- Qinghai-Utah Joint Research Key Lab for High Altitude Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining, China
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Plateau Medical Application, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education, Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Runle Li
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining, China
- Qinghai-Utah Joint Research Key Lab for High Altitude Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining, China
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Plateau Medical Application, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education, Qinghai University, Xining, China
- *Correspondence: Runle Li, ; Ri-Li Ge, ; Feng Tang,
| | - Ri-Li Ge
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining, China
- Qinghai-Utah Joint Research Key Lab for High Altitude Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining, China
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Plateau Medical Application, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education, Qinghai University, Xining, China
- *Correspondence: Runle Li, ; Ri-Li Ge, ; Feng Tang,
| | - Feng Tang
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining, China
- Qinghai-Utah Joint Research Key Lab for High Altitude Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining, China
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Plateau Medical Application, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education, Qinghai University, Xining, China
- *Correspondence: Runle Li, ; Ri-Li Ge, ; Feng Tang,
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Zhang J, Sun Y, Zheng J. Prospects for liver fluke vaccines. Exp Parasitol 2021; 230:108170. [PMID: 34699916 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2021.108170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Fasciola spp., Opisthorchis spp. and Clonorchis sinensis are common liver flukes that can cause a variety of diseases, mainly cholangiocarcinoma induced by clonorchiasis and liver damage and associated pathology induced by fascioliasis. Because these trematodes are parasites of humans and domestic animals, they have greatly affected the economy of agricultural industries and public health worldwide. Due to the emergence of drug resistance and the living habits of flukes, among other reasons, a possibility of reinfection remains even when antiparasitic drugs are used. Therefore, developing a safe, efficient and cost-effective vaccine against trematodes is an important goal. Here, we briefly describe the progress in the development of vaccines against liver flukes. Related innovations may provide effective protection against these helminths and the diseases that they cause.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, Changchun, Xinmin Street NO.71, 130021, China; Department of Pathogenobiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Jilin, Changchun Xinmin Street NO.126, 130000, China.
| | - Ying Sun
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Xinmin Street NO.71, 130021, China.
| | - Jingtong Zheng
- Department of Pathogenobiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Jilin, Changchun Xinmin Street NO.126, 130000, China.
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Wang L, Wei W, Zhou P, Liu H, Yang B, Feng L, Ge RL, Li R, Tang F. Enzymatic characteristics and preventive effect of leucine aminopeptidase against Echinococcus multilocularis. Acta Trop 2021; 222:106066. [PMID: 34303691 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.106066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Alveolar echinococcosis, a parasitic zoonotic disease caused by the larval stage of Echinococcus multilocularis infection, is a global epidemic in Eurasia and North America. Leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) of the M17 peptidase family could act on an ideal target antigen in diagnosis and prevention of parasitic diseases (schistosomiasis, malaria, fascioliasis) because of its good immunogenicity. In this study, the bioinformatic and enzymatic characterizations of recombinant Echinococcus multilocularis LAP (rEm-LAP) were evaluated. A prokaryotic expression system for rEm-LAP protein was established and its immunogenicity and preventive efficacy were demonstrated in a BALB/c mice model. This is the first report about the LAP of Echinococcus multilocularis and with a 57.4 KD purified rEm-LAP protein successfully expressed by pCzn1-LAP in Escherichia coli BL-21 cells. Enzymatic analysis results showed optimal rEm-LAP activity at pH 9. Serum indirect ELISA demonstrated that rEm-LAP could induce a Th1 and Th2 mixed-type immunological response and produce high levels of IgG, IgG1, IgG2a, IgM, and IgA. Furthermore, serum IFN-γ and IL-4 secretion were increased compared with the control groups. Finally, vaccination with rEm-LAP significantly decreased both the number and size of the cysts in Echinococcus multilocularis metacestode infected mice model. The current study provides evidence that rEm-LAP could be a potential vaccine antigen of Echinococcus multilocularis.
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Recent Progress in the Development of Liver Fluke and Blood Fluke Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8030553. [PMID: 32971734 PMCID: PMC7564142 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8030553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver flukes (Fasciola spp., Opisthorchis spp., Clonorchis sinensis) and blood flukes (Schistosoma spp.) are parasitic helminths causing neglected tropical diseases that result in substantial morbidity afflicting millions globally. Affecting the world’s poorest people, fasciolosis, opisthorchiasis, clonorchiasis and schistosomiasis cause severe disability; hinder growth, productivity and cognitive development; and can end in death. Children are often disproportionately affected. F. hepatica and F. gigantica are also the most important trematode flukes parasitising ruminants and cause substantial economic losses annually. Mass drug administration (MDA) programs for the control of these liver and blood fluke infections are in place in a number of countries but treatment coverage is often low, re-infection rates are high and drug compliance and effectiveness can vary. Furthermore, the spectre of drug resistance is ever-present, so MDA is not effective or sustainable long term. Vaccination would provide an invaluable tool to achieve lasting control leading to elimination. This review summarises the status currently of vaccine development, identifies some of the major scientific targets for progression and briefly discusses future innovations that may provide effective protective immunity against these helminth parasites and the diseases they cause.
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