1
|
Zaharieva A, Rusanov K, Rusanova M, Paunov M, Yordanova Z, Mantovska D, Tsacheva I, Petrova D, Mishev K, Dobrev PI, Lacek J, Filepová R, Zehirov G, Vassileva V, Mišić D, Motyka V, Chaneva G, Zhiponova M. Uncovering the Interrelation between Metabolite Profiles and Bioactivity of In Vitro- and Wild-Grown Catmint ( Nepeta nuda L.). Metabolites 2023; 13:1099. [PMID: 37887424 PMCID: PMC10609352 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13101099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Nepeta nuda L. is a medicinal plant enriched with secondary metabolites serving to attract pollinators and deter herbivores. Phenolics and iridoids of N. nuda have been extensively investigated because of their beneficial impacts on human health. This study explores the chemical profiles of in vitro shoots and wild-grown N. nuda plants (flowers and leaves) through metabolomic analysis utilizing gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Initially, we examined the differences in the volatiles' composition in in vitro-cultivated shoots comparing them with flowers and leaves from plants growing in natural environment. The characteristic iridoid 4a-α,7-β,7a-α-nepetalactone was highly represented in shoots of in vitro plants and in flowers of plants from nature populations, whereas most of the monoterpenes were abundant in leaves of wild-grown plants. The known in vitro biological activities encompassing antioxidant, antiviral, antibacterial potentials alongside the newly assessed anti-inflammatory effects exhibited consistent associations with the total content of phenolics, reducing sugars, and the identified metabolic profiles in polar (organic acids, amino acids, alcohols, sugars, phenolics) and non-polar (fatty acids, alkanes, sterols) fractions. Phytohormonal levels were also quantified to infer the regulatory pathways governing phytochemical production. The overall dataset highlighted compounds with the potential to contribute to N. nuda bioactivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Zaharieva
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Sofia University “St. Kliment Ohridski”, 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria; (A.Z.); (Z.Y.); (D.M.); (D.P.); (G.C.)
| | - Krasimir Rusanov
- Department of Agrobiotechnology, Agrobioinstitute, Agricultural Academy, 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria; (K.R.)
| | - Mila Rusanova
- Department of Agrobiotechnology, Agrobioinstitute, Agricultural Academy, 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria; (K.R.)
| | - Momchil Paunov
- Department of Biophysics and Radiobiology, Faculty of Biology, Sofia University, 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria;
| | - Zhenya Yordanova
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Sofia University “St. Kliment Ohridski”, 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria; (A.Z.); (Z.Y.); (D.M.); (D.P.); (G.C.)
| | - Desislava Mantovska
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Sofia University “St. Kliment Ohridski”, 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria; (A.Z.); (Z.Y.); (D.M.); (D.P.); (G.C.)
| | - Ivanka Tsacheva
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, Sofia University, 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria;
| | - Detelina Petrova
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Sofia University “St. Kliment Ohridski”, 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria; (A.Z.); (Z.Y.); (D.M.); (D.P.); (G.C.)
| | - Kiril Mishev
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Institute of Plant Physiology and Genetics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (K.M.); (G.Z.); (V.V.)
| | - Petre I. Dobrev
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 165 02 Praha, Czech Republic; (P.I.D.); (J.L.); (R.F.); (V.M.)
| | - Jozef Lacek
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 165 02 Praha, Czech Republic; (P.I.D.); (J.L.); (R.F.); (V.M.)
| | - Roberta Filepová
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 165 02 Praha, Czech Republic; (P.I.D.); (J.L.); (R.F.); (V.M.)
| | - Grigor Zehirov
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Institute of Plant Physiology and Genetics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (K.M.); (G.Z.); (V.V.)
| | - Valya Vassileva
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Institute of Plant Physiology and Genetics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (K.M.); (G.Z.); (V.V.)
| | - Danijela Mišić
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Václav Motyka
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 165 02 Praha, Czech Republic; (P.I.D.); (J.L.); (R.F.); (V.M.)
| | - Ganka Chaneva
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Sofia University “St. Kliment Ohridski”, 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria; (A.Z.); (Z.Y.); (D.M.); (D.P.); (G.C.)
| | - Miroslava Zhiponova
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Sofia University “St. Kliment Ohridski”, 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria; (A.Z.); (Z.Y.); (D.M.); (D.P.); (G.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Nararak J, Sanguanpong U, Sukkanon C, Manguin S, Chareonviriyaphap T. Synergistic Repellent and Irritant Effects of a Mixture of β-Caryophyllene Oxide and Vetiver Oil against Mosquito Vectors. INSECTS 2023; 14:773. [PMID: 37754741 PMCID: PMC10532066 DOI: 10.3390/insects14090773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Repellents play a major role in reducing the risk of mosquito-borne diseases by preventing mosquito bites. The present study evaluated the mosquito-repellent activity of β-caryophyllene oxide 1% (BCO), vetiver oil 2.5% (VO), and their binary mixtures (BCO + VO (1:1), BCO + VO (2:1), BCO + VO (1:2)) against four laboratory-colonized mosquito species, Aedes aegypti (L.), Aedes albopictus (Skuse), Anopheles minimus Theobald, and Culex quinquefasciatus Say, using an excito-repellency assay system. In general, the compound mixtures produced a much stronger response in the mosquitoes than single compounds, regardless of the test conditions or species. The greatest synergetic effect was achieved with the combination of BCO + VO (1:2) in both contact and noncontact trials with An. minimus (74.07-78.18%) and Cx. quinquefasciatus (55.36-83.64%). Knockdown responses to the binary mixture of BCO + VO were observed for Ae. albopictus, An. minimus, and Cx. quinquefasciatus, in the range of 18.18-33.33%. The synergistic repellent activity of BCO and VO used in this study may support increased opportunities to develop safer alternatives to synthetic repellents for personal protection against mosquitoes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jirod Nararak
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand;
| | - Unchalee Sanguanpong
- Association of Thai Innovation and Invention Promotion, Prachatipat 12130, Thailand;
| | - Chutipong Sukkanon
- Department of Clinical Microscopy, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Salaya, Phuttamonthon, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand;
| | - Sylvie Manguin
- HydroSciences Montpellier (HSM), University Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, 34090 Montpellier, France;
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
da Silva WF, dos Santos Niculau E, de Oliveira DAB, de Assis MWV, Oliveira MN. Preparation, Physicochemical Characterization and Computational studies of Plectranthus ornatus Codd Essential Oil/β-Cyclodextrin Inclusion Complex. J Mol Struct 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2023.135476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/01/2023]
|
4
|
Nararak J, Giorgio CD, Thanispong K, Sukkanon C, Sanguanpong U, Mahiou-Leddet V, Ollivier E, Chareonviriyaphap T, Manguin S. Behavioral avoidance and biological safety of vetiver oil and its constituents against Aedes aegypti (L.), Aedes albopictus (Skuse) and Culex quinquefasciatus Say. CURRENT RESEARCH IN INSECT SCIENCE 2022; 2:100044. [PMID: 36683957 PMCID: PMC9846461 DOI: 10.1016/j.cris.2022.100044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Numerous plant-based repellents are widely used for personal protection against host-seeking mosquitoes. Vitiveria zizanioides (L.) Nash essential oil and its constituents have demonstrated various mosquito repellent activities. In this study, three chemical actions of vetiver oil and five constituents (terpinen-4-ol, α-terpineol, valencene, vetiverol and vetivone) were characterized against Aedes aegypti, Aedes albopictus and Culex quinquefasciatus by using the high-throughput screening assay system (HITSS). Significant contact escape responses in Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus to all test compounds at concentrations between 2.5 and 5% were observed. Spatial repellency responses were also observed in some tested mosquito populations depending upon concentrations. The most significant toxic response on mosquitoes was found at the highest concentration, except for vetivone which had no toxic effect on Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus. Results on phototoxic and genotoxic hazard revealed that vetiver oil and their constituents showed no phototoxic potential or any significant genotoxic response. In conclusion, vetiver oil and two constituents, valencene and vetiverol, are potentials as active ingredients for mosquito repellency and present no toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jirod Nararak
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
- HSM, University of Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Carole Di Giorgio
- Aix Marseille Univ., Avignon Université, CNRS, IRD, IMBE, FAC PHARM, Marseille, France
| | - Kanutcharee Thanispong
- Division of Vector Borne Diseases, Department of Disease Control, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | - Chutipong Sukkanon
- Department of Medical Technology, School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80161, Thailand
| | - Unchalee Sanguanpong
- Maejo University International College (MJU-IC) 63 Moo 4 Nongharn Sub district, Chiang Mai, 50290 Thailand
| | - Valerie Mahiou-Leddet
- Aix Marseille Univ., Avignon Université, CNRS, IRD, IMBE, FAC PHARM, Marseille, France
| | - Evelyne Ollivier
- Aix Marseille Univ., Avignon Université, CNRS, IRD, IMBE, FAC PHARM, Marseille, France
| | | | - Sylvie Manguin
- HSM, University of Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Montpellier, France
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
In Silico Study and Excito-Repellent Activity of Vitex negundo L. Essential Oil against Anopheles gambiae. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12157500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
(1) Background: Essential oil from Vitex negundo is known to have repellent and insecticidal properties toward the Anopheles gambiae and this is linked to its monoterpene and sesquiterpene content. In this work, an effort is made to delineate the constitution of V. negundo essential oil (VNEO) and their interaction with odorant-binding proteins (OBPs) of A. gambiae and hence access its repellent efficiency as cost-effective and safer malaria vector control alternatives. (2) Methods: Anopheles species authentication was performed by genomic DNA analysis and was subjected to behavioral analysis. GC-MS profiling was used to identify individual components of VNEO. Anopheles OBPs were obtained from the RCSB protein data bank and used for docking studies. Determination of ligand efficiency metrics and QSAR studies were performed using Hyper Chem Professional 8.0.3, and molecular dynamics simulations were performed using the Desmond module. (3) Results: GC-MS analysis of VNEO showed 28 compounds (monoterpenes, 80.16%; sesquiterpenes, 7.63%; and unknown constituents, 10.88%). The ligand efficiency metrics of all four ligands against the OBP 7 were within acceptable ranges. β-selinene (−12.2 kcal/mol), β-caryophellene (−9.5 kcal/mol), sulcatone (−10.9 kcal/mol), and α-ylangene (−9.3 kcal/mol) showed the strongest binding affinities for the target proteins. The most stable hydrophobic interactions were observed between β-selinene (Phe111 and Phe120), Sulcatone (Phe54 and Phe120), and α-ylangene (Phe111), while only sulcatone (Tyr49) presented H-bond interactions in the simulated environment. (4) Conclusions: Sulcatone and β-caryophyllene presented the best log p values, 6.45 and 5.20, respectively. These lead phytocompounds can be used in their purest as repellent supplement or as a natural anti-mosquito agent in product formulations.
Collapse
|
6
|
Sirisopa P, Sukkanon C, Bangs MJ, Nakasathien S, Hii J, Grieco JP, Achee NL, Manguin S, Chareonviriyaphap T. Scientific achievements and reflections after 20 years of vector biology and control research at the Pu Teuy mosquito field research station, Thailand. Malar J 2022; 21:44. [PMID: 35164748 PMCID: PMC8842738 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-022-04061-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Additional vector control tools are needed to supplement current strategies to achieve malaria elimination and control of Aedes-borne diseases in many settings in Thailand and the Greater Mekong Sub-region. Within the next decade, the vector control community, Kasetsart University (KU), and the Ministry of Higher Education, Science, Research and Innovation must take full advantage of these tools that combine different active ingredients with different modes of action. Pu Teuy Mosquito Field Research Station (MFRS), Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University (KU), Thailand was established in 2001 and has grown into a leading facility for performing high-quality vector biology and control studies and evaluation of public health insecticides that are operationally relevant. Several onsite mosquito research platforms have been established including experimental huts, a 40-m long semi-field screening enclosure, mosquito insectary, field-laboratory, and living quarters for students and researchers. Field research and assessments ranged from 'basic' investigations on mosquito biology, taxonomy and genetics to more 'applied' studies on responses of mosquitoes to insecticides including repellency, behavioural avoidance and toxicity. In the course of two decades, 51 peer-reviewed articles have been published, and 7 masters and 16 doctoral degrees in Entomology have been awarded to national and international students. Continued support of key national stakeholders will sustain MFRS as a Greater Mekong Subregion centre of excellence and a resource for both insecticide trials and entomological research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patcharawan Sirisopa
- grid.9723.f0000 0001 0944 049XDepartment of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900 Thailand
| | - Chutipong Sukkanon
- grid.412867.e0000 0001 0043 6347Department of Medical Technology, School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80160 Thailand
| | - Michael J. Bangs
- grid.9723.f0000 0001 0944 049XDepartment of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900 Thailand
| | - Sutkhet Nakasathien
- grid.9723.f0000 0001 0944 049XDepartment of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900 Thailand
| | - Jeffrey Hii
- grid.1011.10000 0004 0474 1797College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, North Queensland, QLD 4810 Australia
| | - John P. Grieco
- grid.131063.60000 0001 2168 0066Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN USA
| | - Nicole L. Achee
- grid.131063.60000 0001 2168 0066Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN USA
| | - Sylvie Manguin
- grid.463853.f0000 0004 0384 4663HSM, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, IMT, Montpellier, France
| | - Theeraphap Chareonviriyaphap
- grid.9723.f0000 0001 0944 049XDepartment of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900 Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Sukkanon C, Nararak J, Bangs MJ, Chareonviriyaphap T. Cananga odorata (Magnoliales: Annonaceae) Essential Oil Produces Significant Avoidance Behavior in Mosquitoes. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 59:291-300. [PMID: 34516625 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjab143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Essential oil of Cananga odorata Hook. F. & Tomson is a source of insect repellent, but contact irritancy and noncontact repellency actions that stimulate insect's avoidance behavior (escape away from chemical source after direct physical contact or without making physical contact, respectively) have not been investigated. Therefore, an excito-repellency test chamber was used for measuring avoidance behavior of four insectary-reared mosquito species (Diptera: Culicidae) that escape from esposure to four concentrations (0.5, 1.0, 2.5, and 5.0% v/v) of C. odorata oil. The oil strongly repelled both Culex quinquefasciatus Say (85-97% escape) and Anopheles minimus Theobald (97-99%) at high concentrations (2.5-5.0%). For Anopheles dirus Peyton & Harrison and Aedes aegypti (L.), highest repellency (64 and 39% escape, respectively) was demonstrated at 2.5% concentration. For contact irritancy, the oil produced relatively high percent escape found in Cx. quinquefasciatus (90-100% escape) and An. minimus (83-100%). Whereas moderate contact irritancy was observed against An. dirus (40-50% escape) and Ae. aegypti (51-59%). The percent escape was then adjusted with repellency to estimate the effect of contact irritancy alone. We found that highest contact irritancy was presented at 0.5% concentration against An. minimus (67% escape). Knockdown and toxic actions were only found in Anopheles mosquitoes at 5.0% concentration. The results revealed that An. minimus and Cx. quinquefasciatus were more prone to be repelled by C. odorata oil. Detailed analysis of oil identified primary compounds as methyl benzoate (14.6%), α-gurjunene (12.8%), p-methyl-anisole (11.3%), and benzyl acetate (9.9%). Further investigations are needed to assess excito-repellency actions of these compounds alone or in combination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chutipong Sukkanon
- Department of Medical Technology, School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Jirod Nararak
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Michael J Bangs
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
- Public Health and Malaria Control Department, PT Freeport Indonesia/International SOS, Kuala Kencana, Papua 99920, Indonesia
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Jhaiaun P, Panthawong A, Sukkanon C, Chareonviriyaphap T. Avoidance Behavior to Guava Leaf Volatile Oil by Three Medically Important Mosquito Vectors. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 114:2534-2542. [PMID: 34665255 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toab193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds from various plants have received popular interest as one of the vector control tools due to their eco-friendliness and insect-repellent activities. In this study, an excito-repellency assay system was used to examine the noncontact repellency, contact excitation, and knockdown (KD) effects of guava leaf (Psidium guajava L.) oil against Anopheles minimus (Theobald), Anopheles epiroticus (Linton & Harbach), and Culex quinquefasciatus (Say). The organic components of guava oil were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis with dl-limonene (17.4%), cymene (5.49%), and α-terpinene (5.20%) as the major constituents. At concentrations of 2.5 and 5.0%, 100% escape of An. minimus was recorded in the contact assay and 96-98% escape in the noncontact assay. Guava oil stimulated potent irritant (92% escape) and repellent (61-86% escape) effects against Cx. quinquefasciatus. A lower repellency action was observed against An. epiroticus (17-20% escape). No KD effect was observed for guava oil against An. minimus and Cx. quinquefasciatus at any concentration. However, An. epiroticus was more prone to KD effects, with the highest percentage KD (44% in nonescape group) observed with 5.0% guava oil in the noncontact assay. Mortalities of 35% and 11% were observed for An. epiroticus in the nonescape groups in the contact and noncontact assays, respectively. Concentrations of 1.0% and 2.5% guava oil led to <2% mortality in An. minimus. Our findings highlight guava oil as a promising plant-based mosquito repellent that can be included in insecticide formulations for future mosquito control programs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pairpailin Jhaiaun
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Amonrat Panthawong
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chutipong Sukkanon
- Department of Medical Technology, School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
Residual malaria transmission is the actual maintained inoculation of Plasmodium, in spite of a well-designed and implemented vector control programs, and is of great concern for malaria elimination. Residual malaria transmission occurs under several possible circumstances, among which the presence of exophilic vector species, such as Anopheles dirus, or indoor- and outdoor-biting vectors, such as Anopheles nili, or specific behavior, such as feeding on humans indoors, then resting or leaving the house the same night (such as Anopheles moucheti) or also changes in behavior induced by insecticides applied inside houses, such as the well-known deterrent effect of permethrin-treated nets or the irritant effect of DDT. The use of insecticides may change the composition of local Anopheles populations, such as A. arabiensis taking up the place of A. gambiae in Senegal, A. aquasalis replacing A. darlingi in Guyana, or A. harrisoni superseding A. minimus in Vietnam. The change in behavior, such as biting activity earlier than usually reported—for example, Anopheles funestus after a large-scale distribution of long-lasting insecticidal nets—or insecticide resistance, in particular the current spread of pyrethroid resistance, could hamper the efficacy of classic pyrethroid-treated long-lasting insecticidal nets and maintained transmission. These issues must be well documented in every situation to elaborate, implement, monitor, and evaluate tailored vector control programs, keeping in mind that they must be conceived as integrated programs with several well and appropriately coordinated approaches, combining entomological but also parasitological, clinical, and social methods and analyses. A successful integrated vector control program must then be designed to reduce transmission and incidence rates of malaria morbidity and overall mortality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Carnevale
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Portiragnes, France
| | - Sylvie Manguin
- HydroSciences Montpellier, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), CNRS , Université Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| |
Collapse
|