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Bai W, Tang X, Xiao T, Qiao Y, Tian X, Zhu B, Chen J, Chen C, Li Y, Lin X, Cai J, Lin Y, Zhu W, Yan G, Liang J, Hu J. Enhancing antitumor efficacy of oncolytic virus M1 via albendazole-sustained CD8 + T cell activation. MOLECULAR THERAPY. ONCOLOGY 2024; 32:200813. [PMID: 38817541 PMCID: PMC11137524 DOI: 10.1016/j.omton.2024.200813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
The immune response plays a crucial role in the functionality of oncolytic viruses. In this study, Albendazole, an antihelminthic drug known to modulate the immune checkpoint PD-L1, was combined with the oncolytic virus M1 (OVM1) to treat mice with either prostate cancer (RM-1) or glioma (GL261) tumors. This combination therapy enhanced anti-tumor effects in immunocompetent mice, but not in immunodeficient ones, without increasing OVM1 replication. Instead, it led to an increase in the number of CD8+ T cells within the tumor, downregulated the expression of PD1 on CD8+ T cells, and upregulated activation markers such as Ki67, CD44, and CD69 and the secretion of cytotoxic factors including interferon (IFN)-γ, granzyme B, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. Consistently, it enhanced the in vitro tumor-killing activity of lymphocytes from tumor-draining lymph nodes or spleens. The synergistic effect of Albendazole on OVM1 was abolished by depleting CD8+ T cells, suggesting a CD8+ T cell-dependent mechanism. In addition, Albendazole and OVM1 therapy increased CTLA4 expression in the spleen, and the addition of CTLA4 antibodies further enhanced the anti-tumor efficacy in vivo. In summary, Albendazole can act synergistically with oncolytic viruses via CD8+ T cell activation, and the Albendazole/OVM1 combination can overcome resistance to CTLA4-based immune checkpoint blockade therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Bai
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
- Department of Microbiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Xia Tang
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
- Department of Microbiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Tong Xiao
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
- Department of Microbiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Yangyang Qiao
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
- Department of Microbiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Xuyan Tian
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
- Department of Microbiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Bo Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
- Department of Microbiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Jiehong Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Chaoxin Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Xueying Lin
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
- Department of Microbiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Jing Cai
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
- Department of Biochemistry, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Yuan Lin
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Wenbo Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Guangmei Yan
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
- Guangzhou Virotech Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, #3 Lanyue Road, Science Park, Guangzhou 510663, China
| | - Jiankai Liang
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
- Department of Microbiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Jun Hu
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
- Department of Microbiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
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Díaz-Zaragoza M, Hernández-Ávila R, Landa A, Ostoa-Saloma P. Variation of the 2D Pattern of Brain Proteins in Mice Infected with Taenia crassiceps ORF Strain. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1460. [PMID: 38338740 PMCID: PMC10855729 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Some parasites are known to influence brain proteins or induce changes in the functioning of the nervous system. In this study, our objective is to demonstrate how the two-dimensional gel technique is valuable for detecting differences in protein expression and providing detailed information on changes in the brain proteome during a parasitic infection. Subsequently, we seek to understand how the parasitic infection affects the protein composition in the brain and how this may be related to changes in brain function. By analyzing de novo-expressed proteins at 2, 4, and 8 weeks post-infection compared to the brains of the control mice, we observed that proteins expressed at 2 weeks are primarily associated with neuroprotection or the initial response of the mouse brain to the infection. At 8 weeks, parasitic infection can induce oxidative stress in the brain, potentially activating signaling pathways related to the response to cellular damage. Proteins expressed at 8 weeks exhibit a pattern indicating that, as the host fails to balance the Neuro-Immuno-Endocrine network of the organism, the brain begins to undergo an apoptotic process and consequently experiences brain damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Díaz-Zaragoza
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Centro Universitario de los Valles, Universidad de Guadalajara, Carretera Guadalajara-Ameca Km. 45.5, Guadalajara 46600, Mexico;
| | - Ricardo Hernández-Ávila
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, A.P. 70228, Mexico City 04510, Mexico;
| | - Abraham Landa
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, A.P. 70228, Mexico City 04510, Mexico;
| | - Pedro Ostoa-Saloma
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, A.P. 70228, Mexico City 04510, Mexico;
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Jiménez L, Díaz-Zaragoza M, Hernández M, Navarro L, Hernández-Ávila R, Encarnación-Guevara S, Ostoa-Saloma P, Landa A. Differential Protein Expression of Taenia crassiceps ORF Strain in the Murine Cysticercosis Model Using Resistant (C57BL/6) Mice. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12050678. [PMID: 37242348 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12050678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
A cysticercosis model of Taenia crassiceps ORF strain in susceptible BALB/c mice revealed a Th2 response after 4 weeks, allowing for the growth of the parasite, whereas resistant C57BL/6 mice developed a sustained Th1 response, limiting parasitic growth. However, little is known about how cysticerci respond to an immunological environment in resistant mice. Here, we show that the Th1 response, during infection in resistant C57BL/6 mice, lasted up to 8 weeks and kept parasitemia low. Proteomics analysis of parasites during this Th1 environment showed an average of 128 expressed proteins; we chose 15 proteins whose differential expression varied between 70 and 100%. A total of 11 proteins were identified that formed a group whose expression increased at 4 weeks and decreased at 8 weeks, and another group with proteins whose expression was high at 2 weeks and decreased at 8 weeks. These identified proteins participate in tissue repair, immunoregulation and parasite establishment. This suggests that T. crassiceps cysticerci in mice resistant under the Th1 environment express proteins that control damage and help to establish a parasite in the host. These proteins could be targets for drugs or vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Jiménez
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, A.P. 70228, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Mariana Díaz-Zaragoza
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, A.P. 70228, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Centro Universitario de los Valles, Universidad de Guadalajara, Carretera Guadalajara-Ameca Km. 45.5, Guadalajara 46600, Mexico
| | - Magdalena Hernández
- Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 565, Chamilpa, Cuernavaca 62210, Mexico
| | - Luz Navarro
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, A.P. 70228, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Ricardo Hernández-Ávila
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, A.P. 70228, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Sergio Encarnación-Guevara
- Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 565, Chamilpa, Cuernavaca 62210, Mexico
| | - Pedro Ostoa-Saloma
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, A.P. 70228, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Abraham Landa
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, A.P. 70228, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
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Recent Advances and Potential Future Applications of MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry for Identification of Helminths. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12123035. [PMID: 36553043 PMCID: PMC9777230 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12123035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Helminth infections caused by nematodes, trematodes, and cestodes are major neglected tropical diseases and of great medical and veterinary relevance. At present, diagnosis of helminthic diseases is mainly based on microscopic observation of different parasite stages, but microscopy is associated with limited diagnostic accuracy. Against this background, recent studies described matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry as a potential, innovative tool for helminth identification and differentiation. MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry is based on the analysis of spectra profiles generated from protein extracts of a given pathogen. It requires an available spectra database containing reference spectra, also called main spectra profiles (MSPs), which are generated from well characterized specimens. At present, however, there are no commercially available databases for helminth identification using this approach. In this narrative review, we summarize recent developments and published studies between January 2019 and September 2022 that report on the use of MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry for helminths. Current challenges and future research needs are identified and briefly discussed.
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Hernández Ávila R, Díaz-Zaragoza M, Ostoa-Saloma P. Proteomic analysis of IgM antigens from mammary tissue under pre- and post-cancer conditions using the MMTV-PyVT mouse model. PeerJ 2022; 10:e14175. [PMID: 36275472 PMCID: PMC9586126 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
We analyzed the recognition of tumor antigens by IgM in transgenic MMTV-PyVT mice. PyVT female mice are a model of breast cancer that simulates its counterpart in humans. The PyVT model allows studying antigen recognition in two conditions: before and during tumor expression. We attempted to identify by sequence, the antigens recognized by IgM that are expressed or disappear in the membrane of breast transgenic tissue during the transition "No tumor-Tumor". 2D immunoblots were obtained of isolated membranes from the breast tissue in the fifth, sixth, and seventh week (transition point). Proteins recognized by IgM were sequenced in duplicate by MALDI-TOF. In the transition, we observed the disappearance of antigens in transgenic mice with respect to non-transgenic ones. We believe that in the diagnosis of cancer in its early stages, the expression of early antigens is as important as their early delocalization, with the latter having the advantage that, under normal conditions, we can know which proteins should be present at a given time. Therefore, we could consider that also the absence of antigens could be considered as a biomarker of cancer in progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Hernández Ávila
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de México, Ciudad de México, CdMx, México
| | - Mariana Díaz-Zaragoza
- Laboratorio de Sistemas Biológicos, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud. Centro Universitario de los Valles, Universidad de Guadalajara, Ameca, Jalisco, México
| | - Pedro Ostoa-Saloma
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de México, Ciudad de México, CdMx, México
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Fan C, Wu Y, Rui X, Yang Y, Ling C, Liu S, Liu S, Wang Y. Animal models for COVID-19: advances, gaps and perspectives. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:220. [PMID: 35798699 PMCID: PMC9261903 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-01087-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2, is the most consequential pandemic of this century. Since the outbreak in late 2019, animal models have been playing crucial roles in aiding the rapid development of vaccines/drugs for prevention and therapy, as well as understanding the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 infection and immune responses of hosts. However, the current animal models have some deficits and there is an urgent need for novel models to evaluate the virulence of variants of concerns (VOC), antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE), and various comorbidities of COVID-19. This review summarizes the clinical features of COVID-19 in different populations, and the characteristics of the major animal models of SARS-CoV-2, including those naturally susceptible animals, such as non-human primates, Syrian hamster, ferret, minks, poultry, livestock, and mouse models sensitized by genetically modified, AAV/adenoviral transduced, mouse-adapted strain of SARS-CoV-2, and by engraftment of human tissues or cells. Since understanding the host receptors and proteases is essential for designing advanced genetically modified animal models, successful studies on receptors and proteases are also reviewed. Several improved alternatives for future mouse models are proposed, including the reselection of alternative receptor genes or multiple gene combinations, the use of transgenic or knock-in method, and different strains for establishing the next generation of genetically modified mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changfa Fan
- Division of Animal Model Research, Institute for Laboratory Animal Resources, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), National Rodent Laboratory Animal Resources Center, Beijing, 102629, China
| | - Yong Wu
- Division of Animal Model Research, Institute for Laboratory Animal Resources, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), National Rodent Laboratory Animal Resources Center, Beijing, 102629, China
| | - Xiong Rui
- Division of Animal Model Research, Institute for Laboratory Animal Resources, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), National Rodent Laboratory Animal Resources Center, Beijing, 102629, China
- Department of Microbiology & Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yuansong Yang
- Division of Animal Model Research, Institute for Laboratory Animal Resources, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), National Rodent Laboratory Animal Resources Center, Beijing, 102629, China
| | - Chen Ling
- Division of Animal Model Research, Institute for Laboratory Animal Resources, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), National Rodent Laboratory Animal Resources Center, Beijing, 102629, China
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University; Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Shaanxi Province, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Susu Liu
- Division of Animal Model Research, Institute for Laboratory Animal Resources, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), National Rodent Laboratory Animal Resources Center, Beijing, 102629, China
| | - Shunan Liu
- Division of Animal Model Research, Institute for Laboratory Animal Resources, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), National Rodent Laboratory Animal Resources Center, Beijing, 102629, China
| | - Youchun Wang
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sexually Transmitted Virus Vaccines, Institute for Biological Product Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), Beijing, China.
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Synergism therapeutic and immunoregulatory effects of Albendazole + rAd-mIL-28B against Echinococcosis in experiment-infected mice with protoscoleces. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009927. [PMID: 34818327 PMCID: PMC8612551 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The metacestode stage of Echinococcus granulosus can cause cystic echinococcosis (CE), which still widely occurs around the world. Since the early 1970s, benzimidazoles have been shown to inhibit the growth of cysts and used to treat CE. However, benzimidazoles are still ineffective in 20%-40% of cases. In order to explore the new agents against CE, we have investigated the therapeutic effect of the recombinant adenoviral vector expressing mouse IL-28B (rAd-mIL-28B) on protoscoleces-infected mice. In our study, we successfully established the model mice which infected with protoscoleces intraperitoneally. At 18 weeks post-infection, the mice received rAd-mIL-28B (1×107 PFU) weekly by intramuscular injection for 6 weeks. Compared with the untreated control (13.1 ± 2.2 g), there was a significant reduction in cysts wet weight in rAd-mIL-28B group (8.3 ± 3.5 g) (P < 0.05), especially in Albendazole (ABZ) + rAd-mIL-28B group (5.8 ± 1.4 g) (P < 0.01). We also observed the severe damage of the germinal layer and the laminated layer of cysts after treatment. rAd-mIL-28B group showed a prominent increase in the level of Th1 type cytokines (such as IFN-γ, IL-2 and TNF-α). Meanwhile, the frequency of Foxp3+ T cells was decreased in the rAd-mIL-28B group (4.83 ± 0.81%) and ABZ + rAd-mIL-28B group (4.60 ± 0.51%), comparing with the untreated group (8.13 ± 2.60%) (P < 0.05). In addition, compared with the untreated control (122.14 ± 81.09 pg/ml), the level of IFN-γ significantly increased in peritoneal fluid in the rAd-mIL-28B group (628.87 ± 467.16 pg/ml) (P < 0.05) and ABZ + rAd-mIL-28B group (999.76 ± 587.60 pg/ml) (P < 0.001). Taken together, it suggested that ABZ + IL-28B may be a potential therapeutic agent against CE. Echinococcosis is a chronic zoonotic parasitic disease, which is caused by the larval stage of Echinococcus granulosus (E. granulosus) and Echinococcus multiocularis (E. multiocularis). This disease is still widely prevalent in the world and seriously endangers human health and life, causing heavy burdens and economic losses to agriculture and animal husbandry. China is also one of the high incidence areas of the disease. At present, the preferred treatment is surgical excision of the parasitic mass, but patients with multiple cysts appear in multiple organs have to receive drug therapy. The approved chemotherapeutic drugs in clinic, such as albendazole (ABZ) and mebendazole, often do not work expectedly with a high rate of recurrence. Therefore, it is urgent to develop the new anti-echinococcal drug. IL-28B is an important member of type-III IFNs, which is equipped with the capacity of anti-viral activity and anti-tumor. In our previous study, we found that IL-28B could inhibit the proliferation of cervical cancer cells via down-regulating Treg cells in mice. This study mainly studied the therapeutic effect of rAd-mIL-28B on E. granulosus-infected mice, and the results showed that rAd-mIL-28B could relieve the parasitic burden and inhibit Treg cells meanwhile improve the Th1 and Th17 immune responses. It may contribute to another choice for the anti-echinococcal treatment.
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Hamamoto Filho PT, Fragoso G, Sciutto E, Fleury A. Inflammation in neurocysticercosis: clinical relevance and impact on treatment decisions. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2021; 19:1503-1518. [PMID: 33794119 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2021.1912592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Neurocysticercosis is caused by the localization of Taenia solium larvae in the central nervous system. The disease remains endemic in most countries of Latin America, Asia and Africa. While major improvements have been made in its diagnosis and treatment, uncertainties persist regarding the clinical implications and treatment of the inflammatory reaction associated with the disease. AREAS COVERED In this review, based on PubMed searches, the authors describe the characteristics of the immune-inflammatory response in patients with neurocysticercosis, its clinical implications and the treatment currently administered. The dual role of inflammation (participating in both, the death of the parasite, and the precipitation of serious complications) is discussed. New therapeutic strategies of potential interest are presented. EXPERT OPINION Inflammatory reaction is the main pathogenic mechanism associated to neurocysticercosis. Its management is mainly based on corticosteroids administration. This strategy had improved prognostic of patients as it allows for the control of most of the inflammatory complications. On the other side, it might be involved in the persistence of parasites in some patients, despite cysticidal treatment, due to its immunosuppressive properties. New strategies are needed to improve therapeutical management, particularly in the severest presentations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro T Hamamoto Filho
- Department of Neurology, Psychology and Psychiatry, UNESP-Univ Estadual Paulista, Botucatu Medical School, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Gladis Fragoso
- Department of Immunology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Edda Sciutto
- Department of Immunology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Agnès Fleury
- Department of Genomic Medicine and Environmental Toxicology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico.,Neurocysticercosis Clinic, Instituto Nacional de Neurología Y Neurocirugía, Ciudad de México, Mexico, mexico.,Neuroinflammation Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas-Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México/INNN/Facultad de Medicina-UNAM, Ciudad de México, Mexico
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