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Song D, Husari A, Kotz-Helmer F, Tomakidi P, Rapp BE, Rühe J. Two-Photon Direct Laser Writing of 3D Scaffolds through C, H-Insertion Crosslinking in a One-Component Material System. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023:e2306682. [PMID: 38059850 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202306682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
The popularity of two-photon direct laser writing in biological research is remarkable as this technique is capable of 3D fabrication of microstructures with unprecedented control, flexibility and precision. Nevertheless, potential impurities such as residual monomers and photoinitiators remaining unnoticed from the photopolymerization in the structures pose strong challenges for biological applications. Here, the first use of high-precision 3D microstructures fabricated from a one-component material system (without monomers and photoinitiators) as a 3D cell culture platform is demonstrated. The material system consists of prepolymers with built- in crosslinker motieties, requiring only aliphatic C, H units as reaction partners following two-photon excitation. The material is written by direct laser writing using two-photon processes in a solvent-free state, which enables the generation of structures at a rapid scan speed of up to 500 mm s-1 with feature sizes scaling down to few micrometers. The generated structures possess stiffnesses close to those of common tissue and demonstrate excellent biocompatibility and cellular adhesion without any additional modification. The demonstrated approach holds great promise for fabricating high-precision complex 3D cell culture scaffolds that are safe in biological environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Song
- Cluster of Excellence livMatS @ FIT-Freiburg Center of Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
- Laboratory of Chemistry & Physics of Interfaces (CPI), Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 103, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ayman Husari
- Division of Oral Biotechnology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Str. 55, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Frederik Kotz-Helmer
- Laboratory of Process Technology (NeptunLab), Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 103, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Pascal Tomakidi
- Division of Oral Biotechnology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Str. 55, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Bastian E Rapp
- Cluster of Excellence livMatS @ FIT-Freiburg Center of Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
- Laboratory of Process Technology (NeptunLab), Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 103, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Rühe
- Cluster of Excellence livMatS @ FIT-Freiburg Center of Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
- Laboratory of Chemistry & Physics of Interfaces (CPI), Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 103, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
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Kim TY, Lee GH, Mun J, Cheong S, Choi I, Kim H, Hahn SK. Smart Contact Lens Systems for Ocular Drug Delivery and Therapy. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2023; 196:114817. [PMID: 37004938 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2023.114817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Ocular drug delivery and therapy systems have been extensively investigated with various methods including direct injections, eye drops and contact lenses. Nowadays, smart contact lens systems are attracting a lot of attention for ocular drug delivery and therapy due to their minimally invasive or non-invasive characteristics, highly enhanced drug permeation, high bioavailability, and on-demand drug delivery. Furthermore, smart contact lens systems can be used for direct light delivery into the eyes for biophotonic therapy replacing the use of drugs. Here, we review smart contact lens systems which can be classified into two groups of drug-eluting contact lens and ocular device contact lens. More specifically, this review covers smart contact lens systems with nanocomposite-laden systems, polymeric film-incorporated systems, micro and nanostructure systems, iontophoretic systems, electrochemical systems, and phototherapy systems for ocular drug delivery and therapy. After that, we discuss the future opportunities, challenges and perspectives of smart contact lens systems for ocular drug delivery and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Yeon Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Geon-Hui Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Jonghwan Mun
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunah Cheong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Inhoo Choi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyemin Kim
- Department of Cosmetics Engineering, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sei Kwang Hahn
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea; PHI BIOMED Co., 168 Yeoksam-ro, Gangnamgu, Seoul 06248, Republic of Korea.
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Characteristics of a novel photoinitiator aceanthrenequinone-initiated polymerization and cytocompatibility of its triggered polymer. Toxicol Rep 2022; 9:191-203. [PMID: 35169545 PMCID: PMC8829579 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2022.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
AATQ is a novel photosensitizer with high-photoinitiating conversion efficiency at a relatively low concentration under 455 nm-blue light. Cytotoxicity of AATQ to different tissue types of cells is much lower than widely used-BAPO. Cytocompatibility of AATQ-initiated polymer is significantly superior to PANQ, but inferior to CQ. AATQ offers an alternative in industrial or biomedical areas, especially in the required low concentration of photoinitiators.
A number of photoinitiators are available in chemical industry, but less of them in biomedicine or clinical therapy due to the limitation of their cytotoxicity and biocompatibility. Thus, it is urgently necessary to find non-toxic or low-toxic photoinitiators to meet clinical demands. Aceanthrenequinone (AATQ) is a novel photosensitizer with high-photoinitiating ability, but no reports contribute, to date, to its cytotoxicity and biocompatibility. Here, primary cells and various cell lines were exposed to different concentrations of AATQ with or without irradiation. AATQ had the similar photoinitiating conversion efficiency to the extensively used bis(2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl)-phenylphosphine oxide (BAPO) and higher one than 9,10-phenanthrenequinone (PANQ) with the similar extent of polymerization in depth within a certain range, but displayed much lower cytotoxicity than BAPO under non-irradiation or irradiation. The biocompatibility of BisGMA/TEGDMA polymer prepared by AATQ was superior to that of PANQ, but inferior to that of camphorquinone (CQ) although the far lower dose of AATQ is enough to initiate polymerization of monomer than that of CQ. Hence, AATQ offers a valuable alternative in applications of industrial or biomedical areas.
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Rykowska I, Nowak I, Nowak R. Soft Contact Lenses as Drug Delivery Systems: A Review. Molecules 2021; 26:5577. [PMID: 34577045 PMCID: PMC8472272 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26185577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This review describes the role of contact lenses as an innovative drug delivery system in treating eye diseases. Current ophthalmic drug delivery systems are inadequate, particularly eye drops, which allow about 95% of the active substance to be lost through tear drainage. According to the literature, many interdisciplinary studies have been carried out on the ability of contact lenses to increase the penetration of topical therapeutic agents. Contact lenses limit drug loss by releasing the medicine into two layers of tears on either side of the contact lens, eventually extending the time of contact with the ocular surface. Thanks to weighted soft contact lenses, a continuous release of the drug over an extended period is possible. This article reviewed the various techniques to deliver medications through contact lenses, examining their advantages and disadvantages. In addition, the potential of drug delivery systems based on contact lenses has been extensively studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwona Rykowska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Iwona Nowak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Rafał Nowak
- Eye Department, J. Strus City Hospital, Szwajcarska 3, 61-285 Poznań, Poland;
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ÜNAL M, SAYGIN A, KOÇ T, CANDAN M, İPEK İ. Biocompatibility of Different Universal Adhesives During Short and Long Periods on Rat Model. J PHOTOPOLYM SCI TEC 2021. [DOI: 10.2494/photopolymer.34.321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Murat ÜNAL
- Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Pediatric Dentistry
| | - Ayşegül SAYGIN
- Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Prosthodontics
| | - Tülay KOÇ
- Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pathology
| | - Merve CANDAN
- Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Pediatric Dentistry
| | - İrem İPEK
- Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Pediatric Dentistry
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Abstract
Glaucoma is an optical neuropathy associated to a progressive degeneration of retinal ganglion cells with visual field loss and is the main cause of irreversible blindness in the world. The treatment has the aim to reduce intraocular pressure. The first therapy option is to instill drugs on the ocular surface. The main limitation of this is the reduced time of the drug staying on the cornea. This means that high doses are required to ensure its therapeutic effect. A drug-loaded contact lens can diffuse into the post lens tear film in a constant and prolonged flow, resulting in an increased retention of the drug on the surface of the cornea for up to 30 min and thus providing a higher drug bioavailability, increasing the therapeutic efficacy, reducing the amount of administered drug, and thereby provoking fewer adverse events. Several different systems of drug delivery have been studied in recent decades; ranging from more simple methods of impregnating the lenses, such as soaking, to more complex ones, such as molecular imprinting have been proposed. Moreover, different drugs, from those already commercially available to new substances such as melatonin have been studied to improve the glaucoma treatment efficacy. This review describes the role of contact lenses as an innovative drug delivery system to treat glaucoma.
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Biocompatibility Evaluation and Enhancement of Elastomeric Coatings Made Using Table-Top Optical 3D Printer. COATINGS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings10030254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this experimental report, the biocompatibility of elastomeric scaffold structures made via stereolithography employing table-top 3D printer Ember (Autodesk) and commercial resin FormLabs Flexible (FormLabs) was studied. The samples were manufactured using the standard printing and development protocol, which is known to inherit cytotoxicity due to remaining non-polymerized monomers, despite the polymerized material being fully biocompatible. Additional steps were taken to remedy this problem: the fabricated structures were soaked in isopropanol and methanol under different conditions (temperature and duration) to leach out the non-polymerized monomers. In addition, disc-shaped 3D-printed structures were UV exposed to assure maximum polymerization degree of the material. Post-processed structures were seeded with myogenic stem cells and the number of live cells was evaluated as an indicator for the material biocompatibility. The straightforward post-processing protocol enhanced the biocompatibility of the surfaces by seven times after seven days soaking in isopropanol and methanol and was comparable to control (glass and polystyrene) samples. This proposes the approach as a novel and simple method to be widely applicable for dramatic cytotoxicity reduction of optically 3D printed micro/nano-scaffolds for a wide range of biomedical studies and applications.
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Wang S, Xiong Y, Lalevée J, Xiao P, Liu J, Xing F. Biocompatibility and cytotoxicity of novel photoinitiator π-conjugated dithienophosphole derivatives and their triggered polymers. Toxicol In Vitro 2020; 63:104720. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2019.104720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Serien D, Sugioka K. Three-Dimensional Printing of Pure Proteinaceous Microstructures by Femtosecond Laser Multiphoton Cross-Linking. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2020; 6:1279-1287. [PMID: 33464859 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.9b01619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Laser direct write (LDW) is a promising three-dimensional (3D) printing technology for creating proteinaceous microstructures in which the proteins retain their original function, enabling the manufacture of complex biomimetic 3D microenvironments and versatile enhancement of medical microdevices. A photoactivator has commonly been used to date in the laser direct write of proteins to enhance the cross-linking process. However, incomplete conversion results in photoactivator molecules remaining trapped inside the protein microstructure, causing their gradual leaching and subsequent undesirable effect on biological applications. Here, we demonstrate the 3D fabrication of microstructures made of pure serum albumin protein using photoactivator-free fabrication, confirmed by Raman data. For the first time, acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of the created structures provides evidence that chemical cross-links are induced by exposure to femtosecond laser irradiation. The diversity of the biomaterial protein available for the precursors for LDW offers capability of the fabrication of complex biomimetic 3D microenvironments and biochip applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Serien
- RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Koji Sugioka
- RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
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Yang Z, Wu G, Wang S, Xu M, Feng X. Dynamic postpolymerization of 3D-printed photopolymer nanocomposites: Effect of cellulose nanocrystal and postcure temperature. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.24610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaozhe Yang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Material Science and Technology (Ministry of Education), College of Material Science and Engineering; Northeast Forestry University; Harbin Heilongjiang 150040 China
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Université Laval; Québec City Québec G1V0A6 Canada
| | - Guomin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Material of Jiangsu Province; Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, Chinese Academy of Forestry; Nanjing Jiangsu 210042 China
| | - Siqun Wang
- Center for Renewable Carbon; University of Tennessee; Knoxville Tennessee 37996
| | - Min Xu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Material Science and Technology (Ministry of Education), College of Material Science and Engineering; Northeast Forestry University; Harbin Heilongjiang 150040 China
| | - Xinhao Feng
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Material Science and Technology (Ministry of Education), College of Material Science and Engineering; Northeast Forestry University; Harbin Heilongjiang 150040 China
- Center for Renewable Carbon; University of Tennessee; Knoxville Tennessee 37996
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Resin-based composites are known to elute leachables that include unincorporated starting materials. The objective of this work was to determine the effect of common dental monomers and initiators on Streptococcus mutans biofilm metabolic activity and biomass. METHODS S. mutans biofilms were inoculated in the presence of bisphenol A glycerolate dimethacrylate (BisGMA), triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA), camphorquinone (CQ), and ethyl 4-(dimethylamino)benzoate (4E) at 0.01μg/mL up to 500μg/mL, depending on the aqueous solubility of each chemical. Biofilms were evaluated at 4h and 24h for pH (n=3-8), biomass via crystal violet (n=12), metabolic activity via tetrazolium salt (n=12), and membrane permeability for selected concentrations via confocal microscopy (n=6). Parametric and non-parametric statistics were applied. RESULTS 500μg/mL TEGDMA reduced 24h metabolic activity but not biomass, similar to prior results with leachables from undercured BisGMA-TEGDMA polymers. 50μg/mL BisGMA reduced biofilm biomass and activity, slightly delayed the pH drop, and decreased the number of cells with intact membranes. 100μg/mL CQ delayed the pH drop and metabolic activity at 4h but then significantly increased the 24h metabolic activity. 4E had no effect up to 10μg/mL. SIGNIFICANCE Monomers and initiators that leach from resin composites affect oral bacterial biofilm growth in opposite ways. Leachables, which can be released for extended periods of time, have the potential to alter oral biofilm biomass and activity and should be considered in developing and evaluating new dental materials.
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Smith Callahan LA. Gradient Material Strategies for Hydrogel Optimization in Tissue Engineering Applications. High Throughput 2018; 7:E1. [PMID: 29485612 PMCID: PMC5876527 DOI: 10.3390/ht7010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 12/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Although a number of combinatorial/high-throughput approaches have been developed for biomaterial hydrogel optimization, a gradient sample approach is particularly well suited to identify hydrogel property thresholds that alter cellular behavior in response to interacting with the hydrogel due to reduced variation in material preparation and the ability to screen biological response over a range instead of discrete samples each containing only one condition. This review highlights recent work on cell-hydrogel interactions using a gradient material sample approach. Fabrication strategies for composition, material and mechanical property, and bioactive signaling gradient hydrogels that can be used to examine cell-hydrogel interactions will be discussed. The effects of gradients in hydrogel samples on cellular adhesion, migration, proliferation, and differentiation will then be examined, providing an assessment of the current state of the field and the potential of wider use of the gradient sample approach to accelerate our understanding of matrices on cellular behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Smith Callahan
- The Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery, Center for Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, and Department of Nanomedicine and Biomedical Engineering, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Cortés O, Alcaina A, Bernabé A. Biocompatibility Evaluation of Four Dentin Adhesives Used as Indirect Pulp Capping Materials. Acta Stomatol Croat 2017; 51:113-121. [PMID: 28827848 PMCID: PMC5548215 DOI: 10.15644/asc51/2/4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In many cases, the indirect pulp treatment (IPT) is an acceptable treatment for deciduous teeth with reversible pulp inflammation. Various medicaments have been used for IPT, ranging from calcium hydroxide and glass ionomers to dentin adhesives. OBJECTIVE This in vitro trial aimed to measure cytotoxicity in a cell culture, comparing the following four adhesives: Xeno® V (XE), Excite® F DSC (EX), Adhese® OneF (AD) and Prime & Bond NT (PB). MATERIALS AND METHODS The adhesives were prepared according to the manufacturer's instructions. After 24 hours of exposure, the cell viability was evaluated using a photometrical test (MTT test). Data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA). RESULTS Adhesives, the main component of which was 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA), were found to be less cytotoxic, while those that included the monomer urethane dimethacrylate (UDMA were the most cytotoxic) in their composition. The effects on cell viability assay varied between the adhesives assayed with statistically significant differences. CONCLUSIONS The results may support the argument that Adhese® OneF is the least cytotoxic of the adhesives assayed, and may be considered as an adhesive agent for indirect pulp treatment. However, Prime and Bond NT showed a reduced biocompatibility under the same conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Cortés
- Clínica Odontológica, Universidad de Murcia, Hospital Morales Meseguer, Spain
| | - Antonia Alcaina
- Clínica Odontológica, Universidad de Murcia, Hospital Morales Meseguer, Spain
| | - Antonia Bernabé
- Clínica Odontológica, Universidad de Murcia, Hospital Morales Meseguer, Spain
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Wilems TS, Lu X, Kurosu YE, Khan Z, Lim HJ, Smith Callahan LA. Effects of free radical initiators on polyethylene glycol dimethacrylate hydrogel properties and biocompatibility. J Biomed Mater Res A 2017; 105:3059-3068. [PMID: 28744952 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.36160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Many studies have utilized Irgacure 2959 photopolymerized poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) hydrogels for tissue engineering application development. Due to the limited penetration of ultraviolet light through tissue, Irgacure 2959 polymerized hydrogels are not suitable for use in tissues where material injection is desirable, such as the spinal cord. To address this, several free radical initiators (thermal initiator VA044, ammonium persulfate (APS)/TEMED reduction-oxidation reaction, and Fenton chemistry) are evaluated for their effects on the material and mechanical properties of PEG hydrogels compared with Irgacure 2959. To emulate the effects of endogenous thiols on in vivo polymerization, the effects of chain transfer agent (CTA) dithiothreitol on gelation rates, material properties, Young's and shear modulus, are examined. Mouse embryonic stem cells and human induced pluripotent stem cell derived neural stem cells were used to investigate the cytocompatibility of each polymerization. VA044 and Fenton chemistry polymerization of PEG hydrogels both had gelation rates and mechanical properties that were highly susceptible to changes in CTA concentration and showed poor cytocompatibility. APS/TEMED polymerized hydrogels maintained consistent gelation rates and mechanical properties at high CTA concentration and had a similar cytocompatibility as Irgacure 2959 when cells were encapsulated within the PEG hydrogels. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 105A: 3059-3068, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas S Wilems
- The Vivian L Smith Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School at University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, 77030.,Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, 77030
| | - Xi Lu
- The Vivian L Smith Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School at University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, 77030.,Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, 77030
| | - Yuki E Kurosu
- The Vivian L Smith Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School at University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, 77030.,Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, 77030
| | - Zara Khan
- The Vivian L Smith Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School at University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, 77030.,Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, 77030
| | - Hyun Ju Lim
- The Vivian L Smith Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School at University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, 77030.,Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, 77030
| | - Laura A Smith Callahan
- The Vivian L Smith Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School at University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, 77030.,Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, 77030.,The Department of Nanomedicine and Biomedical Engineering, McGovern Medical School at University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, 77030.,The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, 77030
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Feng X, Yang Z, Chmely S, Wang Q, Wang S, Xie Y. Lignin-coated cellulose nanocrystal filled methacrylate composites prepared via 3D stereolithography printing: Mechanical reinforcement and thermal stabilization. Carbohydr Polym 2017; 169:272-281. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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16
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Smith Callahan LA. Combinatorial Method/High Throughput Strategies for Hydrogel Optimization in Tissue Engineering Applications. Gels 2016; 2:E18. [PMID: 30674150 PMCID: PMC6318679 DOI: 10.3390/gels2020018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Revised: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Combinatorial method/high throughput strategies, which have long been used in the pharmaceutical industry, have recently been applied to hydrogel optimization for tissue engineering applications. Although many combinatorial methods have been developed, few are suitable for use in tissue engineering hydrogel optimization. Currently, only three approaches (design of experiment, arrays and continuous gradients) have been utilized. This review highlights recent work with each approach. The benefits and disadvantages of design of experiment, array and continuous gradient approaches depending on study objectives and the general advantages of using combinatorial methods for hydrogel optimization over traditional optimization strategies will be discussed. Fabrication considerations for combinatorial method/high throughput samples will additionally be addressed to provide an assessment of the current state of the field, and potential future contributions to expedited material optimization and design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Smith Callahan
- Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery & Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
- Department of Nanomedicine and Biomedical Engineering, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Groen N, Guvendiren M, Rabitz H, Welsh WJ, Kohn J, de Boer J. Stepping into the omics era: Opportunities and challenges for biomaterials science and engineering. Acta Biomater 2016; 34:133-142. [PMID: 26876875 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2016.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Revised: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The research paradigm in biomaterials science and engineering is evolving from using low-throughput and iterative experimental designs towards high-throughput experimental designs for materials optimization and the evaluation of materials properties. Computational science plays an important role in this transition. With the emergence of the omics approach in the biomaterials field, referred to as materiomics, high-throughput approaches hold the promise of tackling the complexity of materials and understanding correlations between material properties and their effects on complex biological systems. The intrinsic complexity of biological systems is an important factor that is often oversimplified when characterizing biological responses to materials and establishing property-activity relationships. Indeed, in vitro tests designed to predict in vivo performance of a given biomaterial are largely lacking as we are not able to capture the biological complexity of whole tissues in an in vitro model. In this opinion paper, we explain how we reached our opinion that converging genomics and materiomics into a new field would enable a significant acceleration of the development of new and improved medical devices. The use of computational modeling to correlate high-throughput gene expression profiling with high throughput combinatorial material design strategies would add power to the analysis of biological effects induced by material properties. We believe that this extra layer of complexity on top of high-throughput material experimentation is necessary to tackle the biological complexity and further advance the biomaterials field. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE In this opinion paper, we postulate that converging genomics and materiomics into a new field would enable a significant acceleration of the development of new and improved medical devices. The use of computational modeling to correlate high-throughput gene expression profiling with high throughput combinatorial material design strategies would add power to the analysis of biological effects induced by material properties. We believe that this extra layer of complexity on top of high-throughput material experimentation is necessary to tackle the biological complexity and further advance the biomaterials field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Groen
- Department of Tissue Regeneration, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Murat Guvendiren
- New Jersey Center for Biomaterials, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Herschel Rabitz
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - William J Welsh
- Department of Pharmacology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Joachim Kohn
- New Jersey Center for Biomaterials, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, New Jersey Center for Biomaterials, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Jan de Boer
- Department of Tissue Regeneration, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
- cBITE Lab, Merln Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Walters NJ, Xia W, Salih V, Ashley PF, Young AM. Poly(propylene glycol) and urethane dimethacrylates improve conversion of dental composites and reveal complexity of cytocompatibility testing. Dent Mater 2016; 32:264-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2015.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Revised: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Melendez-Ortiz HI, Díaz-Rodríguez P, Alvarez-Lorenzo C, Concheiro A, Bucio E. Binary graft modification of polypropylene for anti-inflammatory drug-device combo products. J Pharm Sci 2014; 103:1269-77. [PMID: 24615379 DOI: 10.1002/jps.23903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Revised: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Temperature- and pH-responsive copolymers were γ-ray grafted onto polypropylene (PP) to provide its surface with capability to load and to control the release of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) with the aim of being useful as component of drug-eluting medical devices. Poly(N,N'-dimethylaminoethylmethacrylate) (PDMAEMA) or poly(4-vinylpyridine) (P4VP) were grafted onto PP films via a direct method, and then poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm) was grafted applying a preirradiation method. The binary graft copolymers showed hemocompatibility and certain capability to adsorb albumin. (PP-g-DMAEMA)-g-NIPAAm exhibited higher affinity for ibuprofen and, particularly, diclofenac than (PP-g-4VP)-g-NIPAAm. Sustained release was observed under physiological conditions. Cytotoxicity and anti-inflammatory activity of NSAID-eluting (PP-g-DMAEMA)-g-NIPAAm films were evaluated on RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. First, dose dependence of anti-inflammatory activity and cytotoxicity of ibuprofen and diclofenac on RAW 264.7 cells were investigated to elucidate the ranges of drug concentration that the graft copolymers should provide. Optimal concentrations of diclofenac and ibuprofen at which they reduce inflammation while maintaining cell viability were determined to be 200 μg/mL and above 400 μg/mL in culture medium. Sequential grafting of DMAEMA and NIPAAm made PP surface to exhibit remarkably high affinity to diclofenac, being able to load and to regulate drug release fulfilling in vitro requirements to avoid inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hector Ivan Melendez-Ortiz
- Departamento de Química de Radiaciones y Radioquímica, Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, México, D.F. 04510, México; Departamento de Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain
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de Moraes Porto ICC, Honório NC, Amorim DAN, de Melo Franco AV, Penteado LAM, Parolia A. Comparative radiopacity of six current adhesive systems. J Conserv Dent 2014; 17:65-9. [PMID: 24554865 PMCID: PMC3915390 DOI: 10.4103/0972-0707.124151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Revised: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The radiopacity of contemporary adhesive systems has been mentioned as the indication for replacement of restorations due to misinterpretation of radiographic images. AIMS This study aimed to evaluate the radiopacity of contemporary bonding agents and to compare their radiodensities with those of enamel and dentin. METHODS AND MATERIALS To measure the radiopacity, eight specimens were fabricated from Clearfil SE Bond (CF), Xeno V (XE), Adper SE Bond (ASE), Magic Bond (MB), Single Bond 2 (SB), Scotchbond Multipurpose (SM), and gutta-percha (positive control). The optical densities of enamel, dentin, the bonding agents, gutta-percha, and an aluminium (Al) step wedge were obtained from radiographic images using image analysis software. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS The radiographic density data were analyzed statistically by analysis of variance and Tukey's test (α =0.05). RESULTS Significant differences were found between ASE and all other groups tested and between XE and CF. No statistical difference was observed between the radiodensity of 1 mm of Al and 1 mm of dentin, between 2 mm of Al and enamel, and between 5 mm of Al and gutta-percha. Five of the six adhesive resins had radiopacity values that fell below the value for dentin, whereas the radiopacity of ASE adhesive was greater than that of dentin but below that of enamel. CONCLUSION This investigation demonstrates that only ASE presented a radiopacity within the values of dentin and enamel. CF, XE, MB, SB, and SM adhesives are all radiolucent and require alterations to their composition to facilitate their detection by means of radiographic images.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Naira Cândido Honório
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Cesmac University Center, Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Abhishek Parolia
- Faculty of Dentistry, School of Dentistry, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Muñoz-Muñoz F, Bucio E, Magariños B, Concheiro A, Alvarez-Lorenzo C. Temperature- and pH-sensitive IPNs grafted onto polyurethane by gamma radiation for antimicrobial drug-eluting insertable devices. J Appl Polym Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/app.39992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Franklin Muñoz-Muñoz
- Departamento de Fisicoquímica de Nanomateriales, Centro de Nanociencias y Nanotecnología; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Km. 107 Carretera Tijuana-Ensenada Mexico
| | - Emilio Bucio
- Departamento de Química de Radiaciones y Radioquímica; Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria; 04510 Mexico DF Mexico
| | - Beatriz Magariños
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Biología CIBUS; Universidad de Santiago de Compostela; 15782-Santiago de Compostela Spain
| | - Angel Concheiro
- Departamento de Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia; Universidad de Santiago de Compostela; 15782-Santiago de Compostela Spain
| | - Carmen Alvarez-Lorenzo
- Departamento de Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia; Universidad de Santiago de Compostela; 15782-Santiago de Compostela Spain
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Kraigsley AM, Tang K, Lippa KA, Howarter JA, Lin-Gibson S, Lin NJ. Effect of Polymer Degree of Conversion onStreptococcus mutansBiofilms. Macromol Biosci 2012; 12:1706-13. [DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201200214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2012] [Revised: 08/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Porto IC, Oliveira DC, Raele RA, Ribas KH, Montes MA, De Castro CM. Cytotoxicity of current adhesive systems: In vitro testing on cell cultures of primary murine macrophages. Dent Mater 2011; 27:221-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2010.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2009] [Revised: 03/22/2010] [Accepted: 10/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Stimuli-responsive networks grafted onto polypropylene for the sustained delivery of NSAIDs. Acta Biomater 2011; 7:996-1008. [PMID: 20933615 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2010.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2010] [Revised: 09/08/2010] [Accepted: 10/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Co-polymers of N-isopropyl acrylamide (NIPAAm) and N-(3-aminopropyl) methacrylamide hydrochloride (APMA) were grafted on polypropylene (PP) films by means of a γ-ray pre-irradiation method, with the aim of developing medical devices able to load non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and to control their release under physiological conditions. The NIPAAm/APMA molar ratios in the grafts, estimated by Fourier transform infrared attenuated total reflection spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis, were 4.76 and 1.23 for PP-g-(1M NIPAAm-r-0.5M APMA) and PP-g-(1M NIPAAm-r-1M APMA), respectively. By varying the reaction time, different degrees of grafting were achieved, while the monomer ratio was kept constant. PP-g-(NIPAAm-r-APMA) films showed temperature-responsive swelling, smaller friction coefficients, hemolysis and thrombogenicity and higher cell compatibility, did not elicit secretion of cytokines, and took up remarkable amounts of diclofenac and ibuprofen and sustained delivery for several hours in phosphate buffer, pH 7.4. Coating with carboxymethyl dextran of diclofenac-loaded PP-g-(NIPAAm-r-APMA) films caused a minor discharge of the drug but did not alter the drug release rate.
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Simon CG, Lin-Gibson S. Combinatorial and high-throughput screening of biomaterials. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2011; 23:369-387. [PMID: 20839249 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201001763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Combinatorial and high-throughput methods have been increasingly used to accelerate research and development of new biomaterials. These methods involve creating miniaturized libraries that contain many specimens in one sample in the form of gradients or arrays, followed by automated data collection and analysis. This article reviews recent advances in utilizing combinatorial and high-throughput methods to better understand cell-material interactions, particularly highlighting our efforts at the NIST Polymers Division. Specifically, fabrication techniques to generate controlled surfaces (2D) and 3D cell environments (tissue engineering scaffolds) as well as methods to characterize and analyze material properties and cell-material interactions are described. In conclusion, additional opportunities for combinatorial methods for biomaterials research are noted, including streamlined sample fabrication and characterization, appropriate and automated bioassays, and data analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl G Simon
- Polymers Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Dr., Gaithersburg, MD 29899, USA
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Pedron S, Peinado C, Bosch P, Benton JA, Anseth KS. Microfluidic approaches for the fabrication of gradient crosslinked networks based on poly(ethylene glycol) and hyperbranched polymers for manipulation of cell interactions. J Biomed Mater Res A 2010; 96:196-203. [PMID: 21105168 PMCID: PMC3059081 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.32974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2010] [Revised: 09/14/2010] [Accepted: 09/15/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
High-throughput methods allow rapid examination of parameter space to characterize materials and
develop new polymeric formulations for biomaterials applications. One limitation is the difficulty
of preparing libraries and performing high-throughput screening with conventional instrumentation
and sample preparation. Here, we describe the fabrication of substrate materials with controlled
gradients in composition by a rapid method of micromixing followed by a photopolymerization
reaction. Specifically, poly(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate was copolymerized with a hyperbranched
multimethacrylate (P1000MA or H30MA) in a gradient manner. The extent of methacrylate conversion and
the final network composition were determined by near-infrared spectroscopy, and mechanical
properties were measured by nanoindentation. A relationship was observed between the elastic modulus
and network crosslinking density. Roughness and hydrophilicity were increased on surfaces with a
higher concentration of P1000MA. These results likely relate to a phase segregation process of the
hyperbranched macromer that occurs during the photopolymerization reaction. On the other hand, the
decrease in the final conversion in H30MA polymerization reactions was attributed to the lower
termination rate as a consequence of the softening of the network. Valvular interstitial cell
attachment was evaluated on these gradient substrates as a demonstration of studying cell morphology
as a function of the local substrate properties. Data revealed that the presence of P1000MA affects
cell–material interaction with a higher number of adhered cells and more cell spreading on
gradient regions with a higher content of the multifunctional crosslinker.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Pedron
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
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Pedrón S, Anseth K, Benton JA, Bosch P, Peinado C. Bioapplications of Networks Based on Photo-Cross-Linked Hyperbranched Polymers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/masy.201050536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Lin-Gibson S, Sung L, Forster AM, Hu H, Cheng Y, Lin NJ. Effects of filler type and content on mechanical properties of photopolymerizable composites measured across two-dimensional combinatorial arrays. Acta Biomater 2009; 5:2084-94. [PMID: 19282260 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2009.01.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2008] [Revised: 12/12/2008] [Accepted: 01/26/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Multicomponent formulations coupled with complex processing conditions govern the final properties of photopolymerizable dental composites. In this study, a single test substrate was fabricated to support multiple formulations with a gradient in degree of conversion (DC), allowing the evaluation of multiple processing conditions and formulations on one specimen. Mechanical properties and damage response were evaluated as a function of filler type/content and irradiation. DC, surface roughness, modulus, hardness, scratch deformation and cytotoxicity were quantified using techniques including near-infrared spectroscopy, laser confocal scanning microscopy, depth-sensing indentation, scratch testing and cell viability. Scratch parameters (depth, width, percent recovery) were correlated to composite modulus and hardness. Total filler content, nanofiller and irradiation time/intensity all affected the final properties, with the dominant factor for improved properties being a higher DC. This combinatorial platform accelerates the screening of dental composites through the direct comparison of properties and processing conditions across the same sample.
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Lin NJ, Lin-Gibson S. Osteoblast response to dimethacrylate composites varying in composition, conversion and roughness using a combinatorial approach. Biomaterials 2009; 30:4480-7. [PMID: 19520423 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2009.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2009] [Accepted: 05/10/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Dimethacrylate polymers and composites are seeing increased usage in orthopedics. As these applications require the material to integrate with the surrounding tissues, direct contact cytotoxicity assays should be used to assess the biocompatibility. This study utilized a combinatorial testing platform to evaluate the cell response to dimethacrylate composites with a variety of properties on a single sample. MC3T3-E1 pre-osteoblasts were cultured directly on composites with varying filler content, filler type, degree of conversion (DC), and surface topography. Cell viability, density, and area depended on an interplay of the material properties, with low DC causing a reduction in cell area but having minimal effect on cell viability, high filler content causing an increase in cell density, and filler content/type altering the surface roughness as a function of DC. The combinatorial testing platform successfully quantified the effects of numerous material properties on several aspects of the osteoblast response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy J Lin
- Polymers Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, MS 8543, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8543, USA.
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Porto ICCDM, Andrade AKMD, Guênes GMT, Ribeiro AIAM, Braz R, Castro CMMBD. In vitro potential cytotoxicity of an adhesive system to alveolar macrophages. Braz Dent J 2009; 20:195-200. [DOI: 10.1590/s0103-64402009000300004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the potential cytotoxicity of Adper Single Bond 2 (SB) simplified etch-and-rinse adhesive system in alveolar macrophage cultures, as a function of the post-polymerization time and duration of immersion in the culture medium for preparation of extracts, by observing the levels of nitric oxide (NO) release and cell survival rate (MTT assay). Wistar rat alveolar macrophages were exposed to 200 μL of extracts obtained from 24- or 72-h immersion of adhesive samples in culture medium (RPMI), immediately or 24 h after polymerization. Fresh RPMI and E. coli lipopolysaccharides were used as negative and positive controls, respectively. The cells were placed in a humidified incubator for 24 h. The results were analyzed by the Student's-t test (α=5%). The amount of NO produced and viable cells were significantly different (p<0.05) between the experimental and the control groups, showing that, irrespective of the post-polymerization time and duration of immersion in the culture medium, the adhesive system caused intense cytotoxicity to the macrophages. The cytotoxic effects were not statistically different (p<0.05) among the experimental groups. In conclusion, chemical components released from SB in aqueous environment were highly toxic to cell culture and thus an inflammatory pulpal response should be considered during the clinical application of dental adhesives.
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Meredith JC. Advances in combinatorial and high-throughput screening of biofunctional polymers for gene delivery, tissue engineering and anti-fouling coatings. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1039/b808649d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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dos Santos JFR, Alvarez-Lorenzo C, Silva M, Balsa L, Couceiro J, Torres-Labandeira JJ, Concheiro A. Soft contact lenses functionalized with pendant cyclodextrins for controlled drug delivery. Biomaterials 2008; 30:1348-55. [PMID: 19064285 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2008.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2008] [Accepted: 11/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to develop acrylic hydrogels with high proportions of cyclodextrins maintaining the mechanical properties and the biocompatibility of the starting hydrogels, but notably improving their ability to load drugs and to control their release rate. Poly(hydroxyethylmethacrylate) hydrogels were prepared by copolymerization with glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) at various proportions and then beta-cyclodextrin (betaCD) was grafted to the network by reaction with the glycidyl groups under mild conditions. This led to networks in which the betaCDs form no part of the structural chains but they are hanging on 2-3 ether bonds through the hydroxyl groups. The pendant betaCDs did not modify the light transmittance, glass transition temperature, swelling degree, viscoelasticity, oxygen permeability, or surface contact angle of the hydrogels, but decreased their friction coefficient by 50% and improved diclofenac loading by 1300% and enhanced drug affinity 15-fold. The hydrogels were able to prevent drug leakage to a common conservation liquid for soft contact lenses (SCLs) and to sustain drug delivery in lacrimal fluid for two weeks. To summarize, the hydrogels with pendant betaCDs are particularly useful for the development of cytocompatible medicated implants or biomedical devices, such as drug-loaded SCLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose-Fernando Rosa dos Santos
- Departamento de Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782-Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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dos Santos JFR, Couceiro R, Concheiro A, Torres-Labandeira JJ, Alvarez-Lorenzo C. Poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate-co-methacrylated-beta-cyclodextrin) hydrogels: synthesis, cytocompatibility, mechanical properties and drug loading/release properties. Acta Biomater 2008; 4:745-55. [PMID: 18291738 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2007.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2007] [Revised: 12/20/2007] [Accepted: 12/20/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Copolymerization of hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) with a methacrylated-derivative of beta-cyclodextrin (beta-CD) was evaluated as a way to obtain hydrogels with tunable mechanical and drug loading and release properties, particularly for preparing medicated soft contact lenses. A fully methacrylated beta-CD monomer was synthesized and added to the HEMA and cross-linker solution at concentrations ranging from 0.042 to 0.333 g ml(-1) (i.e. 0.23-1.82 mol.%). Thermal polymerization led to transparent hydrogels with a degree of conversion above 74%, which showed a high cytocompatibility and did not induce macrophage response. The greater the content in methacrylated beta-CD was, the higher the glass transition temperature, the lower the degree of swelling and free water proportion, and the greater the storage and loss moduli of the swollen disks. These findings are directly related to the increase in the degree of cross-linking caused by the methacrylated beta-CD. Loading studies were carried out with hydrocortisone and acetazolamide, both able to form complexes with CDs in water and in lacrimal fluid. Hydrocortisone loading progressively decreased as the content in methacrylated beta-CD rose due to a decrease in the volume of aqueous phase of the hydrogel. Acetazolamide loading showed a maximum for an intermediate content in beta-CD (0.125-0.167 g ml(-1)) owing to a balance between complexation with beta-CD and hydrogel mesh size. The hydrogels sustained drug delivery for several days, the acetazolamide release rate being dependent on the beta-CD content. An adequate selection of the content in beta-CD enables pHEMA-co-beta-CD hydrogels suitable for specific biomedical applications to be obtained.
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Webster DC. Combinatorial and High-Throughput Methods in Macromolecular Materials Research and Development. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.200700558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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