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Computed Tomography as a Characterization Tool for Engineered Scaffolds with Biomedical Applications. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14226763. [PMID: 34832165 PMCID: PMC8619049 DOI: 10.3390/ma14226763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The ever-growing field of materials with applications in the biomedical field holds great promise regarding the design and fabrication of devices with specific characteristics, especially scaffolds with personalized geometry and architecture. The continuous technological development pushes the limits of innovation in obtaining adequate scaffolds and establishing their characteristics and performance. To this end, computed tomography (CT) proved to be a reliable, nondestructive, high-performance machine, enabling visualization and structure analysis at submicronic resolutions. CT allows both qualitative and quantitative data of the 3D model, offering an overall image of its specific architectural features and reliable numerical data for rigorous analyses. The precise engineering of scaffolds consists in the fabrication of objects with well-defined morphometric parameters (e.g., shape, porosity, wall thickness) and in their performance validation through thorough control over their behavior (in situ visualization, degradation, new tissue formation, wear, etc.). This review is focused on the use of CT in biomaterial science with the aim of qualitatively and quantitatively assessing the scaffolds’ features and monitoring their behavior following in vivo or in vitro experiments. Furthermore, the paper presents the benefits and limitations regarding the employment of this technique when engineering materials with applications in the biomedical field.
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2
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Parisi C, Qin K, Fernandes FM. Colonization versus encapsulation in cell-laden materials design: porosity and process biocompatibility determine cellularization pathways. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2021; 379:20200344. [PMID: 34334019 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2020.0344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Seeding materials with living cells has been-and still is-one of the most promising approaches to reproduce the complexity and the functionality of living matter. The strategies to associate living cells with materials are limited to cell encapsulation and colonization, however, the requirements for these two approaches have been seldom discussed systematically. Here we propose a simple two-dimensional map based on materials' pore size and the cytocompatibility of their fabrication process to draw, for the first time, a guide to building cellularized materials. We believe this approach may serve as a straightforward guideline to design new, more relevant materials, able to seize the complexity and the function of biological materials. This article is part of the theme issue 'Bio-derived and bioinspired sustainable advanced materials for emerging technologies (part 1)'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cleo Parisi
- Laboratoire de Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Paris, Sorbonne Université, UMR7574, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Kankan Qin
- Laboratoire de Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Paris, Sorbonne Université, UMR7574, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Francisco M Fernandes
- Laboratoire de Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Paris, Sorbonne Université, UMR7574, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
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3
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Joukhdar H, Seifert A, Jüngst T, Groll J, Lord MS, Rnjak-Kovacina J. Ice Templating Soft Matter: Fundamental Principles and Fabrication Approaches to Tailor Pore Structure and Morphology and Their Biomedical Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2100091. [PMID: 34236118 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202100091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Porous scaffolds are widely used in biomedical applications where pore size and morphology influence a range of biological processes, including mass transfer of solutes, cellular interactions and organization, immune responses, and tissue vascularization, as well as drug delivery from biomaterials. Ice templating, one of the most widely utilized techniques for the fabrication of porous materials, allows control over pore morphology by controlling ice formation in a suspension of solutes. By fine-tuning freezing and solute parameters, ice templating can be used to incorporate pores with tunable morphological features into a wide range of materials using a simple, accessible, and scalable process. While soft matter is widely ice templated for biomedical applications and includes commercial and clinical products, the principles underpinning its ice templating are not reviewed as well as their inorganic counterparts. This review describes and critically evaluates fundamental principles, fabrication and characterization approaches, and biomedical applications of ice templating in polymer-based biomaterials. It describes the utility of porous scaffolds in biomedical applications, highlighting biological mechanisms impacted by pore features, outlines the physical and thermodynamic mechanisms underpinning ice templating, describes common fabrication setups, critically evaluates complexities of ice templating specific to polymers, and discusses future directions in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Habib Joukhdar
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Annika Seifert
- Department for Functional Materials in Medicine and Dentistry, Institute of Functional Materials and Biofabrication, University of Würzburg and KeyLab Polymers for Medicine of the Bavarian Polymer Institute (BPI), Pleicherwall 2, 97070, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Tomasz Jüngst
- Department for Functional Materials in Medicine and Dentistry, Institute of Functional Materials and Biofabrication, University of Würzburg and KeyLab Polymers for Medicine of the Bavarian Polymer Institute (BPI), Pleicherwall 2, 97070, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Groll
- Department for Functional Materials in Medicine and Dentistry, Institute of Functional Materials and Biofabrication, University of Würzburg and KeyLab Polymers for Medicine of the Bavarian Polymer Institute (BPI), Pleicherwall 2, 97070, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Megan S Lord
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Jelena Rnjak-Kovacina
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
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4
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Qin K, Parisi C, Fernandes FM. Recent advances in ice templating: from biomimetic composites to cell culture scaffolds and tissue engineering. J Mater Chem B 2021; 9:889-907. [DOI: 10.1039/d0tb02506b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
We review the evolution of ice-templating process from initial inorganic materials to recent developments in shaping increasingly labile biological matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kankan Qin
- Laboratoire de Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Paris
- Sorbonne Université
- 75005 Paris
- France
| | - Cleo Parisi
- Laboratoire de Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Paris
- Sorbonne Université
- 75005 Paris
- France
| | - Francisco M. Fernandes
- Laboratoire de Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Paris
- Sorbonne Université
- 75005 Paris
- France
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5
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Ceccaldi C, Bushkalova R, Cussac D, Duployer B, Tenailleau C, Bourin P, Parini A, Sallerin B, Girod Fullana S. Elaboration and evaluation of alginate foam scaffolds for soft tissue engineering. Int J Pharm 2017; 524:433-442. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.02.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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6
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Bradley RS, Robinson IK, Yusuf M. 3D X-Ray Nanotomography of Cells Grown on Electrospun Scaffolds. Macromol Biosci 2016; 17. [DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201600236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert S. Bradley
- Henry Moseley X-ray Imaging Facility; The University of Manchester; Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - Ian K. Robinson
- London Centre for Nanotechnology; University College London; Gower Street London WC1E 6BT UK
- Rutherford Appleton Laboratory; Didcot OX11 0FA UK
| | - Mohammed Yusuf
- London Centre for Nanotechnology; University College London; Gower Street London WC1E 6BT UK
- Rutherford Appleton Laboratory; Didcot OX11 0FA UK
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Zehbe R, Zehbe K. Strontium doped poly-ε-caprolactone composite scaffolds made by reactive foaming. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2016; 67:259-266. [PMID: 27287121 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2016.05.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In the reconstruction and regeneration of bone tissue, a primary goal is to initiate bone growth and to stabilize the surrounding bone. In this regard, a potentially useful component in biomaterials for bone tissue engineering is strontium, which acts as cationic active agent, triggering certain intracellular pathways and acting as so called dual action bone agent which inhibits bone resorption while stimulating bone regeneration. In this study we established a novel processing for the foaming of a polymer (poly-ε-caprolactone) and simultaneous chemical reaction of a mixture of calcium and strontium hydroxides to the respective carbonates using supercritical carbon dioxide. The resultant porous composite scaffold was optimized in composition and strontium content and was characterized via different spectroscopic (infrared and Raman spectroscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy), imaging (SEM, μCT), mechanical testing and in vitro methods (fluorescence vital staining, MTT-assay). As a result, the composite scaffold showed good in vitro biocompatibility with partly open pore structure and the expected chemistry. First mechanical testing results indicate sufficient mechanical stability to support future in vivo applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolf Zehbe
- BLS Laboratories GmbH, Berlin, Germany; University of Potsdam, Institute of Physics and Astronomy, Potsdam, Germany.
| | - Kerstin Zehbe
- University of Potsdam, Department of Chemistry, Potsdam, Germany
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Thiem A, Bagheri M, Große-Siestrup C, Zehbe R. Gelatin-poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) scaffolds with oriented pore channel architecture — From in vitro to in vivo testing. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2016; 62:585-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2016.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Revised: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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9
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Izadifar Z, Honaramooz A, Wiebe S, Belev G, Chen X, Chapman D. Low-dose phase-based X-ray imaging techniques for in situ soft tissue engineering assessments. Biomaterials 2016; 82:151-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.11.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Revised: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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10
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3D Bioprinting and 3D Imaging for Stem Cell Engineering. BIOPRINTING IN REGENERATIVE MEDICINE 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-21386-6_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
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11
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Olubamiji AD, Izadifar Z, Chen DX. Synchrotron Imaging Techniques for Bone and Cartilage Tissue Engineering: Potential, Current Trends, and Future Directions. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2014; 20:503-22. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2013.0493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Zohreh Izadifar
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Daniel Xiongbiao Chen
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
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12
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PARRILLI A, PAGANI S, MALTARELLO MC, SANTI S, SALERNO A, NETTI PA, GIARDINO R, RIMONDINI L, FINI M. Three-dimensional cellular distribution in polymeric scaffolds for bone regeneration: a microCT analysis compared to SEM, CLSM and DNA content. J Microsc 2014; 255:20-9. [DOI: 10.1111/jmi.12132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. PARRILLI
- Biocompatibility, Technological Innovations and Advanced Therapies Laboratory (BITTA); Rizzoli RIT Department; Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute; Bologna Italy
| | - S. PAGANI
- Biocompatibility, Technological Innovations and Advanced Therapies Laboratory (BITTA); Rizzoli RIT Department; Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute; Bologna Italy
- Laboratory of Preclinical and Surgical Studies; Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute; Bologna Italy
| | - M. C. MALTARELLO
- Laboratory of Muscoskeletal Cell Biology; Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute; Bologna Italy
- RAMSES Laboratory; Rizzoli RIT Department; Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute; Bologna Italy
| | - S. SANTI
- Laboratory of Muscoskeletal Cell Biology; Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute; Bologna Italy
- CNR, Institute of Molecular Genetics; Bologna Italy
| | - A. SALERNO
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre of Biomaterials; University of Naples Federico II; Naples Italy
- Institute for Composite and Biomedical Materials; National Research Council; (IMCB-CNR); Naples Italy
| | - P. A. NETTI
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre of Biomaterials; University of Naples Federico II; Naples Italy
- Centre for Advanced Biomaterials for Health Care (CRIB-IIT); Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia; Naples Italy
| | - R. GIARDINO
- Biocompatibility, Technological Innovations and Advanced Therapies Laboratory (BITTA); Rizzoli RIT Department; Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute; Bologna Italy
| | - L. RIMONDINI
- Department of Health Sciences; University of Piemonte Orientale “Amedeo Avogadro”; Novara Italy
| | - M. FINI
- Biocompatibility, Technological Innovations and Advanced Therapies Laboratory (BITTA); Rizzoli RIT Department; Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute; Bologna Italy
- Laboratory of Preclinical and Surgical Studies; Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute; Bologna Italy
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13
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Izadifar Z, Chapman LD, Chen X. Computed Tomography Diffraction-Enhanced Imaging forIn SituVisualization of Tissue Scaffolds Implanted in Cartilage. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2014; 20:140-8. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2013.0138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Zohreh Izadifar
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Leroy Dean Chapman
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
- Biomedical Imaging and Therapy (BMIT) Beamline, Canadian Light Source (CLS), Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Xiongbiao Chen
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
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Appel AA, Anastasio MA, Larson JC, Brey EM. Imaging challenges in biomaterials and tissue engineering. Biomaterials 2013; 34:6615-30. [PMID: 23768903 PMCID: PMC3799904 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 05/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Biomaterials are employed in the fields of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine (TERM) in order to enhance the regeneration or replacement of tissue function and/or structure. The unique environments resulting from the presence of biomaterials, cells, and tissues result in distinct challenges in regards to monitoring and assessing the results of these interventions. Imaging technologies for three-dimensional (3D) analysis have been identified as a strategic priority in TERM research. Traditionally, histological and immunohistochemical techniques have been used to evaluate engineered tissues. However, these methods do not allow for an accurate volume assessment, are invasive, and do not provide information on functional status. Imaging techniques are needed that enable non-destructive, longitudinal, quantitative, and three-dimensional analysis of TERM strategies. This review focuses on evaluating the application of available imaging modalities for assessment of biomaterials and tissue in TERM applications. Included is a discussion of limitations of these techniques and identification of areas for further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa A. Appel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, 3255 South Dearborn St, Chicago, IL 60616, USA
- Research Service, Hines Veterans Administration Hospital, Hines, IL, USA
| | - Mark A. Anastasio
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jeffery C. Larson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, 3255 South Dearborn St, Chicago, IL 60616, USA
- Research Service, Hines Veterans Administration Hospital, Hines, IL, USA
| | - Eric M. Brey
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, 3255 South Dearborn St, Chicago, IL 60616, USA
- Research Service, Hines Veterans Administration Hospital, Hines, IL, USA
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15
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Brochhausen C, Sánchez N, Halstenberg S, Zehbe R, Watzer B, Schmitt VH, Hofmann A, Meurer A, Unger RE, Kirkpatrick CJ. Phenotypic redifferentiation and cell cluster formation of cultured human articular chondrocytes in a three-dimensional oriented gelatin scaffold in the presence of PGE2- first results of a pilot study. J Biomed Mater Res A 2013; 101:2374-82. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.34538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2012] [Revised: 08/21/2012] [Accepted: 09/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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16
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Mochales C, Frank S, Zehbe R, Traykova T, Fleckenstein C, Maerten A, Fleck C, Mueller WD. Tetragonal and Cubic Zirconia Multilayered Ceramic Constructs Created by EPD. J Phys Chem B 2012; 117:1694-701. [DOI: 10.1021/jp3064432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Mochales
- Dental School, “Charité” Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, 14197 Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Frank
- Dental School, “Charité” Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, 14197 Berlin, Germany
| | - Rolf Zehbe
- Materials Engineering, Berlin Institute of Technology, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Tania Traykova
- Materials Engineering, Berlin Institute of Technology, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Anke Maerten
- Materials Engineering, Berlin Institute of Technology, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Claudia Fleck
- Materials Engineering, Berlin Institute of Technology, 10623 Berlin, Germany
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17
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Imaging of articular cartilage – Data matching using X-ray tomography, SEM, FIB slicing and conventional histology. Micron 2012; 43:1060-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2012.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Revised: 04/29/2012] [Accepted: 05/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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18
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Patterson BM, Escobedo-Diaz JP, Dennis-Koller D, Cerreta E. Dimensional quantification of embedded voids or objects in three dimensions using X-ray tomography. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2012; 18:390-398. [PMID: 22300762 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927611012554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Scientific digital imaging in three dimensions such as when using X-ray computed tomography offers a variety of ways to obtain, filter, and quantify data that can produce vastly different results. These opportunities, performed during image acquisition or during the data processing, can include filtering, cropping, and setting thresholds. Quantifying features in these images can be greatly affected by how the above operations are performed. For example, during binarization, setting the threshold too low or too high can change the number of objects as well as their measured diameter. Here, two facets of three-dimensional quantification are explored. The first will focus on investigating the question of how many voxels are needed within an object to have accurate geometric statistics that are due to the properties of the object and not an artifact of too few voxels. These statistics include but are not limited to percent of total volume, volume of the individual object, Feret shape, and surface area. Using simple cylinders as a starting point, various techniques for smoothing, filtering, and other processing steps can be investigated to aid in determining if they are appropriate for a specific desired statistic for a real dataset. The second area of investigation is the influence of post-processing, particularly segmentation, on measuring the damage statistics in high purity Cu. The most important parts of the pathways of processing are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian M Patterson
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Materials Science and Technology Division, P.O. Box 1663, MS E549, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA.
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Kraehenbuehl TP, Stauber M, Ehrbar M, Weber F, Hall H, Müller R. Effects of μCT radiation on tissue engineered bone-like constructs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 55:245-50. [PMID: 20569050 DOI: 10.1515/bmt.2010.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
High-resolution, non-destructive imaging with micro-computed tomography (μCT) enables in situ monitoring of tissue engineered bone constructs. However, it remains controversial, if the locally imposed X-ray dose affects bone development and thus could influence the results. Here, we developed a model system for μCT monitoring of tissue engineered bone-like constructs. We examined the in vitro effects of high-resolution μCT imaging on the cellular level by using pre-osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells embedded into three-dimensional collagen type I matrices. We found no significantly reduced cell survival 2 h after irradiation with a dose of 1.9 Gy. However, 24 h post-irradiation, cell survival was significantly decreased by 15% compared to non-irradiated samples. The highest dose of 7.6 Gy decreased survival of the pre-osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells by around 40% at 2 days post-irradiation. No significant increase of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity at 2 days post-irradiation was found with a dose of 1.9 Gy. However, ALP activity was significantly decreased after 7 days. Using our model system, the results indicate that μCT imaging with doses as low as 1.9 Gy, which is required to obtain a reasonable image quality, can induce irreparable damages on the cellular level.
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20
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Appel A, Anastasio MA, Brey EM. Potential for imaging engineered tissues with X-ray phase contrast. TISSUE ENGINEERING. PART B, REVIEWS 2011; 17:321-30. [PMID: 21682604 PMCID: PMC3179620 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2011.0230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2011] [Accepted: 06/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
As the field of tissue engineering advances, it is crucial to develop imaging methods capable of providing detailed three-dimensional information on tissue structure. X-ray imaging techniques based on phase-contrast (PC) have great potential for a number of biomedical applications due to their ability to provide information about soft tissue structure without exogenous contrast agents. X-ray PC techniques retain the excellent spatial resolution, tissue penetration, and calcified tissue contrast of conventional X-ray techniques while providing drastically improved imaging of soft tissue and biomaterials. This suggests that X-ray PC techniques are very promising for evaluation of engineered tissues. In this review, four different implementations of X-ray PC imaging are described and applications to tissues of relevance to tissue engineering reviewed. In addition, recent applications of X-ray PC to the evaluation of biomaterial scaffolds and engineered tissues are presented and areas for further development and application of these techniques are discussed. Imaging techniques based on X-ray PC have significant potential for improving our ability to image and characterize engineered tissues, and their continued development and optimization could have significant impact on the field of tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa Appel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Pritzker Institute of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois
- Research Service, Hines Veterans Administration Hospital, Hines, Illinois
| | - Mark A. Anastasio
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Eric M. Brey
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Pritzker Institute of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois
- Research Service, Hines Veterans Administration Hospital, Hines, Illinois
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21
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Schmidt F, Kühbacher M, Gross U, Kyriakopoulos A, Schubert H, Zehbe R. From 2D slices to 3D volumes: Image based reconstruction and morphological characterization of hippocampal cells on charged and uncharged surfaces using FIB/SEM serial sectioning. Ultramicroscopy 2011; 111:259-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2010.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2009] [Revised: 11/26/2010] [Accepted: 12/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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