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Production of nanostructured systems: Main and innovative techniques. Drug Discov Today 2023; 28:103454. [PMID: 36402265 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2022.103454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In the constant search for the development of more-specific and more-selective drugs, especially with regard to the challenge of encapsulating hydrophilic molecules, polymer nanotechnologies are remarkable for their biocompatible and biodegradable properties. The most-used nanoencapsulation methods consist of emulsification procedures, where emulsified droplets of a given polymer and drug solidify into nanoparticles after solvent extraction from the polymeric phase. This review introduces conventional emulsification methods but also highlights new emulsification technologies such as microfluidics, membrane emulsification and other techniques, including spray drying, inkjet printing and electrospraying.
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2
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Zhang H, Li Q, Xu X, Zhang S, Chen Y, Yuan T, Zeng Z, Zhang Y, Mei Z, Yan S, Zhang L, Wei S. Functionalized Microscaffold-Hydrogel Composites Accelerating Osteochondral Repair through Endochondral Ossification. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:52599-52617. [PMID: 36394998 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c12694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Osteochondral regeneration remains a key challenge because of the limited self-healing ability of the bone and its complex structure and composition. Biomaterials based on endochondral ossification (ECO) are considered an attractive candidate to promote bone repair because they can effectively address the difficulties in establishing vascularization and poor bone regeneration via intramembranous ossification (IMO). However, its clinical application is limited by the complex cellular behavior of ECO and the long time required for induction of the cell cycle. Herein, functionalized microscaffold-hydrogel composites are developed to accelerate the developmental bone growth process via recapitulating ECO. The design comprises arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD)-peptide-modified microscaffolds loaded with kartogenin (KGN) and wrapped with a layer of RGD- and QK-peptide-comodified alginate hydrogel. These microscaffolds enhance the proliferation and aggregation behavior of the human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs); the controlled release of kartogenin induces the differentiation of hBMSCs into chondrocytes; and the hydrogel grafted with RGD and QK peptide facilitates chondrocyte hypertrophy, which creates a vascularized niche for osteogenesis and finally accelerates osteochondral repair in vivo. The findings provide an efficient bioengineering approach by sequentially modulating cellular ECO behavior for osteochondral defect repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Zhang
- Central Laboratory and Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Peking University, Beijing 100081, P.R. China
| | - Qian Li
- Laboratory of Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P.R. China
| | - Xiangliang Xu
- Central Laboratory and Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Peking University, Beijing 100081, P.R. China
| | - Siqi Zhang
- Laboratory of Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P.R. China
| | - Yang Chen
- Laboratory of Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P.R. China
| | - Tao Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Tumor Biology, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing 100142, P.R. China
| | - Ziqian Zeng
- Central Laboratory and Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Peking University, Beijing 100081, P.R. China
| | - Yifei Zhang
- Central Laboratory and Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Peking University, Beijing 100081, P.R. China
| | - Zi Mei
- Central Laboratory and Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Peking University, Beijing 100081, P.R. China
| | - Shuang Yan
- Central Laboratory and Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Peking University, Beijing 100081, P.R. China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Central Laboratory and Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Peking University, Beijing 100081, P.R. China
| | - Shicheng Wei
- Central Laboratory and Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Peking University, Beijing 100081, P.R. China
- Laboratory of Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P.R. China
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A Paradigm Shift in Tissue Engineering: From a Top–Down to a Bottom–Up Strategy. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9060935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue engineering (TE) was initially designed to tackle clinical organ shortage problems. Although some engineered tissues have been successfully used for non-clinical applications, very few (e.g., reconstructed human skin) have been used for clinical purposes. As the current TE approach has not achieved much success regarding more broad and general clinical applications, organ shortage still remains a challenging issue. This very limited clinical application of TE can be attributed to the constraints in manufacturing fully functional tissues via the traditional top–down approach, where very limited cell types are seeded and cultured in scaffolds with equivalent sizes and morphologies as the target tissues. The newly proposed developmental engineering (DE) strategy towards the manufacture of fully functional tissues utilises a bottom–up approach to mimic developmental biology processes by implementing gradual tissue assembly alongside the growth of multiple cell types in modular scaffolds. This approach may overcome the constraints of the traditional top–down strategy as it can imitate in vivo-like tissue development processes. However, several essential issues must be considered, and more mechanistic insights of the fundamental, underpinning biological processes, such as cell–cell and cell–material interactions, are necessary. The aim of this review is to firstly introduce and compare the number of cell types, the size and morphology of the scaffolds, and the generic tissue reconstruction procedures utilised in the top–down and the bottom–up strategies; then, it will analyse their advantages, disadvantages, and challenges; and finally, it will briefly discuss the possible technologies that may overcome some of the inherent limitations of the bottom–up strategy.
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Pedram P, Mazio C, Imparato G, Netti PA, Salerno A. Bioinspired Design of Novel Microscaffolds for Fibroblast Guidance toward In Vitro Tissue Building. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:9589-9603. [PMID: 33595284 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c20687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Porous microscaffolds (μ-scaffs) play a crucial role in modular tissue engineering as they control cell functions and guide hierarchical tissue formation toward building new functional tissue analogues. In the present study, we developed a new route to prepare porous polycaprolactone (PCL) μ-scaffs with a bioinspired trabecular structure that supported in vitro adhesion, growth, and biosynthesis of human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs). The method involved the use of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) as a biocompatible porogen and a fluidic emulsion/porogen leaching/particle coagulation process to obtain spherical μ-scaffs with controllable diameter and full pore interconnectivity. To achieve this objective, we investigated the effect of PEO concentration and the temperature of the coagulation bath on the μ-scaff architecture, while we modulated the μ-scaff diameter distribution by varying the PCL-PEO amount in the starting solution and changing the flow rate of the continuous phase (QCP). μ-Scaff morphology, pore architecture, and diameter distribution were assessed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis, microcomputed tomography (microCT), and Image analysis. We reported that the selection of 60 wt % PEO concentration, together with a 4 °C coagulation bath temperature and ultrasound postprocessing, allowed for the design and fabrication of μ-scaff with porosity up to 80% and fully interconnected pores on both the μ-scaff surface and the core. Furthermore, μ-scaff diameter distributions were finely tuned in the 100-600 μm range with the coefficient of variation lower than 5% by selecting the PCL-PEO concentration in the 1-10% w/v range and QCP of either 8 or 18 mL/min. Finally, we investigated the capability of the HDF-seeded PCL μ-scaff to form hybrid (biological/synthetic) tissue in vitro. Cell culture tests demonstrated that PCL μ-scaff enabled HDF adhesion, proliferation, colonization, and collagen biosynthesis within inter- and intraparticle spaces and guided the formation of a large (centimeter-sized) viable tissue construct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Pedram
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for Healthcare, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT@CRIB), Largo Barsanti e Matteucci, 53, Naples 80125, Italy
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Industrial Production Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, Naples 80125, Italy
| | - Claudia Mazio
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for Healthcare, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT@CRIB), Largo Barsanti e Matteucci, 53, Naples 80125, Italy
| | - Giorgia Imparato
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for Healthcare, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT@CRIB), Largo Barsanti e Matteucci, 53, Naples 80125, Italy
| | - Paolo A Netti
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for Healthcare, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT@CRIB), Largo Barsanti e Matteucci, 53, Naples 80125, Italy
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Industrial Production Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, Naples 80125, Italy
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biomaterials (CRIB), University of Naples Federico II, Naples 80125, Italy
| | - Aurelio Salerno
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for Healthcare, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT@CRIB), Largo Barsanti e Matteucci, 53, Naples 80125, Italy
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Biocompatibility and bioactivity of an FGF-loaded microsphere-based bilayer delivery system. Acta Biomater 2020; 111:341-348. [PMID: 32428684 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.04.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Many drug delivery systems rely on degradation or dissolution of the carrier material to regulate release. In cases where mechanical support is required during regeneration, this necessitates composite systems in which the mechanics of the implant are decoupled from the drug release profile. To address this need, we developed a system in which microspheres (MS) were sequestered in a defined location between two nanofibrous layers. This bilayer delivery system (BiLDS) enables simultaneous structural support and decoupled release profiles. To test this new system, PLGA (poly-lactide-co-glycolic acid) microspheres were prepared using a water-in-oil-in-water (w/o/w) emulsion technique and incorporated Alexa Fluor-tagged bovine serum albumin (BSA) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF). These MS were secured in a defined pocket between two polycaprolactone (PCL) nanofibrous scaffolds, where the layered scaffolds provide a template for new tissue formation while enabling independent and local release from the co-delivered MS. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images showed that the assembled BiLDS could localize and retain MS in the central pocket that was surrounded by a continuous seal formed along the margin. Cell viability and proliferation assays showed enhanced cell activity when exposed to BiLDS containing Alexa Fluor-BSA/bFGF-loaded MS, both in vitro and in vivo. MS delivered via the BiLDS system persisted in a localized area after subcutaneous implantation for at least 4 weeks, and bFGF release increased colonization of the implant. These data establish the BiLDS technology as a sustained in vivo drug delivery platform that can localize protein and other growth factor release to a surgical site while providing a structural template for new tissue formation. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Localized and controlled delivery systems for the sustained release of drugs are essential. Many strategies have been developed for this purpose, but most rely on degradation (and loss of material properties) for delivery. Here, we developed a bilayer delivery system (BiLDS) that decouples the physical properties of a scaffold from its delivery kinetics. For this, biodegradable PLGA microspheres were sequestered within a central pocket of a slowly degrading nanofibrous bilayer. Using this device, we show enhanced cell activity with FGF delivery from the BiLDS both in vitro and in vivo. These data support that BiLDS can localize sustained protein and biofactor delivery to a surgical site while also serving as a mechanical scaffold for tissue repair and regeneration.
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Zhu C, Yang H, Shen L, Zheng Z, Zhao S, Li Q, Yu F, Cen L. Microfluidic preparation of PLGA microspheres as cell carriers with sustainable Rapa release. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE-POLYMER EDITION 2019; 30:737-755. [DOI: 10.1080/09205063.2019.1602930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chengcheng Zhu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Department of Product Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Haibo Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Department of Product Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Liang Shen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Department of Product Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhuoyuan Zheng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Department of Product Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Shicheng Zhao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Department of Product Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingguo Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fengbin Yu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, No. 98 Hospital of PLA, Huzhou, China
| | - Lian Cen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Department of Product Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
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Guarino V, Altobelli R, Caputo T, Ambrosio L, Caserta S, Calcagnile P, Demitri C. Mono- and Bi-Phasic Cellulose Acetate Micro-Vectors for Anti-Inflammatory Drug Delivery. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:pharmaceutics11020087. [PMID: 30781728 PMCID: PMC6409530 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11020087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, different processing technologies have been engineered to fabricate capsules or particles with peculiar properties (e.g., swelling, pH-sensitive response) at the micro and sub-micrometric size scale, to be used as carriers for controlled drug and molecular release. Herein, the development of cellulose acetate (CA) micro-carriers with mono- (MC) or bi-phasic (BC) composition is proposed, fabricated via electrohydrodynamic atomization (EHDA)—an electro-dropping technology able to micro-size polymer solution by the application of high voltage electrostatic forces. Image analysis allows identification of the process parameters to optimize morphology, in terms of size distribution and shape. Meanwhile, an accurate rheological study has enabled investigating the interface between CA solutions with different viscosities to optimize BC systems. Release tests have confirmed that BC carriers can retain the drug more efficiently in acidic conditions, also providing a more gradual and sustained release until six days, with respect to MC carriers. Hence, all these results have proven that biphasic architecture significantly improves the capability of CA microcarriers to release ketoprofen lysinate, thus suggesting a new route to design core/shell systems for the retarded oral administration of anti-inflammatory drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Guarino
- Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, National Research Council of Italy, Naples 80125, Italy.
| | - Rosaria Altobelli
- Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, National Research Council of Italy, Naples 80125, Italy.
| | - Tania Caputo
- Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, National Research Council of Italy, Naples 80125, Italy.
| | - Luigi Ambrosio
- Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, National Research Council of Italy, Naples 80125, Italy.
| | - Sergio Caserta
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, Naples 80125, Italy.
| | | | - Christian Demitri
- Department of Engineering for Innovation, University of Salento, Lecce 73100, Italy.
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8
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Nie T, He M, Ge M, Xu J, Ma H. Fabrication and structural regulation of PLLA porous microspheres via phase inversion emulsion and thermally induced phase separation techniques. J Appl Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/app.44885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Taotao Nie
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science; Hebei University; Baoding 071002 China
| | - Meng He
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science; Hebei University; Baoding 071002 China
| | - Min Ge
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science; Hebei University; Baoding 071002 China
| | - Jianzhong Xu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science; Hebei University; Baoding 071002 China
| | - Haiyun Ma
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science; Hebei University; Baoding 071002 China
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province; Baoding 071002 China
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9
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Loth R, Loth T, Schwabe K, Bernhardt R, Schulz-Siegmund M, Hacker MC. Highly adjustable biomaterial networks from three-armed biodegradable macromers. Acta Biomater 2015; 26:82-96. [PMID: 26277378 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2015.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Revised: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Biocompatible material platforms with adjustable properties and option for chemical modification are warranted for site-specific biomedical applications. To this end, three-armed biodegradable macromers of well-defined chemical characteristics were prepared from trivalent alcohols with different degrees of ethoxylation and different lengths of oligoester domains. A platform of 15 different macromers was established. The macromers were designed to exhibit different hydrophilicities and molecular weights and contained various types of oligoesters such as d,l-lactide, l-lactide and ε-caprolactone. Macromers chemical composition was determined and molecular weights ranged from 900 to 3000 Da. Thermally induced cross-linking of methacrylated macromers was monitored by oscillation rheology. A novel variant of the solid lipid templating technique was established to fabricate macroporous tissue engineering scaffolds from these macromers. Scaffold properties were thoroughly investigated regarding mechanical properties, compositional analysis including methacrylic double bond conversion, microstructure and porosity. Material properties could be controlled by macromer chemistry. By variation of the fabrication procedure and processing parameters scaffold porosity was increased up to 88%. Basic cytocompatibility was assessed including indirect and direct contact methods. The established macromers hold promise for various biomedical purposes. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Specific biomedical applications require tailored biomaterials with defined properties. We established a macromer platform for preparation of tissue engineering scaffolds with adjustable chemical and mechanical characteristics. Macromers were composed of trivalent core alcohols with different degrees of ethoxylation to which biodegradable domains - lactide or ε-caprolactone - were oligomerized before final methacrylation. The solid lipid templating technique was adapted to fabricate macroporous scaffolds with controlled pore structure and porosity from the developed macromers, which can also be processed by solid freeform fabrication techniques. The material platform relies on clinically established chemistries of the biodegradable domains and the macromer concept enables the fabrication of networks in which cross-polymerization kinetics, mechanical properties and surface hydrophobicity is predefined by macromer chemistry. Cytocompatibility was confirmed by indirect and direct cell contact experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudi Loth
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology, Leipzig University, Eilenburger Str. 15a, D-04317 Leipzig, Germany; Collaborative Research Center (SFB/Transregio 67), Matrixengineering, Leipzig and Dresden, Germany
| | - Tina Loth
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology, Leipzig University, Eilenburger Str. 15a, D-04317 Leipzig, Germany; Collaborative Research Center (SFB/Transregio 67), Matrixengineering, Leipzig and Dresden, Germany
| | - Katharina Schwabe
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology, Leipzig University, Eilenburger Str. 15a, D-04317 Leipzig, Germany; Collaborative Research Center (SFB/Transregio 67), Matrixengineering, Leipzig and Dresden, Germany
| | - Ricardo Bernhardt
- Max-Bergmann-Center of Biomaterials, Dresden, University of Technology, Budapester Str. 27, D-01062 Dresden, Germany; Collaborative Research Center (SFB/Transregio 67), Matrixengineering, Leipzig and Dresden, Germany
| | - Michaela Schulz-Siegmund
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology, Leipzig University, Eilenburger Str. 15a, D-04317 Leipzig, Germany; Collaborative Research Center (SFB/Transregio 67), Matrixengineering, Leipzig and Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael C Hacker
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology, Leipzig University, Eilenburger Str. 15a, D-04317 Leipzig, Germany; Collaborative Research Center (SFB/Transregio 67), Matrixengineering, Leipzig and Dresden, Germany.
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10
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Totaro A, Salerno A, Imparato G, Domingo C, Urciuolo F, Netti PA. PCL-HA microscaffolds for in vitro
modular bone tissue engineering. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2015; 11:1865-1875. [DOI: 10.1002/term.2084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Revised: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Totaro
- Centre for Advanced Biomaterials for Health Care, CRIB Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia; Naples Italy
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Industrial Production (DICMAPI) and Interdisciplinary Research Centre on Biomaterials (CRIB); University of Naples Federico II; Italy
| | - Aurelio Salerno
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB); Bellaterra Spain
| | - Giorgia Imparato
- Centre for Advanced Biomaterials for Health Care, CRIB Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia; Naples Italy
| | | | - Francesco Urciuolo
- Centre for Advanced Biomaterials for Health Care, CRIB Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia; Naples Italy
| | - Paolo Antonio Netti
- Centre for Advanced Biomaterials for Health Care, CRIB Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia; Naples Italy
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Industrial Production (DICMAPI) and Interdisciplinary Research Centre on Biomaterials (CRIB); University of Naples Federico II; Italy
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11
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Unser AM, Tian Y, Xie Y. Opportunities and challenges in three-dimensional brown adipogenesis of stem cells. Biotechnol Adv 2015; 33:962-79. [PMID: 26231586 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2015.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Revised: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The formation of brown adipose tissue (BAT) via brown adipogenesis has become a notable process due to its ability to expend energy as heat with implications in the treatment of metabolic disorders and obesity. With the advent of complexity within white adipose tissue (WAT) along with inducible brown adipocytes (also known as brite and beige), there has been a surge in deciphering adipocyte biology as well as in vivo adipogenic microenvironments. A therapeutic outcome would benefit from understanding early events in brown adipogenesis, which can be accomplished by studying cellular differentiation. Pluripotent stem cells are an efficient model for differentiation and have been directed towards both white adipogenic and brown adipogenic lineages. The stem cell microenvironment greatly contributes to terminal cell fate and as such, has been mimicked extensively by various polymers including those that can form 3D hydrogel constructs capable of biochemical and/or mechanical modifications and modulations. Using bioengineering approaches towards the creation of 3D cell culture arrangements is more beneficial than traditional 2D culture in that it better recapitulates the native tissue biochemically and biomechanically. In addition, such an approach could potentially protect the tissue formed from necrosis and allow for more efficient implantation. In this review, we highlight the promise of brown adipocytes with a focus on brown adipogenic differentiation of stem cells using bioengineering approaches, along with potential challenges and opportunities that arise when considering the energy expenditure of BAT for prospective therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea M Unser
- Colleges of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, SUNY Polytechnic Institute, 257 Fuller Road Albany, NY 12203, USA
| | - Yangzi Tian
- Colleges of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, SUNY Polytechnic Institute, 257 Fuller Road Albany, NY 12203, USA
| | - Yubing Xie
- Colleges of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, SUNY Polytechnic Institute, 257 Fuller Road Albany, NY 12203, USA.
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van der Smissen A, Hoffmeister PG, Friedrich N, Watarai A, Hacker MC, Schulz-Siegmund M, Anderegg U. Artificial extracellular matrices support cell growth and matrix synthesis of human dermal fibroblasts in macroporous 3D scaffolds. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2015; 11:1390-1402. [DOI: 10.1002/term.2037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Revised: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anja van der Smissen
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology; Leipzig University; Germany
- Collaborative Research Centre (SFB-TR67); Matrix Engineering Leipzig and Dresden; Germany
| | - Peter-Georg Hoffmeister
- Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy; Leipzig University; Germany
- Collaborative Research Centre (SFB-TR67); Matrix Engineering Leipzig and Dresden; Germany
| | - Nadja Friedrich
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology; Leipzig University; Germany
- Collaborative Research Centre (SFB-TR67); Matrix Engineering Leipzig and Dresden; Germany
| | - Akira Watarai
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology; Leipzig University; Germany
- Collaborative Research Centre (SFB-TR67); Matrix Engineering Leipzig and Dresden; Germany
- School of Medicine; Kitasato University; Japan
| | - Michael C. Hacker
- Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy; Leipzig University; Germany
- Collaborative Research Centre (SFB-TR67); Matrix Engineering Leipzig and Dresden; Germany
| | - Michaela Schulz-Siegmund
- Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy; Leipzig University; Germany
- Collaborative Research Centre (SFB-TR67); Matrix Engineering Leipzig and Dresden; Germany
| | - Ulf Anderegg
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology; Leipzig University; Germany
- Collaborative Research Centre (SFB-TR67); Matrix Engineering Leipzig and Dresden; Germany
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A novel bio-safe phase separation process for preparing open-pore biodegradable polycaprolactone microparticles. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2014; 42:102-10. [PMID: 25063098 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2014.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Revised: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Open-pore biodegradable microparticles are object of considerable interest for biomedical applications, particularly as cell and drug delivery carriers in tissue engineering and health care treatments. Furthermore, the engineering of microparticles with well definite size distribution and pore architecture by bio-safe fabrication routes is crucial to avoid the use of toxic compounds potentially harmful to cells and biological tissues. To achieve this important issue, in the present study a straightforward and bio-safe approach for fabricating porous biodegradable microparticles with controlled morphological and structural features down to the nanometer scale is developed. In particular, ethyl lactate is used as a non-toxic solvent for polycaprolactone particles fabrication via a thermal induced phase separation technique. The used approach allows achieving open-pore particles with mean particle size in the 150-250 μm range and a 3.5-7.9 m(2)/g specific surface area. Finally, the combination of thermal induced phase separation and porogen leaching techniques is employed for the first time to obtain multi-scaled porous microparticles with large external and internal pore sizes and potential improved characteristics for cell culture and tissue engineering. Samples were characterized to assess their thermal properties, morphology and crystalline structure features and textural properties.
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Loth T, Hötzel R, Kascholke C, Anderegg U, Schulz-Siegmund M, Hacker MC. Gelatin-based biomaterial engineering with anhydride-containing oligomeric cross-linkers. Biomacromolecules 2014; 15:2104-18. [PMID: 24806218 DOI: 10.1021/bm500241y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Chemically cross-linked gelatin hydrogels are versatile cell-adhesive hydrogel materials that have been established for a variety of biomedical applications. The most prominent cross-linker is glutaraldehyde, which, however, has been described to cause compatibility problems and loss of microscopic but relevant structural features. A recently developed oligomeric cross-linker that contains anhydride functionalities was evaluated as cross-linker for the fabrication of gelatin-based hydrogels and microparticles. In a fast curing reaction, hydrogels composed of gelatin and oligomeric cross-linker were fabricated with good conversion over a wide concentration range of constituents and with cross-linkers of different anhydride contents. Hydrogel properties, such as dry weight and mechanics, could be controlled by hydrogel composition and rheological properties correlated to elastic moduli from 1 to 10 kPa. The gels were shown to be cytocompatible and promoted cell adhesion. In soft formulations, cells migrated into the hydrogel bulk. Gelatin microparticles prepared by a standard water-in-oil emulsion technique were also treated with the novel oligomers, and cross-linking degrees matching those obtained with glutaraldehyde were obtained. At the same time, fewer interparticular cross-links were observed. Fluorescein-derivatized cross-linkers yielded labeled microparticles in a concentration-dependent manner. The oligomeric cross-linkers are presented as an efficient and possibly more functional and compatible alternative to glutaraldehyde. The engineered hydrogel materials hold potential for various biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Loth
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology, Universität Leipzig , Eilenburger Strasse 15a, 04317 Leipzig, Germany
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Li C, Zhao S, Zhao Y, Qian Y, Li J, Yin Y. Chemically crosslinked alginate porous microcarriers modified with bioactive molecule for expansion of human hepatocellular carcinoma cells. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2014; 102:1648-58. [PMID: 24652712 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.33150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2013] [Revised: 01/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Microcarrier is an essential matrix for the large-scale culture of anchorage-dependent cells. In this study, chemical cross-linked alginate porous microcarriers (AMC) were prepared using microemulsion and freeze-drying technology. Moreover, chitosan was coated on the surface of microcarriers (AMC-CS) via electrostatic interactions to improve the mechanical strength. The size of AMC can be modulated through adjusting the concentration of alginate, amount of dispersant and stirring rate. The surface chemical characteristics and morphology of AMC-CS were evaluated by Fourier transformed infrared, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscope. Fibronectin (Fn) or heparin/basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) was then immobilized on the surface of microcarriers via layer-by-layer technology to improve the cytocompatibility. Our data suggested that the size of AMC can be accurately modulated from 90 μm to 900 μm with a narrow size distribution. Micropore structures of AMC-CS were relatively disordered and the pore size ranged between 20 μm and 100 μm. Using AMC after modified with Fn or bFGF as the cell expansion microcarriers, we showed that the proliferation rates of HepG2 cells increased significantly, reaching to more than 30-fold of cell expansion after 10 days of culture, with minor cellular damage caused by the microcarriers. Moreover, the AMC microcarriers modified with Fn or bFGF can increase albumin secretion of HepG2. We suggest that our new modified AMC-based microcarriers will be an attractive candidate for the large-scale cell culture of therapeutic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunge Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
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Liang CZ, Li H, Tao YQ, Peng LH, Gao JQ, Wu JJ, Li FC, Hua JM, Chen QX. Dual release of dexamethasone and TGF-β3 from polymeric microspheres for stem cell matrix accumulation in a rat disc degeneration model. Acta Biomater 2013; 9:9423-33. [PMID: 23973308 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2013.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Revised: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Low back pain is frequently caused by nucleus pulposus (NP) degeneration. Tissue engineering is a powerful therapeutic strategy which could restore the normal biomechanical motion of the human spine. Previously we reported that a new nanostructured three-dimensional poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) microsphere, which is loaded with dexamethasone and growth factor embedded heparin/poly(l-lysine) nanoparticles via a layer-by-layer system, was an effective cell carrier in vitro for NP tissue engineering. This study aimed to investigate whether the implantation of adipose-derived stem cell (ADSC)-seeded PLGA microspheres into the rat intervertebral disc could regenerate the degenerated disc. Changes in disc height by plain radiograph, T2-weighted signal intensity in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), histology, immunohistochemistry and matrix-associated gene expression were evaluated in normal controls (NCs) (without operations), a degeneration control (DC) group (with needle puncture, injected only with Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium), a PLGA microspheres (PMs) treatment group (with needle puncture, PLGA microspheres only injection), and PLGA microspheres loaded with ADSCs treatment (PMA) group (with needle puncture, PLGA microspheres loaded with ADSC injection) for a 24-week period. The results showed that at 24 weeks post-transplantation, the PM and PMA groups regained disc height values of ∼63% and 76% and MRI signal intensities of ∼47% and 76%, respectively, compared to the NC group. Biochemistry, immunohistochemistry and gene expression analysis also indicated the restoration of proteoglycan accumulation in the discs of the PM and PMA groups. However, there was almost no restoration of proteoglycan accumulation in the discs of the DC group compared with the PM and PMA groups. Taken together, these data suggest that ADSC-seeded PLGA microspheres could partly regenerate the degenerated disc in vivo after implantation into the rat degenerative intervertebral disc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-zhen Liang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
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Reactive and stimuli-responsive maleic anhydride containing macromers – multi-functional cross-linkers and building blocks for hydrogel fabrication. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2013.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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