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Photothermal nanofibrillar membrane based on hyaluronic acid and graphene oxide to treat Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa infected wounds. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 214:470-479. [PMID: 35760161 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.06.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Here we reported the fabrication of an electrospun membrane based on a hyaluronic acid derivative (HA-EDA) to be used as a bandage for the potential treatment of chronic wounds. The membrane, loaded with graphene oxide (GO) and ciprofloxacin, showed photothermal properties and light-triggered drug release when irradiated with a near-infrared (NIR) laser beam. Free amino groups of HA-EDA derivative allowed autocrosslinking of the electrospun membrane; thus, a substantial enhancement in the hydrolytic resistance of the patch was obtained. In vitro antibacterial activity studies performed on Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa revealed that such electrospun membranes, due to the synergistic effect of the antibiotic and NIR-mediated hyperthermia, reduced the viability of both pathogens. Specific in vitro experiment demonstrated also that is possible to disrupt, through laser irradiation, the biofilms formed onto the membrane.
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2
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Hyaluronan alkyl derivatives-based electrospun membranes for potential guided bone regeneration: Fabrication, characterization and in vitro osteoinductive properties. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2020; 197:111438. [PMID: 33166935 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2020.111438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the work was to determine the effects of the chemical functionalization of hyaluronic acid (HA) with pendant aliphatic tails at different lengths and free amino groups in terms of chemical reactivity, degradation rate, drug-eluting features, and surface properties when processed as electrospun membranes (EM) evaluating the osteoinductive potential for a possible application as guided bone regeneration (GBR). To this end, a series of HA derivatives with different aliphatic tails (DD-Cx mol% ≈ 12.0 mol%) and decreasing derivatization of free amino groups (DDEDA mol% from 70.0 to 30.0 mol%) were first synthesized, namely Hn. Then dexamethasone-loaded Hn EM, i.e. HnX were prepared from aqueous polymeric solutions with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), as a non-ionogenic linear flexible polymeric carrier, and the multifunctional 2-hydroxypropyl- cyclodextrin (HPCD) which acted as a rheological modifier, a stabilizer of Taylor's cone, and a solubilizing agent. A comprehensive characterization of the membranes was carried out through ATR-IR, XRD, and WCA measurements. According to the in vitro hydrolytic and enzymatic degradation and drug release in different aqueous media for two months, the insertion of alkyl pendant grafts and the crosslinking process provided tuneable additional resistance to the whole membrane suitably for the final application of the membranes. Cell culture showed the cytocompatibility and cell proliferation until 7 days. Osteogenic differentiation and mineralization of pre-osteoblastic MC3T3 cells occurred for most of membranes after 35 days as valued by measuring ALP activity (50 nmol 4-np/h/nf DNA) and the deposition of calcium (120-140 μg ml-1).
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3
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Fiorica C, Palumbo FS, Pitarresi G, Puleio R, Condorelli L, Collura G, Giammona G. A hyaluronic acid/cyclodextrin based injectable hydrogel for local doxorubicin delivery to solid tumors. Int J Pharm 2020; 589:119879. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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4
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Xiong Q, Wang Y, Wan J, Yuan P, Chen H, Zhang L. Facile preparation of hyaluronic acid-based quercetin nanoformulation for targeted tumor therapy. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 147:937-945. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.10.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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5
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Luo J, Wu Z, Lu Y, Xiong K, Wen Q, Zhao L, Wang B, Gui Y, Fu S. Intraperitoneal administration of biocompatible hyaluronic acid hydrogel containing multi-chemotherapeutic agents for treatment of colorectal peritoneal carcinomatosis. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 152:718-726. [PMID: 32126201 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.02.326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2019] [Revised: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal peritoneal carcinomatosis (CRPC) is an advanced stage of colorectal cancer (CRC), which significantly decreases patient survival and quality of life. Here, the naturally occurring polysaccharide hyaluronic acid (HA) was used to prepare an injectable hydrogel and simultaneously deliver 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), cisplatin (DDP) and paclitaxel (PTX) microspheres for intraperitoneal CRPC chemotherapy. The drug-loaded HA hydrogel released the drugs in a sustained manner, and showed low toxicity both in vitro and in a mouse model of CRPC. Furthermore, direct injection of the drug-loaded HA hydrogel in the abdominal cavity of tumor-bearing mice significantly decreased tumor growth and liver/lung metastasis, along with decreasing the volume of ascites and inhibiting local intestinal infiltration of the tumor cells. Therefore, this novel multi-drug hydrogel delivery system may effectively clear CRPC tumors without any adverse effects when used in intraperitoneal chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Luo
- Department of Oncology, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - ZhouXue Wu
- Department of Oncology, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Yun Lu
- Department of Oncology, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Kang Xiong
- Department of Oncology, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Qian Wen
- Department of Oncology, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Ling Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - BiQiong Wang
- Department of Oncology, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Yan Gui
- Department of Oncology, the Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong 637000, China.
| | - ShaoZhi Fu
- Department of Oncology, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China.
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Neves MI, Araújo M, Moroni L, da Silva RM, Barrias CC. Glycosaminoglycan-Inspired Biomaterials for the Development of Bioactive Hydrogel Networks. Molecules 2020; 25:E978. [PMID: 32098281 PMCID: PMC7070556 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25040978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAG) are long, linear polysaccharides that display a wide range of relevant biological roles. Particularly, in the extracellular matrix (ECM) GAG specifically interact with other biological molecules, such as growth factors, protecting them from proteolysis or inhibiting factors. Additionally, ECM GAG are partially responsible for the mechanical stability of tissues due to their capacity to retain high amounts of water, enabling hydration of the ECM and rendering it resistant to compressive forces. In this review, the use of GAG for developing hydrogel networks with improved biological activity and/or mechanical properties is discussed. Greater focus is given to strategies involving the production of hydrogels that are composed of GAG alone or in combination with other materials. Additionally, approaches used to introduce GAG-inspired features in biomaterials of different sources will also be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana I. Neves
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (M.I.N.); (M.A.)
- INEB-Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- FEUP-Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, Departamento de Engenharia Metalúrgica e de Materiais, Rua Dr Roberto Frias s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Marco Araújo
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (M.I.N.); (M.A.)
- INEB-Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Lorenzo Moroni
- MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, 6229 ET Maastricht, The Netherlands;
| | - Ricardo M.P. da Silva
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (M.I.N.); (M.A.)
- INEB-Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Cristina C. Barrias
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (M.I.N.); (M.A.)
- INEB-Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- ICBAS-Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
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Fiorica C, Tomasello L, Palumbo FS, Coppola A, Pitarresi G, Pizzolanti G, Giordano C, Giammona G. Production of a Double-Layer Scaffold for the "On-Demand" Release of Fibroblast-like Limbal Stem Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:22206-22217. [PMID: 31144805 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b06757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The production and characterization of a double-layer scaffold, to be used as a system for the "on-demand" release of corneal limbal stem cells, are reported here. The devices used in the clinics and proposed so far in the scientific literature, for the release of corneal stem cells in the treatment of limbal stem cell deficiency, cannot control the in vivo space-time release of cells as the biomaterial of which they are composed is devoid of the stimuli-responsive feature. Our approach was to produce a scaffold composed of two different polymeric layers that give the device the appropriate mechanical properties to be placed on the ocular surface and the possibility of releasing the stem cells following a noninvasive and cell-friendly treatment. This device consists of an electrospun microfibrillar scaffold of poly-l-lactic acid coated by a polymeric film based on an amphiphilic derivative of hyaluronic acid sensitive to the ionic strength of the external medium and to the presence of a complexing agent. The latter represents the "sacrificial" cell containing layer of the scaffold that can be dissolved "on demand" by the treatment with a solution of cyclodextrins. The rapid removal of the external polymeric film from the device is exploited to control the space-time release of the cells. In vitro and ex vivo experiments showed that fibroblast-like limbal stem cells cultured on the scaffold without the use of the feeder layer maintained their characteristics of stem cells and can be released "on demand" on the culture well coated with Matrigel or on the decellularized bovine cornea, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calogero Fiorica
- Department of "Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche" (STEBICEF) , University of Palermo , Via Archirafi 32 , 90123 Palermo , Italy
| | - Laura Tomasello
- Department of "Promozione Della Salute Materno Infantile, di Medicina Interna e Specialistica di Eccellenza" "G. D'Alessandro" (ProMise) , University of Palermo , Piazza Delle Cliniche 2 , 90127 Palermo , Italy
| | - Fabio S Palumbo
- Department of "Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche" (STEBICEF) , University of Palermo , Via Archirafi 32 , 90123 Palermo , Italy
| | - Antonina Coppola
- Department of "Promozione Della Salute Materno Infantile, di Medicina Interna e Specialistica di Eccellenza" "G. D'Alessandro" (ProMise) , University of Palermo , Piazza Delle Cliniche 2 , 90127 Palermo , Italy
| | - Giovanna Pitarresi
- Department of "Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche" (STEBICEF) , University of Palermo , Via Archirafi 32 , 90123 Palermo , Italy
| | - Giuseppe Pizzolanti
- Department of "Promozione Della Salute Materno Infantile, di Medicina Interna e Specialistica di Eccellenza" "G. D'Alessandro" (ProMise) , University of Palermo , Piazza Delle Cliniche 2 , 90127 Palermo , Italy
| | - Carla Giordano
- Department of "Promozione Della Salute Materno Infantile, di Medicina Interna e Specialistica di Eccellenza" "G. D'Alessandro" (ProMise) , University of Palermo , Piazza Delle Cliniche 2 , 90127 Palermo , Italy
| | - Gaetano Giammona
- Department of "Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche" (STEBICEF) , University of Palermo , Via Archirafi 32 , 90123 Palermo , Italy
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Kim H, Shin M, Han S, Kwon W, Hahn SK. Hyaluronic Acid Derivatives for Translational Medicines. Biomacromolecules 2019; 20:2889-2903. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.9b00564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hyemin Kim
- PHI Biomed Co., 175 Yeoksam-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 06247, South Korea
| | - Myeonghwan Shin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, South Korea
| | - Seulgi Han
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, South Korea
| | - Woosung Kwon
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Sookmyung Women’s University, 100 Cheongpa-ro-47-gil, Seoul 04310, South Korea
| | - Sei Kwang Hahn
- PHI Biomed Co., 175 Yeoksam-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 06247, South Korea
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, South Korea
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9
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Polyaspartamide based hydrogel with cell recruitment properties for the local administration of hydrophobic anticancer drugs. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2019.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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10
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Chen L, Zheng Y, Feng L, Liu Z, Guo R, Zhang Y. Novel hyaluronic acid coated hydrophobically modified chitosan polyelectrolyte complex for the delivery of doxorubicin. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 126:254-261. [PMID: 30584933 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.12.215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to examine the formation and properties of a novel polyelectrolyte complex of drug carrier system for the delivery of doxorubicin (DOX), which consists of hyaluronic acid (HA) coated hydrophobically modified chitosan (CS). Various batches of polyelectrolyte complexes with the molar ratio of deoxycholic acid (DCA) and chitosan (CS) of 0.1, 0.2, 0.3 were prepared, and were termed as CS-DCA10, CS-DCA20, and CS-DCA30 respectively. The samples were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), nuclear magnetic resonance hydrogen spectrum (1H NMR) and dynamic light scattering (DLS). Particle sizes of synthesized polyelectrolyte complex nanoparticles (PCNs) were found to be in the range of 280-310 nm, larger than those of uncoated nanoparticles (~150 nm). The PCNs have large zeta potentials (about 26 mV) which make them stable and no sizes' change was determined. DOX could be easily incorporated into the PCNs with encapsulation efficiency (56%) and kept a sustained release manner without burst effect when exposed to PBS (pH 7.4) at 37 °C. Overall, these findings confirmed the potential of these PCNs for drug carrier and prolonged and sustained delivery in the bloodstream.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biomaterials of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technological Research Center for Drug Carrier Development, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Department of Chemistry, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Biomaterials of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technological Research Center for Drug Carrier Development, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Longbao Feng
- Key Laboratory of Biomaterials of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technological Research Center for Drug Carrier Development, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Zonghua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biomaterials of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technological Research Center for Drug Carrier Development, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Rui Guo
- Key Laboratory of Biomaterials of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technological Research Center for Drug Carrier Development, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Yuanming Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biomaterials of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technological Research Center for Drug Carrier Development, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Department of Chemistry, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
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Palumbo FS, Agnello S, Fiorica C, Pitarresi G, Giammona G. Chemical stiffening of constructs between polymeric microparticles based on a hyaluronic acid derivative and mesenchymal stem cells: rheological and in vitro
viability studies. POLYM INT 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.5722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabio S Palumbo
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF); Università degli Studi di Palermo; Palermo Italy
| | - Stefano Agnello
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF); Università degli Studi di Palermo; Palermo Italy
| | - Calogero Fiorica
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF); Università degli Studi di Palermo; Palermo Italy
| | - Giovanna Pitarresi
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF); Università degli Studi di Palermo; Palermo Italy
| | - Gaetano Giammona
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF); Università degli Studi di Palermo; Palermo Italy
- Institute of Biophysics at Palermo, Italian National Research Council; Palermo Italy
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Fiorica C, Palumbo FS, Pitarresi G, Allegra M, Puleio R, Giammona G. Hyaluronic acid and α-elastin based hydrogel for three dimensional culture of vascular endothelial cells. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2018.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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13
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Palumbo FS, Agnello S, Fiorica C, Pitarresi G, Puleio R, Loria GR, Giammona G. Spray dried hyaluronic acid microparticles for adhesion controlled aggregation and potential stimulation of stem cells. Int J Pharm 2017; 519:332-342. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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14
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Palumbo FS, Agnello S, Fiorica C, Pitarresi G, Puleio R, Tamburello A, Loria R, Giammona G. Hyaluronic Acid Derivative with Improved Versatility for Processing and Biological Functionalization. Macromol Biosci 2016; 16:1485-1496. [DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201600114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabio S. Palumbo
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche; Sezione di Chimica e Tecnologie Farmaceutiche; Università degli Studi di Palermo; Via Archirafi 32 90123 Palermo Italy
| | - Stefano Agnello
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche; Sezione di Chimica e Tecnologie Farmaceutiche; Università degli Studi di Palermo; Via Archirafi 32 90123 Palermo Italy
| | - Calogero Fiorica
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche; Sezione di Chimica e Tecnologie Farmaceutiche; Università degli Studi di Palermo; Via Archirafi 32 90123 Palermo Italy
| | - Giovanna Pitarresi
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche; Sezione di Chimica e Tecnologie Farmaceutiche; Università degli Studi di Palermo; Via Archirafi 32 90123 Palermo Italy
| | - Roberto Puleio
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia “A. Mirri”; Histopathology and Immunohistochemistry Laboratory; Palermo Italy
| | - Anna Tamburello
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia “A. Mirri”; Histopathology and Immunohistochemistry Laboratory; Palermo Italy
| | - Ruggero Loria
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia “A. Mirri”; Histopathology and Immunohistochemistry Laboratory; Palermo Italy
| | - Gaetano Giammona
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche; Sezione di Chimica e Tecnologie Farmaceutiche; Università degli Studi di Palermo; Via Archirafi 32 90123 Palermo Italy
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