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Ortiz F, Díaz-Barrios A, Lopez-Cabaña ZE, González G. Effect of the Electric Field on the Biomineralization of Collagen. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3121. [PMID: 37514510 PMCID: PMC10384922 DOI: 10.3390/polym15143121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Collagen/hydroxyapatite hybrids are promising biomimetic materials that can replace or temporarily substitute bone tissues. The process of biomineralization was carried out through a double diffusion system. The methodological principle consisted in applying an electric field on the incubation medium to promote the opposite migration of ions into collagen membranes to form hydroxyapatite (HA) on the collagen membrane. Two physically separated solutions were used for the incubation medium, one rich in phosphate ions and the other in calcium ions, and their effects were evaluated against the traditional mineralization in Simulated Body Fluid (SBF). Pre-polarization of the organic membranes and the effect of incubation time on the biomineralization process were also assessed by FTIR and Raman spectroscopies.Our results demonstrated that the membrane pre-polarization significantly accelerated the mineralization process on collagen. On the other side, it was found that the application of the electric field influenced the collagen structure and its interactions with the mineral phase. The increment of the mineralization degree enhanced the photoluminescence properties of the collagen/HA materials, while the conductivity and the dielectric constant were reduced. These results might provide a useful approach for future applications in manufacturing biomimetic bone-like materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiorella Ortiz
- School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Yachay Tech University, Urcuquí 100119, Ecuador
- Institute of Chemistry of Natural Resources, Universidad de Talca, Talca 3460000, Chile
| | - Antonio Díaz-Barrios
- School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Yachay Tech University, Urcuquí 100119, Ecuador
| | - Zoraya E Lopez-Cabaña
- Institute of Chemistry of Natural Resources, Universidad de Talca, Talca 3460000, Chile
| | - Gema González
- School of Physical Sciences and Nanotechnology, Yachay Tech University, Urcuquí 100119, Ecuador
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Cheng M, Liu M, Chang L, Liu Q, Wang C, Hu L, Zhang Z, Ding W, Chen L, Guo S, Qi Z, Pan P, Chen J. Overview of structure, function and integrated utilization of marine shell. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 870:161950. [PMID: 36740075 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Marine shell resources have received great attention from researchers owing to their unique merits such as high hardness, good toughness, corrosion resistance, high adsorption, and bioactivity. Restricted by the level of comprehensive utilization technology, the utilization rate of shells is extremely low, resulting in serious waste and pollution. The research shows that the unique brick-mud structure of shells makes them have diverse and good functional characteristics, which guides them to have great utilization potential in different fields. Hence, this review highlights the constitutive relationship between microstructure-function-application of shells (e.g., gastropods, cephalopods, and amniotes), and the comprehensive applications and development ideas in the fields of biomedicine, adsorption enrichment, pHotocatalysis, marine carbon sink, and environmental deicer. It is worth mentioning that marine shells are currently well developed in three areas: bone repair, health care and medicinal value, and drug carrier, which together promote the progress of biomedical field. In addition, an in-depth summary of the application of marine shells in the adsorption and purification of various impurities such as crude oil, heavy metal ions and dyes at low-cost and high efficiency is presented. Finally, by integrating thoughts and approaches from different applications, we are committed to providing new pathways for the excavation and future high-value of shell resources, clarifying the existing development stages and bottlenecks, promoting the development of related technology industries, and achieving the synergistic win-win situation of economic and environmental benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiqi Cheng
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China
| | - Man Liu
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China
| | - Lirong Chang
- Weihai Changqing Ocean Science Technology Co., Ltd., Rongcheng 264300, China
| | - Qing Liu
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China
| | - Chunxiao Wang
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China
| | - Le Hu
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China
| | - Ziyue Zhang
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China
| | - Wanying Ding
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China
| | - Li Chen
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Sihan Guo
- Business School, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China
| | - Zhi Qi
- Business School, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China
| | - Panpan Pan
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China; Weihai Changqing Ocean Science Technology Co., Ltd., Rongcheng 264300, China; Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan 430022, China.
| | - Jingdi Chen
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China; Shandong Laboratory of Advanced Materials and Green Manufacturing, Yantai 265599, China.
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Song T, Zhao F, Wang Y, Li D, Lei N, Li X, Xiao Y, Zhang X. Constructing a biomimetic nanocomposite with the in situ deposition of spherical hydroxyapatite nanoparticles to induce bone regeneration. J Mater Chem B 2021; 9:2469-2482. [PMID: 33646220 DOI: 10.1039/d0tb02648d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Inspired by the nanostructure of bone, biomimetic nanocomposites comprising natural polymers and inorganic nanoparticles have gained much attention for bone regenerative applications. However, the mechanical and biological performances of nanocomposites are largely limited by the inhomogeneous distribution, uncontrolled size and irregular morphology of inorganic nanoparticles at present. In this work, an innovative in situ precipitation method has been developed to construct a biomimetic nanocomposite which consists of spherical hydroxyapatite (HA) nanoparticles and gelatin (Gel). The homogeneous dispersion of HA nanoparticles in nHA-Gel endowed it with a low swelling ratio, enhanced mechanical properties and slow degradation. Moreover, strontium (Sr) was incorporated into HA nanoparticles to further enhance the bioactivity of nanocomposites. In vitro experiments suggested that nHA-Gel and Sr-nHA-Gel facilitated cell spreading and promoted osteogenic differentiation of bone-marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) as compared to pure Gel and mHA-Gel conventional composites developed by mechanical mixing. In vivo rat critical-sized calvarial defect repair further confirmed that nHA-Gel and Sr-nHA-Gel possessed relatively effective bone regenerative abilities among the four groups. Collectively, the biomimetic nanocomposites of nHA-Gel and Sr-nHA-Gel have good efficacy in inducing bone regeneration and would be a promising alternative to bone grafts for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Song
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, Sichuan, China.
| | - Fengxin Zhao
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, Sichuan, China.
| | - Yuyi Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, Sichuan, China.
| | - Dongxiao Li
- Sichuan Academy of Chinese Medicine Science, Chengdu, 610064, Sichuan, China
| | - Ning Lei
- College of Materials and Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, 610064, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiangfeng Li
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, Sichuan, China.
| | - Yumei Xiao
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, Sichuan, China.
| | - Xingdong Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, Sichuan, China.
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Zhao C, Xing Z, Zhang C, Fan Y, Liu H. Nanopharmaceutical-based regenerative medicine: a promising therapeutic strategy for spinal cord injury. J Mater Chem B 2021; 9:2367-2383. [PMID: 33662083 DOI: 10.1039/d0tb02740e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a neurological disorder that can lead to loss of perceptive and athletic function due to the severe nerve damage. To date, pieces of evidence detailing the precise pathological mechanisms in SCI are still unclear. Therefore, drug therapy cannot effectively alleviate the SCI symptoms and faces the limitations of systemic administration with large side effects. Thus, the development of SCI treatment strategies is urgent and valuable. Due to the application of nanotechnology in pharmaceutical research, nanopharmaceutical-based regenerative medicine will bring colossal development space for clinical medicine. These nanopharmaceuticals (i.e. nanocrystalline drugs and nanocarrier drugs) are designed using different types of materials or bioactive molecules, so as to improve the therapeutic effects, reduce side effects, and subtly deliver drugs, etc. Currently, an increasing number of nanopharmaceutical products have been approved by drug regulatory agencies, which has also prompted more researchers to focus on the potential treatment strategies of SCI. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to summarize and elaborate the research progress as well as the challenges and future of nanopharmaceuticals in the treatment of SCI, aiming to promote further research of nanopharmaceuticals in SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China. and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Zheng Xing
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China.
| | - Chunchen Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Education Ministry of China, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardio-Cerebral Vascular Detection Technology and Medicinal Effectiveness Appraisal, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Yubo Fan
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China.
| | - Haifeng Liu
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China.
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Griffin DM, Kennedy MA, Bhatia SR. Calcium phosphate nanocomposites via in situ mineralization in block copolymer hydrogels. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David M. Griffin
- Department of Chemical Engineering University of Massachusetts Amherst Amherst Massachusetts USA
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering University of Kansas Lawrence Kansas USA
| | | | - Surita R. Bhatia
- Department of Chemistry Stony Brook University Stony Brook New York USA
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Kruppke B, Heinemann C, Gebert A, Rohnke M, Weiß M, Henß A, Wiesmann HP, Hanke T. Strontium substitution of gelatin modified calcium hydrogen phosphates as porous hard tissue substitutes. J Biomed Mater Res A 2020; 109:722-732. [PMID: 32654374 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.37057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Aiming at the generation of a high strontium-containing degradable bone substitute, the exchange of calcium with strontium in gelatin-modified brushite was investigated. The ion substitution showed two mineral groups, the high-calcium containing minerals with a maximum measured molar Ca/Sr ratio of 80%/20% (mass ratio 63%/37%) and the high-strontium containing ones with a maximum measured molar Ca/Sr ratio of 21%/79% (mass ratio 10%/90%). In contrast to the high-strontium mineral phases, a high mass loss was observed for the calcium-based minerals during incubation in cell culture medium (alpha-MEM), but also an increase in strength owing to dissolution and re-precipitation. This resulted for the former in a decrease of cation concentration (Ca + Sr) in the medium, while the pH value decreased and the phosphate ion concentration rose significantly. The latter group of materials, the high-strontium containing ones, showed only a moderate change in mass and a decrease in strength, but the Ca + Sr concentration remained permanently above the initial calcium concentration in the medium. This might be advantageous for a future planned application by supporting bone regeneration on the cellular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Kruppke
- Institute of Materials Science, Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Christiane Heinemann
- Institute of Materials Science, Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Annett Gebert
- Institute for Complex Materials, Leibniz-Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden (IFW Dresden), Dresden, Germany
| | - Marcus Rohnke
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Gießen, Germany
| | - Manuel Weiß
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Gießen, Germany
| | - Anja Henß
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Gießen, Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Wiesmann
- Institute of Materials Science, Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Thomas Hanke
- Institute of Materials Science, Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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Huang H, Du M, Chen J, Zhong S, Wang J. Preparation and characterization of abalone shells derived biological mesoporous hydroxyapatite microspheres for drug delivery. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 113:110969. [PMID: 32487387 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.110969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The rapid growth of the abalone industry has brought a great burden to the environment because of their inedible shells. Aiming at environmental and resource sustainability, porous microspheres of carbonate-substituted hydroxyapatite (HAP) were prepared by a hydrothermal method using abalone shells; then, they were further used as a carrier for doxorubicin (DOX) in a drug delivery system. The porous HAP microspheres were approximately 6 μm in size with a considerable specific surface area and average pore size (128.6659 cm2/g and 9.064 nm, respectively), which ensured excellent drug-handling capacity (95.542%). In addition, the pH responsiveness of the drug release system was favorable for effective in vivo drug release in an acidic tumor microenvironment. Moreover, the drug-loaded microspheres could effectively induce apoptosis of MCF-7 cells but were less cytotoxic to MC3T3-E1 cells. Because of its good biocompatibility, high drug loading capacity and controlled drug release property, the porous microspheres prepared in this experiment have potential application value in drug delivery and tumor therapy; furthermore, they make full use of abalone shells, providing environmental sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Huang
- Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technology, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350002, PR China
| | - Mingzu Du
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, PR China
| | - Jingdi Chen
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, PR China.
| | - Shengnan Zhong
- Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technology, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350002, PR China
| | - Jianhua Wang
- Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technology, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350002, PR China
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Šupová M. The Significance and Utilisation of Biomimetic and Bioinspired Strategies in the Field of Biomedical Material Engineering: The Case of Calcium Phosphat-Protein Template Constructs. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 13:E327. [PMID: 31936830 PMCID: PMC7013803 DOI: 10.3390/ma13020327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This review provides a summary of recent research on biomimetic and bioinspired strategies applied in the field of biomedical material engineering and focusing particularly on calcium phosphate-protein template constructs inspired by biomineralisation. A description of and discussion on the biomineralisation process is followed by a general summary of the application of the biomimetic and bioinspired strategies in the fields of biomedical material engineering and regenerative medicine. Particular attention is devoted to the description of individual peptides and proteins that serve as templates for the biomimetic mineralisation of calcium phosphate. Moreover, the review also presents a description of smart devices including delivery systems and constructs with specific functions. The paper concludes with a summary of and discussion on potential future developments in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Šupová
- Department of Composites and Carbon Materials, Institute of Rock Structure and Mechanics, The Czech Academy of Sciences, V Holešovičkách 41, 182 09 Prague, Czech Republic
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Heinemann C, Brünler R, Kreschel C, Kruppke B, Bernhardt R, Aibibu D, Cherif C, Wiesmann HP, Hanke T. Bioinspired calcium phosphate mineralization on Net-Shape-Nonwoven chitosan scaffolds stimulates human bone marrow stromal cell differentiation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 14:045017. [PMID: 31170696 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/ab27a4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Chitosan fibers were processed using the Net-Shape-Nonwoven (NSN) technique in order to create porous scaffolds which were functionalized in two bioinspired ways: collagen type I coating and unique mineralization with organically modified hydroxyapatite (ormoHAP). While collagen is common to enhance cell attachment on surfaces, the electric-field assisted migration and deposition of ormoHAP on the surface of the NSN-scaffolds is a novel technique which enables sub-micrometer sized mineralization while maintaining the original pore structure. Microscopy revealed fast attachment and morphological adaptation of the cells on both, the pure and the functionalized NSN-scaffolds. Remarkably, the cell number of osteogenically induced hBMSC on ormoHAP-modified NSN-scaffolds increased 3.5-5 fold compared to pure NSN-scaffolds. Osteogenic differentiation of hBMSC/osteoblasts was highest on collagen-functionalized NSN-scaffolds. RT-PCR studies revealed gene expression of ALP, BSP II, and osteocalcin to be high for all NSN-scaffolds. Overall, the NSN-scaffold functionalization with collagen and ormoHAP improved attachment, proliferation, and differentiation of hBMSC and therefore revealed the remarkable potential of their application for the tissue engineering of bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Heinemann
- Institute of Materials Science, Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials, Technische Universität Dresden, Budapester Str. 27, D-01069, Germany
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Heinemann C, Heinemann S, Rößler S, Kruppke B, Wiesmann HP, Hanke T. Organically modified hydroxyapatite (ormoHAP) nanospheres stimulate the differentiation of osteoblast and osteoclast precursors: a co-culture study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 14:035015. [PMID: 30870824 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/ab0fad] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Isolated nanospheres consisting of organically modified hydroxyapatite (ormoHAP), prepared by an electric field-assisted ion double migration process, were embedded in foamed gelatin to form a composite scaffold. Degradation rates have been demonstrated to correlate with the crosslinking degree (40%, 80%) as well as with the mineral content of the scaffolds (0%, 20%, 40%). A human co-culture model of osteoblasts and osteoclasts, derived from bone marrow stromal cells and monocytes, respectively, without external addition of the factors RANKL and M-CSF, was run for up to 42 d in order to characterize the action of the ormoHAP-gelatin scaffolds on the co-culture. Examination was performed by quantitative biochemical methods (DNA, LDH, ALP, TRAP5b), gene expression analysis (ALP, BSP II, RANKL, IL-6, VTNR, CTSK, TRAP, OSCAR, CALCR) and confocal laser scanning microscopy (cell nuclei, actin, CD68, TRAP). Results confirm that ormoHAP embedded in the gelatin matrix enhanced TRAP 5b activity. As a feedback, ALP activity and gene expression of BSP II of osteoblasts increased. Finally, a sequence of cell cross-talk actions is suggested, which can explain the behavior of the formed vital co-culture and moreover the influence of the presence and concentration of ormoHAP.
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Wagner AS, Glenske K, Henß A, Kruppke B, Rößler S, Hanke T, Moritz A, Rohnke M, Kressin M, Arnhold S, Schnettler R, Wenisch S. Cell behavior of human mesenchymal stromal cells in response to silica/collagen based xerogels and calcium deficient culture conditions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 12:045003. [PMID: 28425919 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/aa6e29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we aim to elucidate osteogenic effects of two silica-based xerogels with different degrees of bioactivity on human bone-derived mesenchymal stromal cells by means of scanning electron microscopy, quantitative PCR enhanced osteogenic effects and the formation of an extracellular matrix which could be ascribed to the sample with lower bioactivity. Given the high levels of bioactivity, the cells revealed remarkable sensitivity to extremely low calcium levels of the media. Therefore, additional experiments were performed to elucidate cell behavior under calcium deficient conditions. The results refer to capacity of the bone-derived stromal cells to overcome calcium deficiency even though proliferation, migration and osteogenic differentiation capabilities were diminished. One reason for the differences of the cellular response (on tissue culture plates versus xerogels) to calcium deficiency seems to be the positive effect of silica. The silica could be detected intracellularly as shown by time of flight-secondary ion mass spectrometry after cultivation of primary cells for 21 days on the surfaces of the xerogels. Thus, the present findings refer to different osteogenic differentiation potentials of the xerogels according to the different degrees of bioactivity, and to the role of silica as a stimulator of osteogenesis. Finally, the observed pattern of connexin-based hemichannel gating supports the assumption that connexin 43 is a key factor for calcium-mediated osteogenesis in bone-derived mesenchymal stromal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alena-Svenja Wagner
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Small Animal Clinic c/o Institute of Veterinary-Anatomy, -Histology and -Embryology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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