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Zu M, Liu G, Xu H, Zhu Z, Zhen J, Li B, Shi X, Shahbazi MA, Reis RL, Kundu SC, Nie G, Xiao B. Extracellular Vesicles from Nanomedicine-Trained Intestinal Microbiota Substitute for Fecal Microbiota Transplant in Treating Ulcerative Colitis. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2409138. [PMID: 39073205 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202409138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
The biosafety concerns associated with fecal microbiota transplant (FMT) limit their clinical application in treating ulcerative colitis (UC). Gut microbiota secrete abundant extracellular vesicles (Gm-EVs), which play a critical role in bacteria-to-bacteria and bacteria-to-host communications. Herein, intestinal microbiota are trained using tea leaf lipid/pluronic F127-coated curcumin nanocrystals (CN@Lp127s), which can maintain stability during transit through the gastrointestinal tract. Compared with FMT, Gm-EVs derived from healthy mice significantly improve treatment outcomes against UC by reducing colonic inflammatory responses, restoring colonic barrier function, and rebalancing intestinal microbiota. Strikingly, Gm-EVs obtained from CN@Lp127-trained healthy mice exhibit a superior therapeutic effect on UC compared to groups receiving FMT from healthy mice, Gm-EVs from healthy mice, and FMT from CN@Lp127-trained healthy mice. Oral administration of Gm-EVs from CN@Lp127-trained healthy mice not only alleviates colonic inflammation, promotes mucosal repair, and regulates gut microbiota but also regulates purine metabolism to decrease the uric acid level, resulting in a robust improvement in the UC. This study demonstrates the UC therapeutic efficacy of Gm-EVs derived from nanomedicine-trained gut microbiota in regulating the immune microenvironment, microbiota, and purine metabolism of the colon. These EVs provide an alternative platform to replace FMT as a treatment for UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menghang Zu
- Department of Pharmacy, Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, College of Sericulture, Textile, and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Ga Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, College of Sericulture, Textile, and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Haiting Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, College of Sericulture, Textile, and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Zhenhua Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Junfeng Zhen
- School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Baoyi Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, College of Sericulture, Textile, and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, College of Sericulture, Textile, and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Mohammad-Ali Shahbazi
- Department of Biomaterials and Biomedical Technology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, Groningen, 9713 AV, Netherlands
- W.J. Kolff Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, Groningen, 9713 AV, Netherlands
| | - Rui L Reis
- 3Bs Research Group, I3Bs - Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Barco, 4805-017, Guimarães, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Guimarães, 4800-058, Braga, Portugal
| | - Subhas C Kundu
- 3Bs Research Group, I3Bs - Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Barco, 4805-017, Guimarães, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Guimarães, 4800-058, Braga, Portugal
| | - Guangjun Nie
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials & Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Bo Xiao
- Department of Pharmacy, Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, College of Sericulture, Textile, and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
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Wang Y, Yu B, Cai M, Li Z, Yang L, Zhang H, Liu W, Wang M. Multifunctional long afterglow nanoparticles with enhanced photothermal effects for in vivo imaging and tumor-targeting therapy. Talanta 2024; 279:126629. [PMID: 39106649 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.126629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2024] [Revised: 07/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/27/2024] [Indexed: 08/09/2024]
Abstract
Considering the excellent properties such as deep tissue penetration, high signal-to-noise ratio, and in-situ recharge and reactivation, near-infrared luminescence long afterglow nanoparticles show considerable promise for biological application, especially in multifunctional imaging, targeting, and synergistic therapeutic. In this paper, Zn3Ga4GeO11: 0.1 % Cr3+, 1 % Yb3+, 0.1 % Tm3+@Ag-FA (ZGGO@Ag-FA, ZGA-FA) nanoparticles were synthesized by in-situ growth of Ag nanoparticles on the surface of long afterglow nanoparticles, and further modified with folic acid. Through precise adjustments, the luminescent properties of ZnGa2O4 were enhanced and notably boosted the photothermal effect of Ag by leveraging the upconversion emission of ZGGO, with a photothermal conversion efficiency reaching about 59.9 %. The ZGA-FA nanoparticles are ultra-small, measuring less than 50 nm. The modification with folic acid provides the ZGA-FA nanoparticles with excellent tumor-targeting capabilities, demonstrating effective enrichment and retention in tumor tissues, thus enabling long-term imaging and therapy through in vivo re-excitation. Due to its stable photothermal effect, outstanding near-infrared (NIR) afterglow imaging, and red-light charged characteristics, combined with effective tumor-targeting abilities, the therapeutic strategy proposed by this study has significant potential for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunjian Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province and State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Bin Yu
- The Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province and State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou City University, Lanzhou, 730070, PR China
| | - Mingqin Cai
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Zhihui Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Lu Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital & Clinical Medical School, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Hongbi Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province and State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Weisheng Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province and State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China.
| | - Min Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China.
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Su T, Zhao F, Ying Y, Li W, Li J, Zheng J, Qiao L, Che S, Yu J. Self-Monitoring Theranostic Nanomaterials: Emerging Visual Agents for Real-Time Monitoring of Tumor Treatment Processes. SMALL METHODS 2024; 8:e2301470. [PMID: 38044269 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202301470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Self-monitoring in tumor therapy is a concept that allows for real-time monitoring of the location and state of applied nanomaterials. This monitoring relies on dynamic signals, such as wave or magnetic signals, which vary in response to changes in the location and state of nanomaterials. Dynamic changes in nanomaterials can be monitored using dynamic signals, making it possible to determine and control the treatment process. Theranostic nanomaterials, which possess unique physical and chemical properties, have recently been explored as a viable option for self-monitoring. With the help of self-monitoring, theranostic nanomaterials can guide themselves to achieve region-selective treatment with higher controllability and safety. In this review, self-monitoring theranostic nanomaterials will be introduced in three parts according to their roles during therapy: tumor accumulation, tumor therapy, and metabolism. The limitations and future challenges of current self-monitoring theranostic nanomaterials will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuo Su
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Research Center of Magnetic and Electronic Materials, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Fan Zhao
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Research Center of Magnetic and Electronic Materials, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Yao Ying
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Research Center of Magnetic and Electronic Materials, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Wangchang Li
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Research Center of Magnetic and Electronic Materials, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Juan Li
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Research Center of Magnetic and Electronic Materials, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Jingwu Zheng
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Research Center of Magnetic and Electronic Materials, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Liang Qiao
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Research Center of Magnetic and Electronic Materials, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Shenglei Che
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Research Center of Magnetic and Electronic Materials, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Jing Yu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Research Center of Magnetic and Electronic Materials, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
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Yuan S, Zhou J, Wang J, Ma X, Liu F, Chen S, Fan JX, Yan GP. Advances of Photothermal Agents with Fluorescence Imaging/Enhancement Ability in the Field of Photothermal Therapy and Diagnosis. Mol Pharm 2024; 21:467-480. [PMID: 38266250 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c01073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Photothermal therapy (PTT) is an effective cancer treatment method. Due to its easy focusing and tunability of the irradiation light, direct and accurate local treatment can be performed in a noninvasive manner by PTT. This treatment strategy requires the use of photothermal agents to convert light energy into heat energy, thereby achieving local heating and triggering biochemical processes to kill tumor cells. As a key factor in PTT, the photothermal conversion ability of photothermal agents directly determines the efficacy of PTT. In addition, photothermal agents generally have photothermal imaging (PTI) and photoacoustic imaging (PAI) functions, which can not only guide the optimization of irradiation conditions but also achieve the integration of disease diagnosis. If the photothermal agents have function of fluorescence imaging (FLI) or fluorescence enhancement, they can not only further improve the accuracy in disease diagnosis but also accurately determine the tumor location through multimodal imaging for corresponding treatment. In this paper, we summarize recent advances in photothermal agents with FLI or fluorescence enhancement functions for PTT and tumor diagnosis. According to the different recognition sites, the application of specific targeting photothermal agents is introduced. Finally, limitations and challenges of photothermal agents with fluorescence imaging/enhancement in the field of PTT and tumor diagnosis are prospected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyi Yuan
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plasma Chemistry and Advanced Materials, School of Material Science and Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Jun Zhou
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plasma Chemistry and Advanced Materials, School of Material Science and Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Juntong Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plasma Chemistry and Advanced Materials, School of Material Science and Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - XiaoYu Ma
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plasma Chemistry and Advanced Materials, School of Material Science and Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Fan Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plasma Chemistry and Advanced Materials, School of Material Science and Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Si Chen
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plasma Chemistry and Advanced Materials, School of Material Science and Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Process Ministry of Education, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Jin-Xuan Fan
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Guo-Ping Yan
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plasma Chemistry and Advanced Materials, School of Material Science and Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
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Feng Q, Zhou X, He C. NIR light-facilitated bone tissue engineering. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2024; 16:e1925. [PMID: 37632228 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
In the last decades, near-infrared (NIR) light has attracted considerable attention due to its unique properties and numerous potential applications in bioimaging and disease treatment. Bone tissue engineering for bone regeneration with the help of biomaterials is currently an effective means of treating bone defects. As a controlled light source with deeper tissue penetration, NIR light can provide real-time feedback of key information on bone regeneration in vivo utilizing fluorescence imaging and be used for bone disease treatment. This review provides a comprehensive overview of NIR light-facilitated bone tissue engineering, from the introduction of NIR probes as well as NIR light-responsive materials, and the visualization of bone regeneration to the treatment of bone-related diseases. Furthermore, the existing challenges and future development directions of NIR light-based bone tissue engineering are also discussed. This article is categorized under: Diagnostic Tools > In Vivo Nanodiagnostics and Imaging Implantable Materials and Surgical Technologies > Nanotechnology in Tissue Repair and Replacement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Feng
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaojun Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chuanglong He
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, China
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Chang B, Chen J, Bao J, Dong K, Chen S, Cheng Z. Design strategies and applications of smart optical probes in the second near-infrared window. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2023; 192:114637. [PMID: 36476990 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Over the last decade, a series of synergistic advances in the synthesis chemistries and imaging instruments have largely boosted a significant revolution, in which large-scale biomedical applications are now benefiting from optical bioimaging in the second near-infrared window (NIR-II, 1000-1700 nm). The large tissue penetration and limited autofluorescence associated with long-wavelength imaging improve translational potential of NIR-II imaging over common visible-light (400-650 nm) and NIR-I (750-900 nm) imaging, with ongoing profound effects on the studies of precision medicine. Unfortunately, the majority of NIR-II probes are designed as "always-on" luminescent imaging contrasts, continuously generating unspecific signals regardless of whether they reach pathological locations. Thus, in vivo imaging by traditional NIR-II probes usually suffers from weak detect precision due to high background noise. In this context, the advances of optical imaging now enter into an era of precise control of NIR-II photophysical kinetics. Developing NIR-II optical probes that can efficiently activate their luminescent signal in response to biological targets of interest and substantially suppress the background interferences have become a highly prospective research frontier. In this review, the merits and demerits of optical imaging probes from visible-light, NIR-I to NIR-II windows are carefully discussed along with the lens of stimuli-responsive photophysical kinetics. We then highlight the latest development in engineering methods for designing smart NIR-II optical probes. Finally, to appreciate such advances, challenges and prospect in rapidly growing study of smart NIR-II probes are addressed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baisong Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jie Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jiasheng Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Kangfeng Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Si Chen
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Xiangya Road 88, Changsha 410008, China.
| | - Zhen Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Molecular Imaging Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; Shandong Laboratory of Yantai Drug Discovery, Bohai Rim Advanced Research Institute for Drug Discovery, Yantai 264000, China.
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Xu H, Nie W, Dai L, Luo R, Lin D, Zhang M, Zhang J, Gao F. Recent advances in natural polysaccharides-based controlled release nanosystems for anti-cancer phototherapy. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 301:120311. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.120311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Hu H, Xu Q, Mo Z, Hu X, He Q, Zhang Z, Xu Z. New anti-cancer explorations based on metal ions. J Nanobiotechnology 2022; 20:457. [PMID: 36274142 PMCID: PMC9590139 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-022-01661-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractDue to the urgent demand for more anti-cancer methods, the new applications of metal ions in cancer have attracted increasing attention. Especially the three kinds of the new mode of cell death, including ferroptosis, calcicoptosis, and cuproptosis, are of great concern. Meanwhile, many metal ions have been found to induce cell death through different approaches, such as interfering with osmotic pressure, triggering biocatalysis, activating immune pathways, and generating the prooxidant effect. Therefore, varieties of new strategies based on the above approaches have been studied and applied for anti-cancer applications. Moreover, many contrast agents based on metal ions have gradually become the core components of the bioimaging technologies, such as MRI, CT, and fluorescence imaging, which exhibit guiding significance for cancer diagnosis. Besides, the new nano-theranostic platforms based on metal ions have experimentally shown efficient response to endogenous and exogenous stimuli, which realizes simultaneous cancer therapy and diagnosis through a more controlled nano-system. However, most metal-based agents have still been in the early stages, and controlled clinical trials are necessary to confirm or not the current expectations. This article will focus on these new explorations based on metal ions, hoping to provide some theoretical support for more anti-cancer ideas.
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Xie X, Wei J, Zhang B, Xiong W, He Z, Zhang Y, Gao C, Zhao Y, Liu B. A self-assembled bilayer polypeptide-engineered hydrogel for spatiotemporal modulation of bactericidal and anti-inflammation process in osteomyelitis treatment. J Nanobiotechnology 2022; 20:416. [PMID: 36109760 PMCID: PMC9479290 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-022-01614-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Drug resistance of pathogens and immunosuppression are the main causes of clinical stagnation of osteomyelitis. The ideal treatment strategy for osteomyelitis is to achieve both efficient antibacterial and bone healing through spatiotemporal modulation of immune microenvironment.
Methods
In this study, a bilayer hydrogel based on genetically engineered polypeptide AC10A and AC10ARGD was prepared by self-assembly. Ag2S QDs@DSPE-mPEG2000-Ce6/Aptamer (AD-Ce6/Apt) was loaded in the top layer AC10A hydrogel (AA) for antibacterial, and bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) were loaded in the lower layer AC10ARGD hydrogel (MAR) for bone healing. The AD-Ce6/Apt can be released from the AA hydrogel to target S. aureus before bacterial biofilm formation and achieved significant bactericidal effect under irradiation with a 660 nm laser. Moreover, AD-Ce6/Apt can induce M1 type polarization of macrophages to activate the immune system and eliminate residual bacteria. Subsequently, BMSCs released from the MAR hydrogel can differentiate into osteoblasts and promote the formation of an anti-inflammatory microenvironment by regulating the M2 type polarization of macrophages. The bilayer AA-MAR hydrogel possessed good biocompatibility.
Results
The in vitro and in vivo results showed that the AA-MAR hydrogel not only realized efficient photodynamic therapy of S. aureus infection, but also promoted the transformation of immune microenvironment to fulfill the different needs of each stage, which ultimately improved bone regeneration and mechanical properties post-surgery.
Conclusion
This work presents an approach for spatiotemporal modulation of immune microenvironment in the treatment of osteomyelitis.
Graphical Abstract
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