1
|
Ghasemzadeh-Hasankolaei M, Pinheiro D, Nadine S, Mano JF. Strategies to decouple cell micro-scale and macro-scale environments for designing multifunctional biomimetic tissues. SOFT MATTER 2024; 20:6313-6326. [PMID: 39049813 DOI: 10.1039/d4sm00276h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
The regulation of cellular behavior within a three-dimensional (3D) environment to execute a specific function remains a challenge in the field of tissue engineering. In native tissues, cells and matrices are arranged into 3D modular units, comprising biochemical and biophysical signals that orchestrate specific cellular activities. Modular tissue engineering aims to emulate this natural complexity through the utilization of functional building blocks with unique stimulation features. By adopting a modular approach and using well-designed biomaterials, cellular microenvironments can be effectively decoupled from their macro-scale surroundings, enabling the development of engineered tissues with enhanced multifunctionality and heterogeneity. We overview recent advancements in decoupling the cellular micro-scale niches from their macroenvironment and evaluate the implications of this strategy on cellular and tissue functionality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Diogo Pinheiro
- CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Sara Nadine
- CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - João F Mano
- CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Li S, Qiu J, Guo Z, Gao Q, Huang CY, Hao Y, Hu Y, Liang T, Zhai M, Zhang Y, Nie B, Chang WJ, Wang W, Xi R, Wei R. Formation and culture of cell spheroids by using magnetic nanostructures resembling a crown of thorns. Biofabrication 2024; 16:045018. [PMID: 39053493 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/ad6794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
In contrast to traditional two-dimensional cell-culture conditions, three-dimensional (3D) cell-culture models closely mimic complexin vivoconditions. However, constructing 3D cell culture models still faces challenges. In this paper, by using micro/nano fabrication method, including lithography, deposition, etching, and lift-off, we designed magnetic nanostructures resembling a crown of thorns. This magnetic crown of thorns (MCT) nanostructure enables the isolation of cells that have endocytosed magnetic particles. To assess the utility of this nanostructure, we used high-flux acquisition of Jurkat cells, an acute-leukemia cell line exhibiting the native phenotype, as an example. The novel structure enabled Jurkat cells to form spheroids within just 30 min by leveraging mild magnetic forces to bring together endocytosed magnetic particles. The size, volume, and arrangement of these spheroids were precisely regulated by the dimensions of the MCT nanostructure and the array configuration. The resulting magnetic cell clusters were uniform in size and reached saturation after 1400 s. Notably, these cell clusters could be easily separated from the MCT nanostructure through enzymatic digestion while maintaining their integrity. These clusters displayed a strong proliferation rate and survival capabilities, lasting for an impressive 96 h. Compared with existing 3D cell-culture models, the approach presented in this study offers the advantage of rapid formation of uniform spheroids that can mimicin vivomicroenvironments. These findings underscore the high potential of the MCT in cell-culture models and magnetic tissue enginerring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shijiao Li
- Engineering Technology Research Center of Henan Province for MEMS Manufacturing and Applications, School of Mechanics and Safety Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingjiang Qiu
- Engineering Technology Research Center of Henan Province for MEMS Manufacturing and Applications, School of Mechanics and Safety Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, People's Republic of China
- Industrial Technology Research Institute, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongwei Guo
- Engineering Technology Research Center of Henan Province for MEMS Manufacturing and Applications, School of Mechanics and Safety Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiulei Gao
- Engineering Technology Research Center of Henan Province for MEMS Manufacturing and Applications, School of Mechanics and Safety Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen-Yu Huang
- Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Yilin Hao
- Engineering Technology Research Center of Henan Province for MEMS Manufacturing and Applications, School of Mechanics and Safety Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yifan Hu
- Industrial Technology Research Institute, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, People's Republic of China
- Henan Spring Biotechnology Ltd Company, Zhengzhou 450001, People's Republic of China
- Division of Logistics, Weistron Co., Ltd, Zhengzhou 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianshui Liang
- Engineering Technology Research Center of Henan Province for MEMS Manufacturing and Applications, School of Mechanics and Safety Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Zhai
- Engineering Technology Research Center of Henan Province for MEMS Manufacturing and Applications, School of Mechanics and Safety Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yudong Zhang
- Engineering Technology Research Center of Henan Province for MEMS Manufacturing and Applications, School of Mechanics and Safety Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Bangbang Nie
- Engineering Technology Research Center of Henan Province for MEMS Manufacturing and Applications, School of Mechanics and Safety Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei-Jen Chang
- Department of Biology, Hamilton College, Clinton, NY, United States of America
| | - Wen Wang
- Engineering Technology Research Center of Henan Province for MEMS Manufacturing and Applications, School of Mechanics and Safety Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Xi
- School of Mechanical Engineering, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou 450046, People's Republic of China
| | - Ronghan Wei
- Engineering Technology Research Center of Henan Province for MEMS Manufacturing and Applications, School of Mechanics and Safety Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, People's Republic of China
- Industrial Technology Research Institute, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Debruyne A, Okkelman IA, Heymans N, Pinheiro C, Hendrix A, Nobis M, Borisov SM, Dmitriev RI. Live Microscopy of Multicellular Spheroids with the Multimodal Near-Infrared Nanoparticles Reveals Differences in Oxygenation Gradients. ACS NANO 2024; 18:12168-12186. [PMID: 38687976 PMCID: PMC11100290 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c12539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Assessment of hypoxia, nutrients, metabolite gradients, and other hallmarks of the tumor microenvironment within 3D multicellular spheroid and organoid models represents a challenging analytical task. Here, we report red/near-infrared (NIR) emitting cell staining with O2-sensitive nanoparticles, which enable measurements of spheroid oxygenation on a conventional fluorescence microscope. Nanosensor probes, termed "MMIR" (multimodal infrared), incorporate an NIR O2-sensitive metalloporphyrin (PtTPTBPF) and deep red aza-BODIPY reference dyes within a biocompatible polymer shell, allowing for oxygen gradient quantification via fluorescence ratio and phosphorescence lifetime readouts. We optimized staining techniques and evaluated the nanosensor probe characteristics and cytotoxicity. Subsequently, we applied nanosensors to the live spheroid models based on HCT116, DPSCs, and SKOV3 cells, at rest, and treated with drugs affecting cell respiration. We found that the growth medium viscosity, spheroid size, and formation method influenced spheroid oxygenation. Some spheroids produced from HCT116 and dental pulp stem cells exhibited "inverted" oxygenation gradients, with higher core oxygen levels than the periphery. This contrasted with the frequently encountered "normal" gradient of hypoxia toward the core caused by diffusion. Further microscopy analysis of spheroids with an "inverted" gradient demonstrated metabolic stratification of cells within spheroids: thus, autofluorescence FLIM of NAD(P)H indicated the formation of a glycolytic core and localization of OxPhos-active cells at the periphery. Collectively, we demonstrate a strong potential of NIR-emitting ratiometric nanosensors for advanced microscopy studies targeting live and quantitative real-time monitoring of cell metabolism and hypoxia in complex 3D tissue models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angela
C. Debruyne
- Tissue
Engineering and Biomaterials Group, Department of Human Structure
and Repair, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, C. Heymanslaan 10, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Irina A. Okkelman
- Tissue
Engineering and Biomaterials Group, Department of Human Structure
and Repair, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, C. Heymanslaan 10, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Ghent
Light
Microscopy Core, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Nina Heymans
- Tissue
Engineering and Biomaterials Group, Department of Human Structure
and Repair, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, C. Heymanslaan 10, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Cláudio Pinheiro
- Laboratory
of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Human Structure and
Repair, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Cancer
Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - An Hendrix
- Laboratory
of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Human Structure and
Repair, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Cancer
Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Max Nobis
- Intravital
Imaging Expertise Center, VIB Center for Cancer Biology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sergey M. Borisov
- Institute
of Analytical Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, Graz 8010, Austria
| | - Ruslan I. Dmitriev
- Tissue
Engineering and Biomaterials Group, Department of Human Structure
and Repair, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, C. Heymanslaan 10, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Ghent
Light
Microscopy Core, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Pan R, Lin C, Yang X, Xie Y, Gao L, Yu L. The influence of spheroid maturity on fusion dynamics and micro-tissue assembly in 3D tumor models. Biofabrication 2024; 16:035016. [PMID: 38663395 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/ad4392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) cell culture has been used in many fields of biology because of its unique advantages. As a representative of the 3D systems, 3D spheroids are used as building blocks for tissue construction. Larger tumor aggregates can be assembled by manipulating or stacking the tumor spheroids. The motivation of this study is to investigate the behavior of the cells distributed at different locations of the spheroids in the fusion process and the mechanism behind it. To this aim, spheroids with varying grades of maturity or age were generated for fusion to assemble micro-tumor tissues. The dynamics of the fusion process, the motility of the cells distributed in different heterogeneous architecture sites, and their reactive oxygen species profiles were studied. We found that the larger the spheroid necrotic core, the slower the fusion rate of the spheroid. The cells that move were mainly distributed on the spheroid's surface during fusion. In addition to dense microfilament distribution and low microtubule content, the reactive oxygen content was high in the fusion site, while the non-fusion site was the opposite. Last, multi-spheroids with different maturities were fused to complex micro-tissues to mimic solid tumors and evaluate Doxorubicin's anti-tumor efficacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rong Pan
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing, Ministry of Education, Institute for Clean Energy and Advanced Materials, School of Materials and Energy, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenyu Lin
- Institute for Developmental and Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing, Ministry of Education, Institute for Clean Energy and Advanced Materials, School of Materials and Energy, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanyuan Xie
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing, Ministry of Education, Institute for Clean Energy and Advanced Materials, School of Materials and Energy, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Lixia Gao
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy & International Academy of Targeted Therapeutics and Innovation, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing 402160, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Yu
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing, Ministry of Education, Institute for Clean Energy and Advanced Materials, School of Materials and Energy, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhao J, Lu F, Dong Z. Strategies for Constructing Tissue-Engineered Fat for Soft Tissue Regeneration. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2024; 21:395-408. [PMID: 38032533 PMCID: PMC10987464 DOI: 10.1007/s13770-023-00607-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Revised: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Repairing soft tissue defects caused by inflammation, tumors, and trauma remains a major challenge for surgeons. Adipose tissue engineering (ATE) provides a promising way to solve this problem. METHODS This review summarizes the current ATE strategies for soft tissue reconstruction, and introduces potential construction methods for ATE. RESULTS Scaffold-based and scaffold-free strategies are the two main approaches in ATE. Although several of these methods have been effective clinically, both scaffold-based and scaffold-free strategies have limitations. The third strategy is a synergistic tissue engineering strategy and combines the advantages of scaffold-based and scaffold-free strategies. CONCLUSION Personalized construction, stable survival of reconstructed tissues and functional recovery of organs are future goals of building tissue-engineered fat for ATE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhao
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou North Road, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
- Department of Plastic Surgery and Burn Center, Second Affiliated Hospital, Plastic Surgery Institute of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515063, Guangdong, China
| | - Feng Lu
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou North Road, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China.
| | - Ziqing Dong
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou North Road, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
De S, Vasudevan A, Tripathi DM, Kaur S, Singh N. A decellularized matrix enriched collagen microscaffold for a 3D in vitro liver model. J Mater Chem B 2024; 12:772-783. [PMID: 38167699 DOI: 10.1039/d3tb01652h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
The development of liver scaffolds retaining their three-dimensional (3D) structure and extra-cellular matrix (ECM) composition is essential for the advancement of liver tissue engineering. We report the design and validation of an alginate-based platform using a combination of decellularized matrices and collagen to preserve the functionality of liver cells. The scaffolds were characterized using SEM and fluorescence microscopy techniques. The proliferation and functional behaviours of hepatocellular carcinoma HuH7 cells were observed. It was found that the decellularized skin scaffold with collagen was better for maintaining the growth of cells in comparison to other decellularized matrices. In addition, we observed a significant increase in the functional profile once exogenous collagen was added to the liver matrix. Our study also suggests that a cirrhotic liver model should have a different matrix composition as compared to a healthy liver model. When primary rat hepatocytes were used for developing a healthy liver model, the proliferation studies with hepatocytes showed a decellularized skin matrix as the better option, but the functionality was only maintained in a decellularized liver matrix with addition of exogenous collagen. We further checked if these platforms can be used for studying drug induced toxicity observed in the liver by studying the activation of cytochrome P450 upon drug exposure of the cells growing in our model. We observed a significant induction of the CYP1A1 gene on administering the drugs for 6 days. Thus, this platform could be used for drug-toxicity screening studies using primary hepatocytes in a short span of time. Being a microscaffold based system, this platform offers some advantages, such as smaller volumes of samples, analysing multiple samples simultaneously and a minimal amount of decellularized matrix in the matrix composition, making it an economical option compared to a completely dECM based platform.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shreemoyee De
- Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi-110016, India.
| | - Ashwini Vasudevan
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, D1, Vasant Kunj Marg, New Delhi, Delhi 110070, India.
| | - Dinesh M Tripathi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, D1, Vasant Kunj Marg, New Delhi, Delhi 110070, India.
| | - Savneet Kaur
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, D1, Vasant Kunj Marg, New Delhi, Delhi 110070, India.
| | - Neetu Singh
- Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi-110016, India.
- Biomedical Engineering Unit, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi-110029, India
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Vassallo V, Di Meo C, Schiraldi C. Adult Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Presence of Glycosaminoglycans. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2835:29-37. [PMID: 39105903 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3995-5_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
The application of adult mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in the field of tissue regeneration is of increasing interest to the scientific community. In particular, scaffolds and/or hydrogel based on glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) play a pivotal role due to their ability to support the in vitro growth and differentiation of MSCs toward a specific phenotype. Here, we describe different possible approaches to develop GAGs-based biomaterials, hydrogel, and polymeric viscous solutions in order to assess/develop a suitable biomimetic environment. To sustain MSCs viability and promote their differentiation for potential therapeutic applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Vassallo
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DMS), Section of Biotechnology, Molecular Biology and Medical Histology, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Celeste Di Meo
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DMS), Section of Biotechnology, Molecular Biology and Medical Histology, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Chiara Schiraldi
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DMS), Section of Biotechnology, Molecular Biology and Medical Histology, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wu Z, Huang D, Wang J, Zhao Y, Sun W, Shen X. Engineering Heterogeneous Tumor Models for Biomedical Applications. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2304160. [PMID: 37946674 PMCID: PMC10767453 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202304160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Tumor tissue engineering holds great promise for replicating the physiological and behavioral characteristics of tumors in vitro. Advances in this field have led to new opportunities for studying the tumor microenvironment and exploring potential anti-cancer therapeutics. However, the main obstacle to the widespread adoption of tumor models is the poor understanding and insufficient reconstruction of tumor heterogeneity. In this review, the current progress of engineering heterogeneous tumor models is discussed. First, the major components of tumor heterogeneity are summarized, which encompasses various signaling pathways, cell proliferations, and spatial configurations. Then, contemporary approaches are elucidated in tumor engineering that are guided by fundamental principles of tumor biology, and the potential of a bottom-up approach in tumor engineering is highlighted. Additionally, the characterization approaches and biomedical applications of tumor models are discussed, emphasizing the significant role of engineered tumor models in scientific research and clinical trials. Lastly, the challenges of heterogeneous tumor models in promoting oncology research and tumor therapy are described and key directions for future research are provided.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhuhao Wu
- Department of Rheumatology and ImmunologyNanjing Drum Tower HospitalSchool of Biological Science and Medical EngineeringSoutheast UniversityNanjing210096China
| | - Danqing Huang
- Department of Rheumatology and ImmunologyNanjing Drum Tower HospitalSchool of Biological Science and Medical EngineeringSoutheast UniversityNanjing210096China
| | - Jinglin Wang
- Department of Rheumatology and ImmunologyNanjing Drum Tower HospitalSchool of Biological Science and Medical EngineeringSoutheast UniversityNanjing210096China
| | - Yuanjin Zhao
- Department of Rheumatology and ImmunologyNanjing Drum Tower HospitalSchool of Biological Science and Medical EngineeringSoutheast UniversityNanjing210096China
- Department of Gastrointestinal SurgeryThe First Affiliated HospitalWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhou325035China
| | - Weijian Sun
- Department of Gastrointestinal SurgeryThe Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhou325027China
| | - Xian Shen
- Department of Rheumatology and ImmunologyNanjing Drum Tower HospitalSchool of Biological Science and Medical EngineeringSoutheast UniversityNanjing210096China
- Department of Gastrointestinal SurgeryThe First Affiliated HospitalWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhou325035China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Pan R, Yang X, Ning K, Xie Y, Chen F, Yu L. Recapitulating the Drifting and Fusion of Two-Generation Spheroids on Concave Agarose Microwells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11967. [PMID: 37569343 PMCID: PMC10419262 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241511967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells with various structures and proteins naturally come together to cooperate in vivo. This study used cell spheroids cultured in agarose micro-wells as a 3D model to study the movement of cells or spheroids toward other spheroids. The formation dynamics of tumor spheroids and the interactions of two batches of cells in the agarose micro-wells were studied. The results showed that a concave bottom micro-well (diameter: 2 mm, depth: 2 mm) prepared from 3% agarose could be used to study the interaction of two batches of cells. The initial tumor cell numbers from 5 × 103 cells/well to 6 × 104 cells/well all could form 3D spheroids after 3 days of incubation. Adding the second batch of DU 145 cells to the existing DU 145 spheroid resulted in the formation of satellite cell spheroids around the existing parental tumor spheroid. Complete fusion of two generation cell spheroids was observed when the parental spheroids were formed from 1 × 104 and 2 × 104 cells, and the second batch of cells was 5 × 103 per well. A higher amount of the second batch of cells (1 × 104 cell/well) led to the formation of independent satellite spheroids after 48 h of co-culture, suggesting the behavior of the second batch of cells towards existing parental spheroids depended on various factors, such as the volume of the parental spheroids and the number of the second batch cells. The interactions between the tumor spheroids and Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells (HUVECs) were modeled on concave agarose micro-wells. The HUVECs (3 × 103 cell/well) were observed to gather around the parental tumor spheroids formed from 1 × 104, 2 × 104, and 3 × 104 cells per well rather than aggregate on their own to form HUVEC spheroids. This study highlights the importance of analyzing the biological properties of cells before designing experimental procedures for the sequential fusion of cell spheroids. The study further emphasizes the significant roles that cell density and the volume of the spheroids play in determining the location and movement of cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Ling Yu
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing, Ministry of Education, Institute for Clean Energy and Advanced Materials, School of Materials and Energy, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (R.P.); (X.Y.); (K.N.); (Y.X.); (F.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Skylar-Scott M, Declercq H, Nakayama K. Special Issue: Biofabrication with Spheroid and Organoid Materials. Acta Biomater 2023; 165:1-3. [PMID: 37230440 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2023.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark Skylar-Scott
- Department of Bioengineering and Basic Science and Engineering Initiative, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Children's Heart Center, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
| | - Heidi Declercq
- Tissue Engineering Lab, Department of Development and Regeneration, Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven Campus Kulak, Kortrijk 8500, Belgium
| | - Koichi Nakayama
- Center for Regenerative Medicine Research, SAGA University, Saga Honjomachi, 1, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Review on Bioinspired Design of ECM-Mimicking Scaffolds by Computer-Aided Assembly of Cell-Free and Cell Laden Micro-Modules. J Funct Biomater 2023; 14:jfb14020101. [PMID: 36826900 PMCID: PMC9964438 DOI: 10.3390/jfb14020101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue engineering needs bioactive drug delivery scaffolds capable of guiding cell biosynthesis and tissue morphogenesis in three dimensions. Several strategies have been developed to design and fabricate ECM-mimicking scaffolds suitable for directing in vitro cell/scaffold interaction, and controlling tissue morphogenesis in vivo. Among these strategies, emerging computer aided design and manufacturing processes, such as modular tissue unit patterning, promise to provide unprecedented control over the generation of biologically and biomechanically competent tissue analogues. This review discusses recent studies and highlights the role of scaffold microstructural properties and their drug release capability in cell fate control and tissue morphogenesis. Furthermore, the work highlights recent advances in the bottom-up fabrication of porous scaffolds and hybrid constructs through the computer-aided assembly of cell-free and/or cell-laden micro-modules. The advantages, current limitations, and future challenges of these strategies are described and discussed.
Collapse
|
12
|
Chen Z, Song X, Mu X, Zhang J, Cheang UK. 2D Magnetic Microswimmers for Targeted Cell Transport and 3D Cell Culture Structure Construction. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:8840-8853. [PMID: 36752406 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c18955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Cell delivery using magnetic microswimmers is a promising tool for targeted therapy. However, it remains challenging to rapidly and uniformly manufacture cell-loaded microswimmers that can be assembled into cell-supporting structures at diseased sites. Here, rapid and uniform manufacturable 2D magnetic achiral microswimmers with pores were fabricated to deliver bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) to regenerate articular-damaged cartilage. Under actuation with magnetic fields, the BMSC-loaded microswimmers take advantage of the achiral structure to exhibit rolling or swimming motions to travel on smooth and rough surfaces, up inclined planes, or in the bulk fluid. Cell viability, proliferation, and differentiation tests performed days after cell seeding verified the microswimmers' biocompatibility. Long-distance targeting and in situ assemblies into 3D cell-supporting structures with BMSC-loaded microswimmers were demonstrated using a knee model and U-shaped wells. Overall, combining the advantages of preparing an achiral 2D structured microswimmer with magnetically driven motility results in a platform for cell transport and constructing 3D cell cultures that can improve cell delivery at lesion sites for biomedical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Chen
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xiaoxia Song
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xueliang Mu
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Junkai Zhang
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - U Kei Cheang
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Robotics and Intelligent Systems, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Human-Augmentation and Rehabilitation Robotics in Universities, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Banerjee D, Singh YP, Datta P, Ozbolat V, O'Donnell A, Yeo M, Ozbolat IT. Strategies for 3D bioprinting of spheroids: A comprehensive review. Biomaterials 2022; 291:121881. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2022.121881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
14
|
Engineering bone-forming biohybrid sheets through the integration of melt electrowritten membranes and cartilaginous microspheroids. Acta Biomater 2022:S1742-7061(22)00693-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2022.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
15
|
Lee SY, Lee JW. 3D Spheroid Cultures of Stem Cells and Exosome Applications for Cartilage Repair. LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:life12070939. [PMID: 35888029 PMCID: PMC9317836 DOI: 10.3390/life12070939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cartilage is a connective tissue that constitutes the structure of the body and consists of chondrocytes that produce considerable collagenous extracellular matrix and plentiful ground substances, such as proteoglycan and elastin fibers. Self-repair is difficult when the cartilage is damaged because of insufficient blood supply, low cellularity, and limited progenitor cell numbers. Therefore, three-dimensional (3D) culture systems, including pellet culture, hanging droplets, liquid overlays, self-injury, and spinner culture, have attracted attention. In particular, 3D spheroid culture strategies can enhance the yield of exosome production of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) when compared to two-dimensional culture, and can improve cellular restorative function by enhancing the paracrine effects of MSCs. Exosomes are membrane-bound extracellular vesicles, which are intercellular communication systems that carry RNAs and proteins. Information transfer affects the phenotype of recipient cells. MSC-derived exosomes can facilitate cartilage repair by promoting chondrogenic differentiation and proliferation. In this article, we reviewed recent major advances in the application of 3D culture techniques, cartilage regeneration with stem cells using 3D spheroid culture system, the effect of exosomes on chondrogenic differentiation, and chondrogenic-specific markers related to stem cell derived exosomes. Furthermore, the utilization of MSC-derived exosomes to enhance chondrogenic differentiation for osteoarthritis is discussed. If more mechanistic studies at the molecular level are conducted, MSC-spheroid-derived exosomes will supply a better therapeutic option to improve osteoarthritis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seung Yeon Lee
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, Gachon University, 155, Gaetbeol-ro, Yeonsu-ku, Incheon 21999, Korea;
| | - Jin Woo Lee
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, Gachon University, 155, Gaetbeol-ro, Yeonsu-ku, Incheon 21999, Korea;
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, GAIHST, Gachon University, 155, Gaetbeol-ro, Yeonsu-ku, Incheon 21999, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-32-899-6516; Fax: +82-32-899-6039
| |
Collapse
|