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Zhang K, Yao E, Aung T, Chuang PT. The alveolus: Our current knowledge of how the gas exchange unit of the lung is constructed and repaired. Curr Top Dev Biol 2024; 159:59-129. [PMID: 38729684 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2024.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
The mammalian lung completes its last step of development, alveologenesis, to generate sufficient surface area for gas exchange. In this process, multiple cell types that include alveolar epithelial cells, endothelial cells, and fibroblasts undergo coordinated cell proliferation, cell migration and/or contraction, cell shape changes, and cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions to produce the gas exchange unit: the alveolus. Full functioning of alveoli also involves immune cells and the lymphatic and autonomic nervous system. With the advent of lineage tracing, conditional gene inactivation, transcriptome analysis, live imaging, and lung organoids, our molecular understanding of alveologenesis has advanced significantly. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of the constituents of the alveolus and the molecular pathways that control alveolar formation. We also discuss how insight into alveolar formation may inform us of alveolar repair/regeneration mechanisms following lung injury and the pathogenic processes that lead to loss of alveoli or tissue fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan Zhang
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Erica Yao
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Thin Aung
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Pao-Tien Chuang
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States.
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Kitamura T, Misu M, Yoshikawa M, Ouji Y. Differentiation of embryonic stem cells into lung-like cells using lung-derived matrix sheets. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 686:149197. [PMID: 37924668 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.149197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
Various extracellular matrix (ECM) in the lungs regulate tissue development and homeostasis, as well as provide support for cell structures. However, few studies regarding the effects of lung cell differentiation using lung-derived ECM (LM) alone have been reported. The present study investigated the capability of lung-derived matrix sheets (LMSs) to induce lung cell differentiation using mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells. Expressions of lung-related cell markers were significantly upregulated in ES-derived embryoid bodies (EBs) cultured on an LMS for two weeks. Moreover, immunohistochemical analysis of EBs grown on LMSs revealed differentiation of various lung-related cells. These results suggest that an LMS can be used to promote differentiation of stem cells into lung cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomotaka Kitamura
- Department of Pathogen, Infection and Immunity, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
| | - Masayasu Misu
- Department of Pathogen, Infection and Immunity, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
| | - Masahide Yoshikawa
- Department of Pathogen, Infection and Immunity, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
| | - Yukiteru Ouji
- Department of Pathogen, Infection and Immunity, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan.
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Huang B, He Y, Rofaani E, Liang F, Huang X, Shi J, Wang L, Yamada A, Peng J, Chen Y. Automatic differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells toward synchronous neural networks on an arrayed monolayer of nanofiber membrane. Acta Biomater 2022; 150:168-180. [PMID: 35907558 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2022.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Automatic differentiation of human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) facilitates the generation of cortical neural networks and studies of brain functions. Here, we present a method of directed differentiation of hiPSCs with a substrate made of a honeycomb microframe and a monolayer of crosslinked gelatin nanofibers in the form of an array of nanofiber membranes. Neural precursor cells (NPCs) were firstly derived from hiPSCs and then placed on the nanofiber membranes for automatically controlled neural differentiation over a long period. Due to the strong modulation of the substrate stiffness and permeability, most cells were found in the center area of the honeycomb compartments, giving rise to regular and inter-connected cortical neural clusters. More importantly, the neural activities of the clusters were synchronized proving the reliability of the method. Our results showed that the self-organization, as well as the neural activities of differentiating neural cells, were more efficient in the nanofiber membrane compared to the types of the substrate such as glass and nanofiber-covered glass. In addition to the inherent advantages such as manpower saving and fewer risks of contamination and human error, automatic differentiation avoided undesired shaking which might have critical effects on the formation of synchronous neural clusters. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: : Synchronization of cortical neural activities is essential for information processing and human cognition. By automated differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells on arrayed monolayer of nanofiber membrane, synchronous neural clusters could be formed. Such an approach would allow creating a variety of neural networks with regular and interconnected clusters for systematic studies of human cortical functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boxin Huang
- PASTEUR, Département de chimie, École normale supérieure, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Yong He
- PASTEUR, Département de chimie, École normale supérieure, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Elrade Rofaani
- PASTEUR, Département de chimie, École normale supérieure, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Feng Liang
- PASTEUR, Département de chimie, École normale supérieure, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Xiaochen Huang
- PASTEUR, Département de chimie, École normale supérieure, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Jian Shi
- MesoBioTech, 231 Rue Saint-Honoré, 75001, Paris, France
| | - Li Wang
- MesoBioTech, 231 Rue Saint-Honoré, 75001, Paris, France
| | - Ayako Yamada
- PASTEUR, Département de chimie, École normale supérieure, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Juan Peng
- PASTEUR, Département de chimie, École normale supérieure, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Yong Chen
- PASTEUR, Département de chimie, École normale supérieure, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France.
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