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Ilhami FB, Munasir, Gultom NS, Cheng CC. Zinc Oxide/Carbon Material-Embedded Supramolecular Drug Delivery System with Photoswitching Properties for Highly Selective and Effective Chemotherapy. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2024. [PMID: 38979905 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.4c00638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Phototherapy has become a hopeful procedure for the treatment of cancer. Nevertheless, the straightforward creation of a theranostic system that can achieve both tumor localization and production of oxygen species is greatly desired yet remains a challenging endeavor. In this study, we synthesized spherical nanostructures by decorating zinc oxide (ZnO) with peanut shell-based carbon (PNS-C) in an aqueous solution. The PNS-C-decorated ZnO (ZnO/PNS-C)-embedded supramolecular system exhibited spontaneous self-assembly. The nanogels that are produced have several desirable characteristics, including exceptional resistance to degradation by light, highly stable nanostructures that form spontaneously in biological environments, outstanding ability to prevent the destruction of red blood cells, and a high level of sensitivity to changes in pH and light. Under light irradiation, the addition of ZnO/PNS-C-incorporated supramolecular provided high reactive oxygen species production. Moreover, in vitro cellular assays demonstrated ZnO/PNS-C-incorporated supramolecular exhibited highly selective and induced phototoxicity into cancer cells and no effect on the viability of normal cells both before and after irradiation. Overall, the ZnO/PNS-C-incorporated supramolecular system has the potential to stimulate advancements in phototherapy by utilizing highly tumor-selective therapeutic molecules. This can lead to a more effective targeted therapy for cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fasih Bintang Ilhami
- Department of Natural Science, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Universitas Negeri Surabaya, Surabaya 60231, Indonesia
| | - Munasir
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Universitas Negeri Surabaya, Surabaya 60231, Indonesia
| | | | - Chih-Chia Cheng
- Graduate Institute of Applied Science and Technology, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan
- Advanced Membrane Materials Research Center, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan
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Fan WL, Huang SY, Yang XJ, Bintang Ilhami F, Chen JK, Cheng CC. Hydrogen-bonded cytosine-endowed supramolecular polymeric nanogels: Highly efficient cancer cell targeting and enhanced therapeutic efficacy. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 665:329-344. [PMID: 38531278 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2024.03.154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Revised: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
We demonstrate that cytosine moieties within physically cross-linked supramolecular polymers not only manipulate drug delivery and release, but also confer specific targeting of cancer cells to effectively enhance the safety and efficacy of chemotherapy-and thus hold significant potential as a new perspective for development of drug delivery systems. Herein, we successfully developed physically cross-linked supramolecular polymers (PECH-PEG-Cy) comprised of hydrogen-bonding cytosine pendant groups, hydrophilic poly(ethylene glycol) side chains, and a hydrophobic poly(epichlorohydrin) main chain. The polymers spontaneously self-assemble into a reversibly hydrogen-bonded network structure induced by cytosine and directly form spherical nanogels in aqueous solution. Nanogels with a high hydrogen-bond network density (i.e., a higher content of cytosine moieties) exhibit outstanding long-term structural stability in cell culture substrates containing serum, whereas nanogels with a relatively low hydrogen-bond network density cannot preserve their structural integrity. The nanogels also exhibit numerous unique physicochemical characteristics in aqueous solution, such as a desirable spherical size, high biocompatibility with normal and cancer cells, excellent drug encapsulation capacity, and controlled pH-responsive drug release properties. More importantly, in vitro experiments conclusively indicate the drug-loaded PECH-PEG-Cy nanogels can selectively induce cancer cell-specific apoptosis and cell death via cytosine receptor-mediated endocytosis, without significantly harming normal cells. In contrast, control drug-loaded PECH-PEG nanogels, which lack cytosine moieties in their structure, can only induce cell death in cancer cells through non-specific pathways, which significantly inhibits the induction of apoptosis. This work clearly demonstrates that the cytosine moieties in PECH-PEG-Cy nanogels confer selective affinity for the surface of cancer cells, which enhances their targeted cellular uptake, cytotoxicity, and subsequent induction of programmed cell death in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Lu Fan
- Graduate Institute of Applied Science and Technology, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan
| | - Shan-You Huang
- Graduate Institute of Applied Science and Technology, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan
| | - Xiu-Jing Yang
- Graduate Institute of Applied Science and Technology, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan
| | - Fasih Bintang Ilhami
- Department of Natural Science, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Universitas Negeri Surabaya, Surabaya 60231, Indonesia
| | - Jem-Kun Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Chia Cheng
- Graduate Institute of Applied Science and Technology, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan; Advanced Membrane Materials Research Center, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan.
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Fesseha YA, Manayia AH, Liu PC, Su TH, Huang SY, Chiu CW, Cheng CC. Photoreactive silver-containing supramolecular polymers that form self-assembled nanogels for efficient antibacterial treatment. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 654:967-978. [PMID: 37898080 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.10.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
In this study, an efficient synthetic strategy and potential route to obtain a photo-reactive silver-containing cytosine-functionalized polypropylene glycol polymer (Ag-Cy-PPG) was developed by combining a hydrophilic oligomeric polypropylene glycol (PPG) backbone with dual pH-sensitive/photo-reactive cytosine-silver-cytosine (Cy-Ag-Cy) linkages. The resulting photo-responsive Ag-Cy-PPG holds great promise as a multifunctional biomedical material that generates spherical-like nanogels in water; the nanogels exhibit high antibacterial activity and thus may significantly enhance the efficacy of antibacterial treatment. Due to the formation of photo-dimerized Cy-Ag-Cy cross-linkages after UV irradiation, Ag-Cy-PPG converts into water-soluble cross-linked nanogels that possess a series of interesting chemical and physical properties, such as intense and stable fluorescence behavior, highly sensitive pH-responsive characteristics, on/off switchable phase transition behavior, and well-controlled release of silver ions (Ag+) in mildly acidic aqueous solution. Importantly, antibacterial tests clearly demonstrated that irradiated Ag-Cy-PPG nanogels exhibited strong antibacterial activity at low doses (MIC values of < 50 μg/mL) against gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial pathogens, whereas non-irradiated Ag-Cy-PPG nanogels did not inhibit the viability of bacterial pathogens. These results indicate that irradiated Ag-Cy-PPG nanogels undergo a highly sensitive structural change in the bacterial microenvironment due to their relatively unstable π-conjugated structures (compared to non-irradiated nanogels); this change results in a rapid structural response that promotes intracellular release of Ag+ and induces potent antibacterial ability. Overall, this newly created metallo-supramolecular system may potentially provide an efficient route to dramatically enhance the therapeutic effectiveness of antibacterial treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohannes Asmare Fesseha
- Graduate Institute of Applied Science and Technology, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan
| | - Abere Habtamu Manayia
- Graduate Institute of Applied Science and Technology, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan
| | - Ping-Cheng Liu
- Graduate Institute of Applied Science and Technology, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Hsuan Su
- Graduate Institute of Applied Science and Technology, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan
| | - Sin-Yu Huang
- Graduate Institute of Applied Science and Technology, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Wei Chiu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Chia Cheng
- Graduate Institute of Applied Science and Technology, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan; Advanced Membrane Materials Research Center, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan.
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Ilhami FB, Birhan YS, Cheng CC. Hydrogen-Bonding Interactions from Nucleobase-Decorated Supramolecular Polymer: Synthesis, Self-Assembly and Biomedical Applications. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2024; 10:234-254. [PMID: 38103183 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.3c01097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
The fabrication of supramolecular materials for biomedical applications such as drug delivery, bioimaging, wound-dressing, adhesion materials, photodynamic/photothermal therapy, infection control (as antibacterial), etc. has grown tremendously, due to their unique properties, especially the formation of hydrogen bonding. Nevertheless, void space in the integration process, lack of feasibility in the construction of supramolecular materials of natural origin in living biological systems, potential toxicity, the need for complex synthesis protocols, and costly production process limits the actual application of nanomaterials for advanced biomedical applications. On the other hand, hydrogen bonding from nucleobases is one of the strategies that shed light on the blurred deployment of nanomaterials in medical applications, given the increasing reports of supramolecular polymers that promote advanced technologies. Herein, we review the extensive body of literature about supramolecular functional biomaterials based on nucleobase hydrogen bonding pertinent to different biomedical applications. It focuses on the fundamental understanding about the synthesis, nucleobase-decorated supramolecular architecture, and novel properties with special emphasis on the recent developments in the assembly of nanostructures via hydrogen-bonding interactions of nucleobase. Moreover, the challenges, plausible solutions, and prospects of the so-called hydrogen bonding interaction from nucleobase for the fabrication of functional biomaterials are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fasih Bintang Ilhami
- Department of Natural Science, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Universitas Negeri Surabaya, Surabaya 60231, Indonesia
| | - Yihenew Simegniew Birhan
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Debre Markos University, P.O. Box 269, Debre Markos 00000, Ethiopia
| | - Chih-Chia Cheng
- Graduate Institute of Applied Science and Technology, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan
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Ashwani PV, Gopika G, Arun Krishna KV, Jose J, John F, George J. Stimuli-Responsive and Multifunctional Nanogels in Drug Delivery. Chem Biodivers 2023; 20:e202301009. [PMID: 37718283 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202301009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Nanogels represent promising drug delivery systems in the biomedical field, designed to overcome challenges associated with standard treatment approaches. Stimuli-responsive nanogels, often referred to as intelligent materials, have garnered significant attention for their potential to enhance control over properties such as drug release and targeting. Furthermore, researchers have recently explored the application of nanogels in diverse sectors beyond biomedicine including sensing materials, catalysts, or adsorbents for environmental applications. However, to fully harness their potential as practical delivery systems, further research is required to better understand their pharmacokinetic behaviour, interactions between nanogels and bio distributions, as well as toxicities. One promising future application of stimuli-responsive multifunctional nanogels is their use as delivery agents in cancer treatment, offering an alternative to overcome the challenges with conventional approaches. This review discusses various synthetic methods employed in developing nanogels as efficient carriers for drug delivery in cancer treatment. The investigations explore, the key aspects of nanogels, including their multifunctionality and stimuli-responsive properties, as well as associated toxicity concerns. The discussions presented herein aim to provide the readers a comprehensive understanding of the potential of nanogels as smart drug delivery systems in the context of cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- P V Ashwani
- Bio-organic Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Sacred Heart College, Kochi, 682013, India
| | - G Gopika
- Bio-organic Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Sacred Heart College, Kochi, 682013, India
| | - K V Arun Krishna
- Bio-organic Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Sacred Heart College, Kochi, 682013, India
| | - Josena Jose
- Bio-organic Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Sacred Heart College, Kochi, 682013, India
| | - Franklin John
- Bio-organic Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Sacred Heart College, Kochi, 682013, India
| | - Jinu George
- Bio-organic Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Sacred Heart College, Kochi, 682013, India
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