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Luo Y, Luo H, Yang X, Ding X, Wang K, Zhang M, Wei J, An Y, Xu J, He H, Wu J. Bio-inspired aFGF modification functionalized piezoelectric chitosan films for promoting scald wound healing. Int J Biol Macromol 2024:136486. [PMID: 39423968 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.136486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Revised: 10/07/2024] [Accepted: 10/08/2024] [Indexed: 10/21/2024]
Abstract
The application of acidic fibroblast growth factor (aFGF) has shown great potential in the treatment of scald or burn wounds with high morbidity and mortality, especially in promoting the repair of deep partial-thickness wounds. However, its short half-life and instability in vivo do pose challenges for clinical application. Herein, two kinds of bio-inspired modified piezoelectric chitosan (CS) films, namely heparin-coated CS film (HCS) and polydopamine-coated CS film (DCS), are facially fabricated and adopted as controlled-release platforms for local delivery of aFGF. Polydopamine or heparin layers serve as a bridge grafting on chitosan films, facilitating the loading of aFGF and enabling controlled release of aFGF from the piezoelectric film through intermolecular interactions. Additionally, these layers enhance the hydrophilicity and antibacterial properties of the bare CS film due to their inherent biological activities. Furthermore, the polydopamine coating imparts photothermal activity to the CS film. The in vivo experiments ascertained that the synergetic effect of the controlled-released aFGF and low temperature photothermal therapy collectively accelerate scald wound healing outcomes within 14 days by facilitating granulation formation, collagen deposition, re-epithelialization and angiogenesis. This study opens up new possibilities for the development of multifunctional chitosan-based wound dressings and the creation of innovative drug delivery platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Luo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, PR China; Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision, and Brain Health), Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, PR China
| | - Hangqi Luo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, PR China
| | - Xiaying Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, PR China
| | - Xin Ding
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, PR China
| | - Kun Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, PR China
| | - Miao Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, PR China
| | - Jiacheng Wei
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, PR China
| | - Ying An
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, PR China
| | - Jie Xu
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision, and Brain Health), Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, PR China
| | - Huacheng He
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision, and Brain Health), Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, PR China.
| | - Jiang Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, PR China; Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision, and Brain Health), Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, PR China.
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2
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He H, Huang W, Zhang S, Li J, Zhang J, Li B, Xu J, Luo Y, Shi H, Li Y, Xiao J, Ezekiel OC, Li X, Wu J. Microneedle Patch for Transdermal Sequential Delivery of KGF-2 and aFGF to Enhance Burn Wound Therapy. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2307485. [PMID: 38623988 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202307485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Severe burn wounds usually destroy key cells' functions of the skin resulting in delayed re-epithelization and wound regeneration. Promoting key cells' activities is crucial for burn wound repair. It is well known that keratinocyte growth factor-2 (KGF-2) participates in the proliferation and morphogenesis of epithelial cells while acidic fibroblast growth factor (aFGF) is a key mediator for fibroblast and endothelial cell growth and differentiation. However, thick eschar and the harsh environment of a burn wound often decrease the delivery efficiency of fibroblast growth factor (FGF) to the wound site. Therefore, herein a novel microneedle patch for sequential transdermal delivery of KGF-2 and aFGF is fabricated to enhance burn wound therapy. aFGF is first loaded in the nanoparticle (NPaFGF) and then encapsulated NPaFGF with KGF-2 in the microneedle patch (KGF-2/NPaFGF@MN). The result shows that KGF-2/NPaFGF@MN can successfully get across the eschar and sequentially release KGF-2 and aFGF. Additional data demonstrated that KGF-2/NPaFGF@MN achieved a quicker wound closure rate with reduced necrotic tissues, faster re-epithelialization, enhanced collagen deposition, and increased neo-vascularization. Further evidence suggests that improved wound healing is regulated by significantly elevated expressions of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1ɑ) and heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) in burn wounds. All these data proved that KGF-2/NPaFGF@MN is an effective treatment for wound healing of burns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huacheng He
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, P. R. China
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, P. R. China
| | - Wen Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, P. R. China
| | - Shihui Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, P. R. China
| | - Jie Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, P. R. China
| | - Jian Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, P. R. China
| | - Bingxin Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, P. R. China
| | - Jie Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, P. R. China
| | - Yuting Luo
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, P. R. China
| | - Huiling Shi
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, P. R. China
| | - Yue Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, P. R. China
| | - Jian Xiao
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, P. R. China
| | - Odinaka Cassandra Ezekiel
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, P. R. China
| | - Xiaokun Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, P. R. China
| | - Jiang Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, P. R. China
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Gao S, He X, Liu H, Liu Y, Wang H, Zhou Z, Chen L, Ji X, Yang R, Xie J. Multifunctional Bioactive Nanozyme Systems for Enhanced Diabetic Wound Healing. Adv Healthc Mater 2024:e2401580. [PMID: 39077928 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202401580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
The protracted transition from inflammation to proliferation in diabetic wound healing poses significant challenges, exacerbated by persistent inflammatory responses and inadequate vascularization. To address these issues, a novel nanozymatic therapeutic approach utilizing asymmetrically structured MnO₂-Au-mSiO₂@aFGF Janus nanoparticles is engineered. Nanozymes featuring a mSiO₂ head and MnO₂ extensions, into which acidic fibroblast growth factor (aFGF) is encapsulated, resulting in MnO₂-Au-mSiO₂@aFGF Janus nanoparticles (mSAM@aFGF), are synthesized. This nanozyme system effectively emulates enzymatic activities of catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalyzing degradation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and generating oxygen. In addition, controlled release of aFGF fosters tissue regeneration and vascularization. In vitro studies demonstrate that mSAM@aFGF significantly alleviates oxidative stress in cells, and enhances cell proliferation, migration, and angiogenesis. An injectable hydrogel based on photocrosslinked hyaluronic acid (HAMA), incorporating the nanozymatic ROS-scavenging and growth factor-releasing system, is developed. The HAMA-mSAM@aFGF hydrogel exhibits multifaceted benefits in a diabetic wound model, including injectability, wound adhesion, hemostasis, anti-inflammatory effects, macrophage polarization from M1 to M2 phenotype, and promotion of vascularization. These attributes underscore the potential of this system to facilitate transition from chronic inflammation to the proliferative phase of wound repair, offering a promising therapeutic strategy for diabetic wound management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suyue Gao
- Department of Burns, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China
- Institute of Precision Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China
| | - Xuefeng He
- Department of Burns, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China
- Institute of Precision Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China
| | - Hengdeng Liu
- Department of Burns, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China
- Institute of Precision Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China
| | - Yiling Liu
- Department of Burns, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China
- Institute of Precision Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China
| | - Hanwen Wang
- Department of Burns, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China
- Institute of Precision Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China
| | - Ziheng Zhou
- Department of Burns, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China
- Institute of Precision Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Burns, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China
- Institute of Precision Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Ji
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Medical College, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Ronghua Yang
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510180, China
| | - Julin Xie
- Department of Burns, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China
- Institute of Precision Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China
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Wang X, Li X, Gu N, Shao Y, Guo Y, Deng Y, Chu C, Xue F, Huang L, Tao L, Bai J. pH-responsive, self-sculptured Mg/PLGA composite microfibers for accelerated revascularization and soft tissue regeneration. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2024; 158:213767. [PMID: 38227990 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2024.213767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Biodegradable Mg/polymer composite fibers offer a promising therapeutic option for tissue injury because of bioactive Mg2+ and biomimetic microstructure. However, current studies are limited to the contribution of Mg2+ and the single microstructure. In this study, we designed Mg/poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (Mg/PLGA) composite microfibers that significantly enhanced angiogenesis and tissue regeneration synergistically by Mg2+ and self-sculptured microstructure, due to spontaneous in situ microphase separation in response to the weakly alkaline microenvironment. Our composite microfiber patch exhibited superior performance in the adhesion, spreading, and angiogenesis functions of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) due to the joint contribution of the hierarchically porous microstructure and Mg2+. Genomics and proteomics analyses revealed that the Mg/PLGA composite microfibers activated the cell focal adhesion and angiogenesis-related signaling pathways. Furthermore, the repair of typical soft tissue defects, including refractory urethral wounds and easily healed skin wounds, validated that our Mg/PLGA composite microfiber patch could provide favorable surface topography and ions microenvironment for tissue infiltration and accelerated revascularization. It could cause rapid urethral tissue regeneration and recovery of rabbit urethral function within 6 weeks and accelerate rat skin wound closure within 16 days. This work provides new insight into soft tissue regeneration through the bioactive alkaline substance/block copolymer composites interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianli Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Jiangning, Nanjing 211189, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Advanced Metallic Materials, Jiangning, Nanjing 211189, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- Department of Urology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 72 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu, China
| | - Nannan Gu
- Department of Urology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 72 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yi Shao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Jiangning, Nanjing 211189, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Advanced Metallic Materials, Jiangning, Nanjing 211189, Jiangsu, China; Institute of Medical Devices (Suzhou), Southeast University, Suzhou 215000, China
| | - Yunfei Guo
- Department of Urology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 72 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yongji Deng
- Department of Urology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 72 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chenglin Chu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Jiangning, Nanjing 211189, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Advanced Metallic Materials, Jiangning, Nanjing 211189, Jiangsu, China
| | - Feng Xue
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Jiangning, Nanjing 211189, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Advanced Metallic Materials, Jiangning, Nanjing 211189, Jiangsu, China
| | - Liqu Huang
- Department of Urology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 72 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Li Tao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Jiangning, Nanjing 211189, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Advanced Metallic Materials, Jiangning, Nanjing 211189, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Jing Bai
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Jiangning, Nanjing 211189, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Advanced Metallic Materials, Jiangning, Nanjing 211189, Jiangsu, China; Institute of Medical Devices (Suzhou), Southeast University, Suzhou 215000, China.
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5
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Zhou Y, Yang J, Li Y, Shu X, Cai Y, Xu P, Huang W, Yang Z, Li R. Multifunctional nanocomposites mediated novel hydrogel for diabetic wound repair. J Mater Chem B 2024; 12:3292-3306. [PMID: 38502068 DOI: 10.1039/d3tb02283h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
The regeneration and repair of diabetic wounds, especially those including bacterial infection, have always been difficult and challenging using current treatment. Herein, an effective strategy is reported for constructing glucose-responsive functional hydrogels using nanocomposites as nodes. In fact, tannic acid (TA)-modified ceria nanocomposites (CNPs) and a zinc metal-organic framework (ZIF-8) were employed as nodes. Subsequent crosslinking with 3-acrylamidophenylboronic acid achieved functional nanocomposite-hydrogels (TA@CN gel, TA@ZMG gel) by radical-mediated polymerization. Compared with a simple physically mixed hydrogel system, the mechanical properties of TA@CN gel and TA@ZMG gel are significantly enhanced due to the intervention of the nanocomposite nodes. In addition, this kind of nanocomposite hydrogel can realize the programmed loading of drugs and release of drugs in response to glucose/PH, to coordinate and promote its application in the regeneration and repair of diabetic wounds and infected diabetic wounds. Specifically, TA@CN gel can remove reactive oxygen species and generate oxygen through its various enzymatic activities. At the same time, it can effectively promote neovascularization, thus promoting the regeneration and repair of diabetic wounds. Furthermore, glucose oxidase-loaded TA@ZMG gel exhibits glucose response and pH-regulating functions, triggering programmed metformin (Met) release by degrading the metal-organic framework (MOF) backbone. It also exhibited additional synergistic effects of antibacterial activity, hair regeneration and systemic blood glucose regulation, which make it suitable for the repair of more complex infected diabetic wounds. Overall, this novel nanocomposite-mediated hydrogel holds great potential as a biomaterial for the healing of chronic diabetic wounds, opening up new avenues for further biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjuan Zhou
- Center for Pharmaceutical Formulation and Nanomedicine Research, College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China.
| | - Jiaxin Yang
- Institute of Combined Injury, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Military Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine, Department of Military Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yan Li
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing Medical and Pharmaceutical College, Chongqing, 401331, P.R. China
| | - Xin Shu
- College of pharmacy, Chongqing Medical and Pharmaceutical College, China
| | - Yucen Cai
- Center for Pharmaceutical Formulation and Nanomedicine Research, College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China.
| | - Ping Xu
- Center for Pharmaceutical Formulation and Nanomedicine Research, College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China.
| | - Wenyan Huang
- Center for Pharmaceutical Formulation and Nanomedicine Research, College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China.
| | - Zhangyou Yang
- Center for Pharmaceutical Formulation and Nanomedicine Research, College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China.
| | - Rong Li
- Institute of Combined Injury, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Military Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine, Department of Military Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, People's Republic of China.
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Zhang W, Liu W, Long L, He S, Wang Z, Liu Y, Yang L, Chen N, Hu C, Wang Y. Responsive multifunctional hydrogels emulating the chronic wounds healing cascade for skin repair. J Control Release 2023; 354:821-834. [PMID: 36708881 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.01.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
It remains challenging to cure chronic diabetic wounds due to its' harsh microenvironment and poor tissue regeneration ability. At present, bacteria elimination, inflammatory response suppression and angiogenesis orderly render an important paradigm for chronic diabetic wound treatment. Herein, smart-responsive multifunctional hydrogels were developed to improve chronic diabetic wound healing, which could quickly respond to the acidic environment of the diabetic wound site and mediate multistage sequential delivery of silver and curcumin-loaded polydopamine nanoparticles (PDA@Ag&Cur NPs) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). PDA@Ag&Cur NPs and VEGF endowed the hydrogels with antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and angiogenesis performances, respectively. The in vitro and in vivo experiments confirmed that our multistage drug delivery hydrogels could effectively eliminate bacteria, relieve inflammatory response, and induce angiogenesis, hence accelerating the closure of chronic diabetic wounds. In conclusion, we highlighted the importance of multistage manipulation in wound healing and offered a combinatorial therapeutic strategy to sequentially deliver drugs exactly aiming at the dynamic wound healing stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenqi Liu
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, People's Republic of China
| | - Linyu Long
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuyi He
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhicun Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Plastic and Burn Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Li Yang
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, People's Republic of China
| | - Ningbo Chen
- Department of Acute Care Surgery, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, China & Affiliated Hospital of the University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, China.
| | - Cheng Hu
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yunbing Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, People's Republic of China
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