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Shao Y, Li R, Chen G, Zhang L. Pan-Cancer Analysis of GALNT6 with Potential Implications for Prognosis and Tumor Microenvironment in Human Cancer Based on Bioinformatics and qPCR Verification. Int J Gen Med 2024; 17:2187-2201. [PMID: 38770365 PMCID: PMC11104441 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s459953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose We explored the expression and prognostic value of GALNT6 and the tumor microenvironment of pan-cancer in humans. Methods In this study, we explored the expression pattern of GALNT6 pan-cancer across multiple databases. The prognostic value of GALNT6 was evaluated using the Kaplan-Meier method. The types and numbers of GALNT6 gene alterations were exhibited using the cBio Cancer Genomics Portal. The correlations between GALNT6 expression and immune infiltration in cancers were analyzed using the database Tumor Immune Estimation Resource 2. We also used the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway and Gene Ontology analysis to investigate the molecular mechanisms of the GALNT6 gene in tumorigenesis. The expression of GALNT6 was also further verified by qPCR in lung adenocarcinoma tissues. Results In general, compared with normal tissue, tumor tissue had a higher expression level of GALNT6. GALNT6 showed a protective effect in colon carcinoma and other cancers; however, a high expression level of GALNT6 was detrimental to survival in bladder cancer and in pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma. Mutation, amplification, and deep deletion were the three main types of GALNT6 mutations in tumors. There was a significant positive correlation between GALNT6 expression and immune infiltration of CD8+ T-cells in skin cutaneous melanoma metastasis, based on most of the algorithms used. Moreover, protein processing- and glycoprotein metabolic-associated functions were involved in the functional mechanisms of GALNT6. Conclusion This first pan-cancer study offers a relatively comprehensive understanding of the oncogenic roles of GALNT6 across different cancer types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Shao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, 116001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rong Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, 116001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guangmei Chen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, 116001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lichuan Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, 116001, People’s Republic of China
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2
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Gadwal A, Purohit P, Khokhar M, Vishnoi JR, Pareek P, Choudhary R, Elhence P, Banerjee M, Sharma P. GALNT6, GALNT14, and Gal-3 in association with GDF-15 promotes drug resistance and stemness of breast cancer via β-catenin axis. Growth Factors 2024; 42:84-100. [PMID: 38889447 DOI: 10.1080/08977194.2024.2368907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferases (GALNTs) are a polypeptide responsible for aberrant glycosylation in breast cancer (BC), but the mechanism is unclear. In this study, expression levels of GALNT6, GALNT14, and Gal-3 were assessed in BC, and their association with GDF-15, β-catenin, stemness (SOX2 and OCT4), and drug resistance marker (ABCC5) was evaluated. Gene expression of GALNT6, GALNT14, Gal-3, GDF-15, OCT4, SOX2, ABCC5, and β-catenin in tumor and adjacent non-tumor tissues (n = 30) was determined. The same was compared with GEO-microarray datasets. A significant increase in the expression of candidate genes was observed in BC tumor compared to adjacent non-tumor tissue; and in pre-therapeutic patients compared to post-therapeutic. GALNT6, GALNT14, Gal-3, and GDF-15 showed positive association with β-catenin, SOX2, OCT4, and ABCC5 and were significantly associated with poor Overall Survival. Our findings were also validated via in silico analysis. Our study suggests that GALNT6, GALNT14, and Gal-3 in association with GDF-15 promote stemness and intrinsic drug resistance in BC, possibly by β-catenin signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashita Gadwal
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
| | - Purvi Purohit
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
| | - Manoj Khokhar
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
| | - Jeewan Ram Vishnoi
- Department of Oncosurgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
| | - Puneet Pareek
- Department of Radiation Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
| | - Ramkaran Choudhary
- Department of General Surgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
| | - Poonam Elhence
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
| | - Mithu Banerjee
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
| | - Praveen Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
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3
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Reis JSD, Santos MARDC, da Costa KM, Freire-de-Lima CG, Morrot A, Previato JO, Previato LM, da Fonseca LM, Freire-de-Lima L. Increased Expression of the Pathological O-glycosylated Form of Oncofetal Fibronectin in the Multidrug Resistance Phenotype of Cancer Cells. Matrix Biol 2023; 118:47-68. [PMID: 36882122 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2023.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
Changes in protein glycosylation are a hallmark of transformed cells and modulate numerous phenomena associated with cancer progression, such as the acquisition of multidrug resistance (MDR) phenotype. Different families of glycosyltransferases and their products have already been described as possible modulators of the MDR phenotype. Among the glycosyltransferases intensively studied in cancer research, UDP-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine:polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase-6 (pp-GalNAc-T6), which is widely expressed in many organs and tissues, stands out. Its influence in several events associated with kidney, oral, pancreatic, renal, lung, gastric and breast cancer progression has already been described. However, its participation in the MDR phenotype has never been studied. Here, we demonstrate that human breast adenocarcinoma MCF-7 MDR cell lines, generated by chronic exposure to doxorubicin, in addition to exhibiting increased expression of proteins belonging to the ABC superfamily (ABCC1 and ABCG2), and anti-apoptotic proteins (Blcl-2 and Bcl-xL), also present high expression of pp-GalNAc-T6, the enzyme currently proposed as the main responsible for the biosynthesis of oncofetal fibronectin (onf-FN), a major extracellular matrix component expressed by cancer cells and embryonic tissues, but absent in healthy cells. Our results show that onf-FN, which is generated by the addition of a GalNAc unit at a specific threonine residue inside the type III homology connective segment (IIICS) domain of FN, is strongly upregulated during the acquisition of the MDR phenotype. Also, the silencing of pp-GalNAc-T6, not only compromises the expression of the oncofetal glycoprotein, but also made the MDR cells more sensitive to all anticancer drugs tested, partially reversing the MDR phenotype. Taken together, our results demonstrate for the first time the upregulation of the O-glycosylated oncofetal fibronectin, as well as the direct participation of pp-GalNAc-T6 during the acquisition of a MDR phenotype in a breast cancer model, giving credence to the hypothesis that in transformed cells, glycosyltransferases and/or their products, such as unusual extracellular matrix glycoproteins can be used as potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jhenifer Santos Dos Reis
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Laboratório de Biologia Celular de Glicoconjugados, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Marcos André Rodrigues da Costa Santos
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Laboratório de Biologia Celular de Glicoconjugados, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Kelli Monteiro da Costa
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Laboratório de Biologia Celular de Glicoconjugados, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Celio Geraldo Freire-de-Lima
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Laboratório de Biologia Celular de Glicoconjugados, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Morrot
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Faculdade de Medicina, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-902, Brazil; Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Jose Osvaldo Previato
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Laboratório de Biologia Celular de Glicoconjugados, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Lucia Mendonça Previato
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Laboratório de Biologia Celular de Glicoconjugados, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Marques da Fonseca
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Laboratório de Biologia Celular de Glicoconjugados, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Freire-de-Lima
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Laboratório de Biologia Celular de Glicoconjugados, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-902, Brazil.
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4
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O-glycan recognition and function in mice and human cancers. Biochem J 2020; 477:1541-1564. [PMID: 32348475 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20180103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Protein glycosylation represents a nearly ubiquitous post-translational modification, and altered glycosylation can result in clinically significant pathological consequences. Here we focus on O-glycosylation in tumor cells of mice and humans. O-glycans are those linked to serine and threonine (Ser/Thr) residues via N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc), which are oligosaccharides that occur widely in glycoproteins, such as those expressed on the surfaces and in secretions of all cell types. The structure and expression of O-glycans are dependent on the cell type and disease state of the cells. There is a great interest in O-glycosylation of tumor cells, as they typically express many altered types of O-glycans compared with untransformed cells. Such altered expression of glycans, quantitatively and/or qualitatively on different glycoproteins, is used as circulating tumor biomarkers, such as CA19-9 and CA-125. Other tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens (TACAs), such as the Tn antigen and sialyl-Tn antigen (STn), are truncated O-glycans commonly expressed by carcinomas on multiple glycoproteins; they contribute to tumor development and serve as potential biomarkers for tumor presence and stage, both in immunohistochemistry and in serum diagnostics. Here we discuss O-glycosylation in murine and human cells with a focus on colorectal, breast, and pancreatic cancers, centering on the structure, function and recognition of O-glycans. There are enormous opportunities to exploit our knowledge of O-glycosylation in tumor cells to develop new diagnostics and therapeutics.
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Thomas D, Rathinavel AK, Radhakrishnan P. Altered glycosylation in cancer: A promising target for biomarkers and therapeutics. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2020; 1875:188464. [PMID: 33157161 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2020.188464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Glycosylation is a well-regulated cell and microenvironment specific post-translational modification. Several glycosyltransferases and glycosidases orchestrate the addition of defined glycan structures on the proteins and lipids. Recent advances and systemic approaches in glycomics have significantly contributed to a better understanding of instrumental roles of glycans in health and diseases. Emerging research evidence recognized aberrantly glycosylated proteins as the modulators of the malignant phenotype of cancer cells. The Cancer Genome Atlas has identified alterations in the expressions of glycosylation-specific genes that are correlated with cancer progression. However, the mechanistic basis remains poorly explored. Recent researches have shown that specific changes in the glycan structures are associated with 'stemness' and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition of cancer cells. Moreover, epigenetic changes in the glycosylation pattern make the tumor cells capable of escaping immunosurveillance mechanisms. The deciphering roles of glycans in cancer emphasize that glycans can serve as a source for the development of novel clinical biomarkers. The ability of glycans in intervening various stages of tumor progression and the biosynthetic pathways involved in glycan structures constitute a promising target for cancer therapy. Advances in the knowledge of innovative strategies for identifying the mechanisms of glycan-binding proteins are hoped to hold great potential in cancer therapy. This review discusses the fundamental role of glycans in regulating tumorigenesis and tumor progression and provides insights into the influence of glycans in the current tactics of targeted therapies in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Thomas
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Ashok Kumar Rathinavel
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Prakash Radhakrishnan
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.
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6
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Advances in molecular mechanisms of drugs affecting abnormal glycosylation and metastasis of breast cancer. Pharmacol Res 2020; 155:104738. [PMID: 32151681 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer remains the leading cause of cancer-related death among women worldwide, and its incidence is also increasing. High recurrence rate and metastasis rate are the key causes of poor prognosis and death. It is suggested that abnormal glycosylation plays an important role in the growth, invasion, metastasis and resistance to therapy of breast cancer cells. Meanwhile, it can be used as the biomarkers for the early detection and prognosis of breast cancer and the potential attractive targets for drug treatment. However, only a few attentions have been paid to the molecular mechanism of abnormal glycosylation in the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of breast cancer cells and the related intervention of drugs. This manuscript thus investigated the relationship between abnormal glycosylation, the EMT, and breast cancer metastasis. Then, the process of abnormal glycosylation, the classification and their molecular regulatory mechanisms of breast cancer were analyzed in detail. Last, potential drugs are introduced in different categories, which are expected to reverse or intervene the abnormal glycosylation of breast cancer. This review is conducive to an in-depth understanding of the metastasis and drug resistance of breast cancer cells, which will provide new ideas for the clinical regulation of glycosylation and related drug treatments in breast cancer.
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7
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Mao Y, Zhang Y, Fan S, Chen L, Tang L, Chen X, Lyu J. GALNT6 Promotes Tumorigenicity and Metastasis of Breast Cancer Cell via β-catenin/MUC1-C Signaling Pathway. Int J Biol Sci 2019; 15:169-182. [PMID: 30662357 PMCID: PMC6329923 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.29048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyl transferase-6 (GALNT6), a member of the N-acetyl-D-galactosamine transferase family, was shown to be over-expression in mammary cancer and could be used as a biomarker. However, its roles and underlying mechanisms in the pathogenesis of breast cancer are still unclear. In this study, we reported that GALNT6 was up-expression in breast cancer, and it was not associated with tumor stage. The expression level of GALNT6 and menopause status was associated with patient survival. Biological function results illustrated that knockdown of GALNT6 inhibited proliferation, migration and invasion of MDA-MB-231 cells, and increased cell apoptosis. Knockdown of GALNT6 in breast cancer cell attenuated the protein expression of PCNA, cyclin D1, C-myc and β-catenin, and increased the expression of E-cadherin, caspase 3 and cleaved PARP1. Cell fractionation assay showed that knockdown of GALNT6 reduced the levels of β-catenin and MUC1-C in nucleus. Simultaneously knockdown of GALNT6 and β-catenin significantly reduced the level of C-myc. Co-IP experiments indicated that GALNT6 interacted with MUC1-N, β-catenin interacting with MUC1-C in breast cancer cells. Together, our study reveals that GALNT6 promotes tumorigenicity and metastasis through β-catenin/MUC1-C signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingge Mao
- Institute of Glycobiological Engineering, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, China, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Present address: The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University
| | - Yuqi Zhang
- Institute of Glycobiological Engineering, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, China, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Sairong Fan
- Institute of Glycobiological Engineering, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, China, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lvao Chen
- Institute of Glycobiological Engineering, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, China, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lili Tang
- Institute of Glycobiological Engineering, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, China, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaoming Chen
- Institute of Glycobiological Engineering, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, China, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jianxin Lyu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, China, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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8
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O-linked mucin-type glycosylation in breast cancer. Biochem Soc Trans 2018; 46:779-788. [PMID: 29903935 PMCID: PMC6103458 DOI: 10.1042/bst20170483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Changes in mucin-type O-linked glycosylation are seen in over 90% of breast cancers where increased sialylation is often observed and a change from branched glycans to linear glycans is often seen. There are many mechanisms involved including increased/altered expression of glycosyltransferases and relocalisation to the endoplasmic reticulum of the enzymes responsible for the addition of the first sugar, N-acetyl-d-galactosamine. It is now becoming clear that these changes can contribute to tumour growth and progression by modulating the micro-environment through glycan-sensing lectins expressed on immune cells, by modulating interactions with tumour surface receptors and by binding to selectins. The understanding of how changes in mucin-type O-linked glycosylation influence tumour growth and progression reveals new potential targets for therapeutic intervention in the treatment of breast cancer.
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Ubillos L, Berriel E, Mazal D, Victoria S, Barrios E, Osinaga E, Berois N. Polypeptide-GalNAc-T6 expression predicts better overall survival in patients with colon cancer. Oncol Lett 2018; 16:225-234. [PMID: 29928405 PMCID: PMC6006374 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.8686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal carcinoma (CRC) is the second leading cause of cancer mortality worldwide. O-glycosylated mucins at the cell surface of colonic mucosa exhibit alterations in cancer and are involved in fundamental biological processes, including invasion and metastasis. Certain members of the GalNAc-transferase family may be responsible for these changes and are being investigated as novel biomarkers of cancer. In the present study the prognostic significance of GalNAc-T6 was investigated in patients with CRC patients. GalNAc-T6 expression was observed in all three colon cancer cell lines analyzed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, immunofluorescence and flow cytometry. A cohort of 81 colon cancer specimens was analyzed by immunohistochemical staining using MAb T6.3. It was demonstrated that GalNAc-T6 was expressed in 35/81 (43%) cases of colon cancer but not in the normal colonic mucosa. No association was observed with the clinical-pathologic parameters. However, patients expressing GalNAc-T6 had a significantly increased overall survival (median, 58 months; P<0.001) compared with GalNAc-T6 negative patients, especially those with advanced disease. These results suggest that GalNAc-T6 expression predicts an improved outcome in patients with CRC. The molecular mechanism underlying the less aggressive behavior of colon cancer cells expressing GalNAc-T6 remains to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Ubillos
- Departamento de Inmunobiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay.,Servicio de Oncología Clínica, Hospital de Clínicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo 11600, Uruguay
| | - Edgardo Berriel
- Clínica Quirúrgica 1, Hospital Pasteur, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay.,Laboratorio de Glicobiología e Inmunología Tumoral, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay
| | - Daniel Mazal
- Cátedra de Anatomía Patológica, Hospital de Clínicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo 11600, Uruguay
| | - Sabina Victoria
- Unidad de Biología Celular, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay
| | - Enrique Barrios
- Departamento de Métodos Cuantitativos, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay
| | - Eduardo Osinaga
- Departamento de Inmunobiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay.,Laboratorio de Glicobiología e Inmunología Tumoral, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay
| | - Nora Berois
- Laboratorio de Glicobiología e Inmunología Tumoral, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay
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Bhat SA, Mir MUR, Majid S, Hassan T, Rehman MU, Kuchy S. Diagnostic utility of glycosyltransferase mRNA expression in gastric cancer. Hematol Oncol Stem Cell Ther 2018; 11:158-168. [PMID: 29729225 DOI: 10.1016/j.hemonc.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE/BACKGROUND Posttranslational modification of proteins, including glycosylation, is known to differ between normal and tumor cells. Altered glycosyltransferase levels have been observed in tumor tissues and their role in tumor metastasis and invasion has been implicated. In this study the role of altered glycosyltransferase messenger RNA (mRNA) levels in serum of gastric cancer patients as early markers of gastric cancer was evaluated. METHODS In this case control study the expression profile of ppGalNAc-T6, GlcNAcT-V, ST3Gal I, ST3 Gal IV, and ST6GalNAc-I in normal healthy control and gastric cancer patients was compared. Serum was isolated from blood samples of gastric cancer patients (n = 200) and controls (n = 200). Following RNA extraction, reverse transcription was carried out and transcript levels of glycosyltransferases were determined using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and normalized against glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) expression. The amount of target gene, normalized to an endogenous reference gene relative to calibrator was calculated by using ΔΔCT method. Transcript levels in the serum samples of gastric cancer patients were compared with those of controls; also the same was correlated within sex and different stages of disease. RESULTS The mRNA expression of ppGalNAc-T6 and ST6GalNAc-I was significantly higher in serum samples of gastric cancer patients on comparison with controls (p = .008), however, there was no significant difference in mRNA expression of GlcNAcT-V, ST3Gal I, and ST3 Gal IV in serum samples of gastric cancer patients and controls (p = .097). In addition, no significant association of mRNA expression of these glycosyltransferases was found within sex and stages in this study. CONCLUSION This study revealed the potential of ppGalNAc-T6 and ST6GalNAc-I mRNA transcript levels in serum as markers of gastric cancer. Further studies on the wider range of glycosyltransferases in various cancers are needed to establish signature mRNA batteries as minimally invasive markers of gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Showkat Ahmad Bhat
- Division of Veterinary Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Srinagar, India.
| | - Manzoor Ur Rahman Mir
- Division of Veterinary Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Srinagar, India.
| | - Sabhiya Majid
- Department of Biochemistry, Government Medical College, Srinagar, India.
| | - Tehseen Hassan
- Department of Biochemistry, Government Medical College, Srinagar, India.
| | - Muneeb U Rehman
- Division of Veterinary Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Srinagar, India.
| | - Sonallah Kuchy
- Department of Oncology, Government Medical College, Srinagar, India.
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11
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Sheta R, Bachvarova M, Plante M, Gregoire J, Renaud MC, Sebastianelli A, Popa I, Bachvarov D. Altered expression of different GalNAc‑transferases is associated with disease progression and poor prognosis in women with high-grade serous ovarian cancer. Int J Oncol 2017; 51:1887-1897. [PMID: 29039611 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2017.4147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein glycosylation perturbations are implicated in a variety of diseases, including cancer. Aberrant glycosylation in cancer is frequently attributed to altered expression of polypeptide GalNAc transferases (GalNAc‑Ts) - enzymes initiating mucin-type O-glycosylation. A previous study from our group demonstrated that one member of this family (GALNT3) is overexpressed in epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC), and GALNT3 expression correlated with shorter progression-free survival (PFS) in EOC patients with advanced disease. As considerable degree of redundancy between members of the GalNAc‑Ts gene family has been frequently observed, we decided to investigate whether other members of this family are essential in EOC progression. In silico analysis based on publically available data was indicative for altered expression of five GalNAc‑Ts (GALNT2, T4, T6, T9 and T14) in ovarian high-grade serous carcinoma (HGSC) samples compared to non-tumoral (control) ovarian tissue. We analyzed protein expression of these GalNAc‑Ts in EOC cells and tumors by western blotting, followed by immunohistochemical (IHC) evaluation of their expression in EOC tumor and control samples using tissue microarrays (TMAs). Western blot analyses were indicative for low expression of GALNT2 and strong expression of GALNT6, T9 and T14 in both EOC cells and tumors. These observations were confirmed by IHC. GALNT2 displayed significantly lower expression, while GALNT6, GALNT9 and GALNT14 showed significantly higher expression in HGSC tumors compared to control tissue. Importantly, GALNT6 and GALNT14 expression correlated with poor prognosis of serous EOC patients. Moreover, our results suggest for overlapping functions of some GalNAc‑Ts, more specifically GALNT3 and GALNT6, in directing EOC progression. Our results are indicative for a possible implication of different members of the GalNAc‑T gene family in modulating EOC progression, and the potential use of GALNT6 and GALNT14 as novel prognostic EOC biomarkers. These data warrant future studies on the role of members of the GalNAc‑Ts gene family in ovarian tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Razan Sheta
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Laval University, Quebec, Quebec G1V 0A6, Canada
| | | | - Marie Plante
- CHU de Québec Research Center, Hotel-Dieu de Québec, Quebec, QC G1R 3S3, Canada
| | - Jean Gregoire
- CHU de Québec Research Center, Hotel-Dieu de Québec, Quebec, QC G1R 3S3, Canada
| | - Marie-Claude Renaud
- CHU de Québec Research Center, Hotel-Dieu de Québec, Quebec, QC G1R 3S3, Canada
| | | | - Ion Popa
- Molecular Biology, Medical Biochemistry, and Pathology, Laval University, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Dimcho Bachvarov
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Laval University, Quebec, Quebec G1V 0A6, Canada
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12
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Qiu H, Xu X, Liu M, Wang Z, Yuan Y, Liu C, Xu L, Wu S. RNA interference-mediated silencing of ppGalNAc-T1 and ppGalNAc-T2 inhibits invasion and increases chemosensitivity potentially by reducing terminal α2,3 sialylation and MMP14 expression in triple‑negative breast cancer cells. Mol Med Rep 2017; 15:3724-3734. [PMID: 28393207 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycopeptide-preferring polypeptide N-acetylgalactosamine transferase (ppGalNAc‑T) is a key enzyme that initiates the formation of the first GalNAc monosaccharide to polypeptides at Thr/Ser residues by O‑linked glycosylation. In order to investigate the effects of ppGalNAc‑T1 and ppGalNAc‑T2 on the initiation of O‑glycosylation, siRNA‑ppGalNAc‑T1 (si‑T1) and siRNA‑ppGalNAc‑T2 (si‑T2) were transfected into highly‑invasive estrogen receptor‑negative MDA‑MB‑231 cells to inhibit O‑glycosylation. Downregulation of ppGalNAc‑T1 demonstrated a significant reduction in the number of terminal α2,3 sialic acids, when compared to cells transfected with si‑T2 or si‑T1/T2. This downregulation led to a decrease in the invasion capabilities of the breast carcinoma cells, as well as enhanced chemosensitivity, which was the result antineoplastic drug effects. In addition, immunoprecipitation assays demonstrated that downregulation of ppGalNAc‑T1 led to a reduction in the number of terminal α2,3 sialic acids on O‑linked glycans of the matrix metalloproteinase‑14 (MMP14) glycoprotein. Furthermore, MMP14 and vascular endothelial growth factor were downregulated in the si‑T1 groups when compared with the si‑T2 and si‑T1/T2 groups. In conclusion, the results of the present study suggest that ppGalNAc‑T1 may serve a pivotal role in the initiation of O‑glycosylation, which may lead to a low density of α2,3 sialic acids on O‑linked glycans of MMP14 when downregulated. Glycosylation serves a significant role in regulating the sensitivity of MMP14 to self‑proteolysis, which ultimately decreases the invasion capabilities of breast cancer cells. The results of the present study may be useful in establishing the function of ppGalNAc‑T1 during breast cancer invasion and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Qiu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P.R. China
| | - Xu Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P.R. China
| | - Min Liu
- Department of Oncology, Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215128, P.R. China
| | - Zerong Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P.R. China
| | - Yaqin Yuan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P.R. China
| | - Chunliang Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P.R. China
| | - Lan Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P.R. China
| | - Shiliang Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P.R. China
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13
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Song L, Linstedt AD. Inhibitor of ppGalNAc-T3-mediated O-glycosylation blocks cancer cell invasiveness and lowers FGF23 levels. eLife 2017; 6:e24051. [PMID: 28362263 PMCID: PMC5407854 DOI: 10.7554/elife.24051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Small molecule inhibitors of site-specific O-glycosylation by the polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase (ppGalNAc-T) family are currently unavailable but hold promise as therapeutics, especially if selective against individual ppGalNAc-T isozymes. To identify a compound targeting the ppGalNAc-T3 isozyme, we screened libraries to find compounds that act on a cell-based fluorescence sensor of ppGalNAc-T3 but not on a sensor of ppGalNAc-T2. This identified a hit that subsequent in vitro analysis showed directly binds and inhibits purified ppGalNAc-T3 with no detectable activity against either ppGalNAc-T2 or ppGalNAc-T6. Remarkably, the inhibitor was active in two medically relevant contexts. In cell culture, it opposed increased cancer cell invasiveness driven by upregulated ppGalNAc-T3 suggesting the inhibitor might be anti-metastatic. In cells and mice, it blocked ppGalNAc-T3-mediated glycan-masking of FGF23 thereby increasing its cleavage, a possible treatment of chronic kidney disease. These findings establish a pharmacological approach for the ppGalNAc-transferase family and suggest that targeting specific ppGalNAc-transferases will yield new therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Song
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, United States
| | - Adam D Linstedt
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, United States
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14
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Tang J, Zheng H, Chen L, Gao S, Shi X, Liu J, Xu L. Isoform-specific regulation of osteogenic factors by polypeptide N-Acetylgalactosaminyltransferases 1 and 4. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 482:1449-1454. [PMID: 27965094 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.12.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The family of UDP-GalNAc polypeptide: N-Acetylgalactosaminlytransfersases (ppGalNAcTs) catalyzes the initial step of O-linked protein glycosylation. Mucin-type O-glycoproteins are abundant in the bone and may play an important role in osteogenesis. Herein, we examined the effects of ppGalNAc-T isoforms on osteogenesis of MC3T3-E1 pre-osteoblasts. We found that ppGalNAc-T1 and -T4 isoforms were highly expressed during osteogenesis of MC3T3-E1 and their knockdown by short hairpin RNA (shRNA) decreased osteoblast formation and bone mineralization. Knockdown of ppGalNAc-T1 or -T4 decreased mRNA and protein levels of bone sialoprotein (BSP). Knockdown of ppGalNAc-T1decreased mRNA levels of osteocalcin (OC), osteoprotegerin (OPG). Knockdown ofppGalNAc-T4 isoform decreased mRNA levels of OC, OPG and vitamin D receptor (VDR). While knockdown of T1 or T4 isoforms did not change the expression of osteopontin (OPN), COLLI, receptor activator for nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL) and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β). Our results demonstrated that the ppGalNAc-T4 was highly expressed in MC3T3-E1 cells during osteogenesis for the first time. We also found that ppGalNAc-T1 and -T4 affected the expression of different osteogenic factors, suggesting distinct roles ppGalNAc-T isoformsplay in regulating osteogenesis in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Tang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Soochow University Medical College, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Hanxi Zheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Soochow University Medical College, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Ling Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Soochow University Medical College, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Shangshang Gao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Soochow University Medical College, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Xiaorui Shi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Soochow University Medical College, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Jingjing Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Soochow University Medical College, Suzhou, 215123, China.
| | - Lan Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Soochow University Medical College, Suzhou, 215123, China.
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15
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Lin J, Chung S, Ueda K, Matsuda K, Nakamura Y, Park JH. GALNT6 Stabilizes GRP78 Protein by O-glycosylation and Enhances its Activity to Suppress Apoptosis Under Stress Condition. Neoplasia 2017; 19:43-53. [PMID: 28110670 PMCID: PMC6197318 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2016.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2016] [Revised: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported that overexpression of an O-type glycosyltransferase, GALNT6 (polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 6) played critical roles in mammary carcinogenesis. To further investigate the biological function of GALNT6, we screened a substrate protein(s) of GALNT6 using a VVA (Vicia villosa agglutinin) lectin (specific to GalNAc-Ser/Thr) pull-down method followed by mass spectrometry analysis. Here we report GRP78 (glucose-regulated protein 78, also known as HSPA5, heat shock 70 kDa protein 5), which is highly expressed in cancer cells and indicated to play important roles in various cellular processes including ER (endoplasmic reticulum) stress and autophagy, as a novel substrate of GALNT6. We found that GALNT6-induced O-glycosylation is critical for the stability of GRP78, its subcellular localization in ER, and its anti-apoptotic function. Furthermore, we demonstrated that overexpression of GRP78 could be important for Golgi-to-ER relocation of GALNT6. Collectively, our study revealed biological significances of O-glycosylation of GRP78 protein, which might play significant roles in the survival of cancer cells, and thus provided a new insight in cancer cell death and useful information for development of anti-cancer treatment targeting the GALNT6-GRP78 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaying Lin
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Suyoun Chung
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Koji Ueda
- Cancer Proteomics Group, Genome Center, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, 135-8550, Japan
| | - Koichi Matsuda
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan
| | - Yusuke Nakamura
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
| | - Jae-Hyun Park
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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16
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Liesche F, Kölbl AC, Ilmer M, Hutter S, Jeschke U, Andergassen U. Role of N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 6 in early tumorigenesis and formation of metastasis. Mol Med Rep 2016; 13:4309-14. [PMID: 27035742 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosylation is one of the most important posttranslational modifications of proteins and lipids that contributes to the structural diversity of cellular molecules. Enzymes of the glycosyltransferase class are responsible for altering glycosylation patterns by adding carbohydrate chains to the respective acceptor molecules. It is well known that glycosylation is commonly altered in cancerous tissue. Therefore, the present study aimed to determine the incidence of N‑acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 6 (GALNT6), a prominent member of the glycosyltransferase class, in breast cancer tissue of different developmental stages by immunohistochemistry. Although no correlation was identified between tumour characteristics and GALNT6 staining intensity, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate that tissue from carcinoma in situ‑tumours and metastases were more heavily stained than late‑stage breast cancers. This may indicate an important role of glycosylation aberration in escaping the immune system at early phases of tumour development. The present study also hypothesised that nascent or early metastasizing tumours are normally recognized by the immune system of the patient, but glycosylation pattern changes may facilitate tumor escape from immune recognition. In follow‑up studies, our group will aim to confirm and consolidate these results in a larger patient cohort that may give greater insight into breast cancer characterization as well as tumour treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friederike Liesche
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, D-80337 Munich, Germany
| | - Alexandra C Kölbl
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, D-80337 Munich, Germany
| | - Matthias Ilmer
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum Grosshadern, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, D-81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan Hutter
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, D-80337 Munich, Germany
| | - Udo Jeschke
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, D-80337 Munich, Germany
| | - Ulrich Andergassen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, D-80337 Munich, Germany
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17
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Glycosyltransferases as Markers for Early Tumorigenesis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:792672. [PMID: 26161413 PMCID: PMC4486746 DOI: 10.1155/2015/792672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Revised: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background. Glycosylation is the most frequent posttranslational modification of proteins and lipids influencing inter- and intracellular communication and cell adhesion. Altered glycosylation patterns are characteristically observed in tumour cells. Normal and altered carbohydrate chains are transferred to their acceptor structures via glycosyltransferases. Here, we present the correlation between the presence of three different glycosyltransferases and tumour characteristics. Methods. 235 breast cancer tissue samples were stained immunohistochemically for the glycosyltransferases N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 6 (GALNT6), β-1,6-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 2 (GCNT2), and ST6 (α-N-acetyl-neuraminyl-2,3-β-galactosyl-1,3)-N-acetylgalactosamine α-2,6-sialyltransferase 1 (ST6GALNac1). Staining was evaluated by light microscopy and was correlated to different tumour characteristics by statistical analysis. Results. We found a statistically significant correlation for the presence of glycosyltransferases and tumour size and grading. Specifically smaller tumours with low grading revealed the highest incidences of glycosyltransferases. Additionally, Her4-expression but not pHer4-expression is correlated with the presence of glycosyltransferases. All other investigated parameters could not uncover any statistically significant reciprocity. Conclusion. Here we show, that glycosyltransferases can identify small tumours with well-differentiated cells; hence, glycosylation patterns could be used as a marker for early tumourigenesis. This assumption is supported by the fact that Her4 is also correlated to glycosylation, whereas the activated form of Her4 does not show such a connection with glycosylation.
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18
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Hofmann BT, Schlüter L, Lange P, Mercanoglu B, Ewald F, Fölster A, Picksak AS, Harder S, El Gammal AT, Grupp K, Güngör C, Drenckhan A, Schlüter H, Wagener C, Izbicki JR, Jücker M, Bockhorn M, Wolters-Eisfeld G. COSMC knockdown mediated aberrant O-glycosylation promotes oncogenic properties in pancreatic cancer. Mol Cancer 2015; 14:109. [PMID: 26021314 PMCID: PMC4447007 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-015-0386-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most aggressive and lethal malignancies in the world and despite great efforts in research types of treatment remain limited. A frequently detected alteration in PDACs is a truncated O-linked N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) glycosylation with expression of the Tn antigen. Changes in O-glycosylation affect posttranslationally modified O-GalNAc proteins resulting in profound cellular alterations. Tn antigen is a tumor associated glycan detected in 75-90 % of PDACs and up to 67 % in its precursor lesions. Since the role of Tn antigen expression in PDAC is insufficiently understood we analyzed the impact of COSMC mediated Tn antigen expression in two human PDAC cell lines on cellular oncogenic properties. METHODS Forced expression of Tn antigen on O-glycosylated proteins in pancreatic cancer cells was induced by lentiviral-mediated knockdown of the COSMC chaperone, which prevented O-glycan elongation beyond the initial GalNAcα1- residue on O-linked glycoproteins. Altered O-GalNAc glycosylation was analyzed in human pancreatic cancer cell lines Panc-1 and L3.6pl using Western and Far-Western blot as well as immunocytochemical techniques. To assess the biological implications of COSMC function on oncogenic properties, cell viability assays, scratch assays combined with live cell imaging, migration and apoptosis assays were performed. Lectin based glycoprotein enrichment with subsequent mass spectrometric analysis identified new cancer O-GalNAc modified proteins. Expression of Tn antigen bearing Nucleolin in patient derived PDAC tumor specimens was evaluated and correlated with clinicopathological data. RESULTS Tn antigen expression was induced on various O-GalNAc glycoproteins in COSMC deficient cell lines compared to the control. Proliferation was reduced (p < 0.001) in COSMC knockdown cells, whereas migration was increased (p < 0.001) and apoptosis was decreased (p = 0.03), highlighting the importance of Tn antigen expression on metastatic and anti-apoptotic behavior of PDAC derived cells. Nucleolin was identified as O-GalNAc modified protein in COSMC deficient PDAC cell lines. Interestingly, immunohistochemical staining and co-localization studies of patient derived PDACs revealed poor survival for patients with strong co-localization of Tn antigen and Nucleolin (p = 0.037). CONCLUSION This study substantiates the influence of altered O-glycan (Tn/STn) expression on oncogenic properties in pancreatic cancer and identifies O-GalNAc modified Nucleolin as novel prognostic marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca T Hofmann
- Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
- Department of Anatomy and Experimental Morphology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Laura Schlüter
- Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Philip Lange
- Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Baris Mercanoglu
- Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Florian Ewald
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Transplant Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Aljonna Fölster
- Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Aeint-Steffen Picksak
- Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Sönke Harder
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Alexander T El Gammal
- Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Katharina Grupp
- Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Cenap Güngör
- Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Astrid Drenckhan
- Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Hartmut Schlüter
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Christoph Wagener
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Jakob R Izbicki
- Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Manfred Jücker
- Institute for Biochemistry and Signal Transduction, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Maximilian Bockhorn
- Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Gerrit Wolters-Eisfeld
- Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
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19
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Ju T, Aryal RP, Kudelka MR, Wang Y, Cummings RD. The Cosmc connection to the Tn antigen in cancer. Cancer Biomark 2015; 14:63-81. [PMID: 24643043 DOI: 10.3233/cbm-130375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The Tn antigen is a tumor-associated carbohydrate antigen that is not normally expressed in peripheral tissues or blood cells. Expression of this antigen, which is found in a majority of human carcinomas of all types, arises from a blockage in the normal O-glycosylation pathway in which glycans are extended from the common precursor GalNAcα1-O-Ser/Thr (Tn antigen). This precursor is generated in the Golgi apparatus on newly synthesized glycoproteins by a family of polypeptide α-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferases (ppGalNAcTs) and then extended to the common core 1 O-glycan Galβ1-3GalNAcα1-O-Ser/Thr (T antigen) by a single enzyme termed the T-synthase (core 1 β3-galactosyltransferase or C1GalT). Formation of the active form of the T-synthase requires a unique molecular chaperone termed Cosmc, encoded by Cosmc on the X-chromosome (Xq24 in humans, Xc3 in mice). Cosmc resides in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and prevents misfolding, aggregation, and proteasome-dependent degradation of newly synthesized T-synthase. Loss of expression of active T-synthase or Cosmc can lead to expression of the Tn antigen, along with its sialylated version Sialyl Tn antigen as observed in several cancers. Both genetic and epigenetic pathways, in addition to potential metabolic regulation, can result in abnormal expression of the Tn antigen. Engineered expression of the Tn antigen by disruption of either C1GalT (T-syn) or Cosmc in mice is associated with a tremendous range of pathologies and engineered expression of the Tn antigen in mouse embryos leads to embryonic death. Studies indicate that many membrane glycoproteins expressing the Tn antigen and/or truncated O-glycans may be dysfunctional, due to degradation and/or misfolding. Thus, expression of normal O-glycans is associated with health and homeostasis whereas truncation of O-glycans, e.g. the Tn and/or Sialyl Tn antigens is associated with cancer and other pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongzhong Ju
- Department of Biochemistry and the Emory Glycomics Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Rajindra P Aryal
- Department of Biochemistry and the Emory Glycomics Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Matthew R Kudelka
- Department of Biochemistry and the Emory Glycomics Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Yingchun Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and the Emory Glycomics Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Richard D Cummings
- Department of Biochemistry and the Emory Glycomics Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
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20
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Song L, 宋 丽, Bachert C, Schjoldager KT, Clausen H, Linstedt AD. Development of isoform-specific sensors of polypeptide GalNAc-transferase activity. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:30556-30566. [PMID: 25225288 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.599563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Humans express up to 20 isoforms of GalNAc-transferase (herein T1-T20) that localize to the Golgi apparatus and initiate O-glycosylation. Regulation of this enzyme family affects a vast array of proteins transiting the secretory pathway and diseases arise upon misregulation of specific isoforms. Surprisingly, molecular probes to monitor GalNAc-transferase activity are lacking and there exist no effective global or isoform-specific inhibitors. Here we describe the development of T2- and T3-isoform specific fluorescence sensors that traffic in the secretory pathway. Each sensor yielded little signal when glycosylated but was strongly activated in the absence of its glycosylation. Specificity of each sensor was assessed in HEK cells with either the T2 or T3 enzymes deleted. Although the sensors are based on specific substrates of the T2 and T3 enzymes, elements in or near the enzyme recognition sequence influenced their activity and required modification, which we carried out based on previous in vitro work. Significantly, the modified T2 and T3 sensors were activated only in cells lacking their corresponding isozymes. Thus, we have developed T2- and T3-specific sensors that will be valuable in both the study of GalNAc-transferase regulation and in high-throughput screening for potential therapeutic regulators of specific GalNAc-transferases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Song
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213 and
| | - 丽娜 宋
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213 and
| | - Collin Bachert
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213 and
| | - Katrine T Schjoldager
- Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and School of Dentistry, Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henrik Clausen
- Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and School of Dentistry, Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Adam D Linstedt
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213 and.
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Libisch MG, Casás M, Chiribao M, Moreno P, Cayota A, Osinaga E, Oppezzo P, Robello C. GALNT11 as a new molecular marker in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Gene 2013; 533:270-9. [PMID: 24076351 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.09.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Aberrant mucin O-glycosylation often occurs in different cancers and is characterized by immature expression of simple mucin-type carbohydrates. At present, there are some controversial reports about the Tn antigen (GalNAcα-O-Ser/Thr) expression and there is a great lack of information about the [UDP-N-acetyl-α-d-galactosamine:polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase (GalNAc-Ts)] expression in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). To gain insight in these issues we evaluated the Tn antigen expression in CLL patient samples using two Tn binding proteins with different fine specificity. We also studied the expression from 14 GalNAc-Ts genes in CLL patients by RT-PCR. Our results have provided additional information about the expression level of the Tn antigen, suggesting that a low density of Tn residues is expressed in CLL cells. We also found that GALNT11 was expressed in CLL cells and normal T cell whereas little or no expression was found in normal B cells. Based on these results, GALNT11 expression was assessed by qPCR in a cohort of 50 CLL patients. We found significant over-expression of GALNT11 in 96% of B-CLL cells when compared to normal B cells. Moreover, we confirmed the expression of this enzyme at the protein level. Finally we found that GALNT11 expression was significantly associated with the mutational status of the immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region (IGHV), [א(2)(1)=18.26; P<0.0001], lipoprotein lipase expression [א(2)(1)=13.72; P=0.0002] and disease prognosis [א(2)(1)=15.49; P<0.0001]. Our evidence suggests that CLL patient samples harbor aberrant O-glycosylation highlighted by Tn antigen expression and that the over-expression of GALNT11 constitutes a new molecular marker for CLL.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Libisch
- Molecular Biology Unit, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
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22
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The future of NMR metabolomics in cancer therapy: towards personalizing treatment and developing targeted drugs? Metabolites 2013; 3:373-96. [PMID: 24957997 PMCID: PMC3901278 DOI: 10.3390/metabo3020373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Revised: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
There has been a recent shift in how cancers are defined, where tumors are no longer simply classified by their tissue origin, but also by their molecular characteristics. Furthermore, personalized medicine has become a popular term and it could start to play an important role in future medical care. However, today, a "one size fits all" approach is still the most common form of cancer treatment. In this mini-review paper, we report on the role of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) metabolomics in drug development and in personalized medicine. NMR spectroscopy has successfully been used to evaluate current and potential therapies, both single-agents and combination therapies, to analyze toxicology, optimal dose, resistance, sensitivity, and biological mechanisms. It can also provide biological insight on tumor subtypes and their different responses to drugs, and indicate which patients are most likely to experience off-target effects and predict characteristics for treatment efficacy. Identifying pre-treatment metabolic profiles that correlate to these events could significantly improve how we view and treat tumors. We also briefly discuss several targeted cancer drugs that have been studied by metabolomics. We conclude that NMR technology provides a key platform in metabolomics that is well-positioned to play a crucial role in realizing the ultimate goal of better tailored cancer medicine.
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HUA DONG, SHEN LI, XU LAN, JIANG ZHI, ZHOU YINGHUI, YUE AIHUAN, ZOU SHITAO, CHENG ZHIHONG, WU SHILIANG. Polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 2 regulates cellular metastasis-associated behavior in gastric cancer. Int J Mol Med 2012; 30:1267-74. [PMID: 22992780 PMCID: PMC4042861 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2012.1130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2012] [Accepted: 07/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Aberrant glycosylation of cell surface glycoprotein due to specific alterations of glycosyltransferase activity is usually associated with invasion and metastasis of cancer, particularly of gastric carcinomas. Polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 2 (ppGalNAc-T2), which catalyzes initiation of mucin-type O-glycosylation, is also involved in tumor migration and invasion. However, a comprehensive understanding of how ppGalNAc-T2 correlates with the metastasic potential of human gastric cancer is not currently available. In the present study, ppGalNAc-T2 was detected in a variety of human poorly differentiated tumor cells, and expression appeared to be higher in SGC7901 gastric cancer cells. In addition, we investigated the potential effects of ppGalNAc-T2 on growth and metastasis-associated behavior in SGC7901 cells after stable transfection with ppGalNAc-T2 sense and antisense vectors. We found that cell proliferation, adhesion and invasion were decreased in ppGalNAc-T2 overexpressed cells but increased in ppGalNAc-T2 downregulated cells. Therefore, we attempted to clarify the mechanisms underlying the anti-metastatic activities of ppGalNAc-T2. Further investigation indicated that overexpression of ppGalNAc-T2 is involved in the inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 expression at both the protein and mRNA levels, which may be associated with ppGalNAc-T2 suppressing the expression of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1. However, it did not exhibit any apparent correlation with MMP-14 expression levels. Our data show the effect of ppGalNAc-T2 on proliferation, adhesion or invasion of SGC7901 gastric cancer cells, suggesting that ppGalNAc-T2 may exert anti-proliferative and anti-metastatic activity through the decrease of MMP-2 and TGF-β1. These results indicate that ppGalNAc‑T2 may be used as a novel therapeutic target for human gastric cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- DONG HUA
- The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Wuxi, Jiangsu
214062
| | - LI SHEN
- Department of Biochemistry and Mollecular Biology, School of Medicine,
Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hubei University of
Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, P.R. China
| | - LAN XU
- Department of Biochemistry and Mollecular Biology, School of Medicine,
Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123
| | - ZHI JIANG
- Department of Biochemistry and Mollecular Biology, School of Medicine,
Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123
| | - YINGHUI ZHOU
- Department of Biochemistry and Mollecular Biology, School of Medicine,
Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123
| | - AIHUAN YUE
- Department of Biochemistry and Mollecular Biology, School of Medicine,
Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123
| | - SHITAO ZOU
- Department of Biochemistry and Mollecular Biology, School of Medicine,
Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123
| | - ZHIHONG CHENG
- The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Wuxi, Jiangsu
214062
| | - SHILIANG WU
- Department of Biochemistry and Mollecular Biology, School of Medicine,
Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123
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Stuchlová Horynová M, Raška M, Clausen H, Novak J. Aberrant O-glycosylation and anti-glycan antibodies in an autoimmune disease IgA nephropathy and breast adenocarcinoma. Cell Mol Life Sci 2012; 70:829-39. [PMID: 22864623 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-012-1082-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2012] [Revised: 07/03/2012] [Accepted: 07/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Glycosylation abnormalities have been observed in autoimmune diseases and cancer. Here, we compare mechanisms of aberrant O-glycosylation, i.e., formation of Tn and sialyl-Tn structures, on MUC1 in breast cancer, and on IgA1 in an autoimmune disease, IgA nephropathy. The pathways of aberrant O-glycosylation, although different for MUC1 and IgA1, include dysregulation in glycosyltransferase expression, stability, and/or intracellular localization. Moreover, these aberrant glycoproteins are recognized by antibodies, although with different consequences. In breast cancer, elevated levels of antibodies recognizing aberrant MUC1 are associated with better outcome, whereas in IgA nephropathy, the antibodies recognizing aberrant IgA1 are part of the pathogenetic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milada Stuchlová Horynová
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Hněvotínská 3, 77515, Olomouc, Czech Republic
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Probing isoform-specific functions of polypeptide GalNAc-transferases using zinc finger nuclease glycoengineered SimpleCells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:9893-8. [PMID: 22566642 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1203563109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Our knowledge of the O-glycoproteome [N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) type] is highly limited. The O-glycoproteome is differentially regulated in cells by dynamic expression of a subset of 20 polypeptide GalNAc-transferases (GalNAc-Ts), and methods to identify important functions of individual GalNAc-Ts are largely unavailable. We recently introduced SimpleCells, i.e., human cell lines made deficient in O-glycan extension by zinc finger nuclease targeting of a key gene in O-glycan elongation (Cosmc), which allows for proteome-wide discovery of O-glycoproteins. Here we have extended the SimpleCell concept to include proteome-wide discovery of unique functions of individual GalNAc-Ts. We used the GalNAc-T2 isoform implicated in dyslipidemia and the human HepG2 liver cell line to demonstrate unique functions of this isoform. We confirm that GalNAc-T2-directed site-specific O-glycosylation inhibits proprotein activation of the lipase inhibitor ANGPTL3 in HepG2 cells and further identify eight O-glycoproteins exclusively glycosylated by T2 of which one, ApoC-III, is implicated in dyslipidemia. Our study supports an essential role for GalNAc-T2 in lipid metabolism, provides serum biomarkers for GalNAc-T2 enzyme function, and validates the use of GALNT gene targeting with SimpleCells for broad discovery of disease-causing deficiencies in O-glycosylation. The presented glycoengineering strategy opens the way for proteome-wide discovery of functions of GalNAc-T isoforms and their role in congenital diseases and disorders.
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26
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Ding MX, Wang HF, Wang JS, Zhan H, Zuo YG, Yang DL, Liu JY, Wang W, Ke CX, Yan RP. ppGalNAc T1 as a potential novel marker for human bladder cancer. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2012; 13:5653-7. [PMID: 23317233 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2012.13.11.5653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the effect of glycopeptide-preferring polypeptide GalNAc transferase 1 (ppGalNAc T1) targeted RNA interference (RNAi) on the growth and migration of human bladder carcinoma EJ cells in vitro and in vivo. METHODS DNA microarray assays were performed to determine ppGalNAc Ts(ppGalNAc T1-9) expression in human bladder cancer and normal bladder tissues. We transfected the EJ bladder cancer cell line with well-designed ppGalNAc T1 siRNA. Boyden chamber and Wound healing assays were used to investigate changes of shppGalNAc T1-EJ cell migration. Proliferation of shppGalNAc T1-EJ cells in vitro was assessed using [3H]-thymidine incorporation assay and soft agar colony formation assays. Subcutaneous bladder tumors in BALB/c nude mice were induced by inoculation of shppGalNAc T1-EJ cells and after inoculation diameters of tumors were measured every 5 days to determine gross tumor volumes. RESULTS ppGalNAc T1 mRNA in bladder cancer tissues was 11.2-fold higher than in normal bladder tissues. When ppGalNAc T1 expression in EJ cells was knocked down through transfection by pSUPER-shppGalNAc T1 vector, markedly reduced incorporation of [3H]-thymidine into DNA of EJ cells was observed at all time points compared with the empty vector transfected control cells. However, ppGalNAc T1 knockdown did not significantly inhibited cell migration (only 12.3%). Silenced ppGalNAc T1 expression significantly inhibited subcutaneous tumor growth compared with the control groups injected with empty vector transfected control cells. At the end of observation course (40 days), the inhibitory rate of cancerous growth for ppGalNAc T1 knockdown was 52.5%. CONCLUSION ppGalNAc T1 might be a potential novel marker for human bladder cancer. Although ppGalNAc T1 knockdown caused no remarkable change in cell migration, silenced expression significantly inhibited proliferation and tumor growth of the bladder cancer EJ cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Xia Ding
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yunnan Institute of Urology, Kunming, China E-mail :
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27
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Reis CA, Osorio H, Silva L, Gomes C, David L. Alterations in glycosylation as biomarkers for cancer detection. J Clin Pathol 2010; 63:322-9. [PMID: 20354203 DOI: 10.1136/jcp.2009.071035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 320] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Glycoconjugates constitute a major class of biomolecules which include glycoproteins, glycosphingolipids and proteoglycans. Glycans are involved in several physiological and pathological conditions, such as host-pathogen interactions, cell differentiation, migration, tumour invasion and metastisation, cell trafficking and signalling. Cancer is associated with glycosylation alterations in glycoproteins and glycolipids. This review describes various aspects of protein glycosylation with the focus on alterations associated with human cancer. The application of these glycosylation modifications as biomarkers for cancer detection in tumour tissues and serological assays is summarised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celso A Reis
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto - IPATIMUP, Porto 4200-465, Portugal.
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28
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Daskalova SM, Radder JE, Cichacz ZA, Olsen SH, Tsaprailis G, Mason H, Lopez LC. Engineering of N. benthamiana L. plants for production of N-acetylgalactosamine-glycosylated proteins--towards development of a plant-based platform for production of protein therapeutics with mucin type O-glycosylation. BMC Biotechnol 2010; 10:62. [PMID: 20735851 PMCID: PMC2936419 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6750-10-62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2009] [Accepted: 08/24/2010] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mucin type O-glycosylation is one of the most common types of post-translational modifications that impacts stability and biological functions of many mammalian proteins. A large family of UDP-GalNAc polypeptide:N-acetyl-α-galactosaminyltransferases (GalNAc-Ts) catalyzes the first step of mucin type O-glycosylation by transferring GalNAc to serine and/or threonine residues of acceptor polypeptides. Plants do not have the enzyme machinery to perform this process, thus restricting their use as bioreactors for production of recombinant therapeutic proteins. RESULTS The present study demonstrates that an isoform of the human GalNAc-Ts family, GalNAc-T2, retains its localization and functionality upon expression in N. benthamiana L. plants. The recombinant enzyme resides in the Golgi as evidenced by the fluorescence distribution pattern of the GalNAc-T2:GFP fusion and alteration of the fluorescence signature upon treatment with Brefeldin A. A GalNAc-T2-specific acceptor peptide, the 113-136 aa fragment of chorionic gonadotropin β-subunit, is glycosylated in vitro by the plant-produced enzyme at the "native" GalNAc attachment sites, Ser-121 and Ser-127. Ectopic expression of GalNAc-T2 is sufficient to "arm" tobacco cells with the ability to perform GalNAc-glycosylation, as evidenced by the attachment of GalNAc to Thr-119 of the endogenous enzyme endochitinase. However, glycosylation of highly expressed recombinant glycoproteins, like magnICON-expressed E. coli enterotoxin B subunit:H. sapiens mucin 1 tandem repeat-derived peptide fusion protein (LTBMUC1), is limited by the low endogenous UDP-GalNAc substrate pool and the insufficient translocation of UDP-GalNAc to the Golgi lumen. Further genetic engineering of the GalNAc-T2 plants by co-expressing Y. enterocolitica UDP-GlcNAc 4-epimerase gene and C. elegans UDP-GlcNAc/UDP-GalNAc transporter gene overcomes these limitations as indicated by the expression of the model LTBMUC1 protein exclusively as a glycoform. CONCLUSION Plant bioreactors can be engineered that are capable of producing Tn antigen-containing recombinant therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasha M Daskalova
- Center for Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Josiah E Radder
- Center for Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Zbigniew A Cichacz
- Center for Innovations in Medicine, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Sam H Olsen
- Center for Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | | | - Hugh Mason
- Center for Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Linda C Lopez
- Center for Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
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Wu C, Guo X, Wang W, Wang Y, Shan Y, Zhang B, Song W, Ma S, Ge J, Deng H, Zhu M. N-Acetylgalactosaminyltransferase-14 as a potential biomarker for breast cancer by immunohistochemistry. BMC Cancer 2010; 10:123. [PMID: 20356418 PMCID: PMC2873381 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-10-123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2009] [Accepted: 04/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The post-translational modification of proteins, including glycosylation, differs between normal and tumor cells. The UDP-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferases (GalNAc-Tases) family of enzymes regulates the initial steps of mucin O-glycosylation and is responsible for the altered glycosylation state observed in cancer cells. Recently it was found that GalNAc-T14 mRNA is heterogeneously expressed in breast carcinomas compared to normal tissue, however the expression profile of GalNAc-T14 protein in breast carcinomas compared to normal tissue is still unknown. In this study, we assessed the expression profile of GalNAc-T14 protein in malignant and non-malignant breast tissues by immunohistochemistry to evaluate whether GalNAc-T14 might be a potential biomarker for breast cancer. Methods In formalin-fixed tissues, the expression level of GalNAc-T14 protein was evaluated by immunohistochemistry assay in breast tissues. Expression profiles were assessed in normal tissues, benign fibroadenomas and several types of carcinomas. Results Our results showed that GalNAc-T14 was heterogeneously expressed in breast carcinomas compared to non-malignant tissue. GalNAc-T14 expression was observed in 47/56 (83.9%) carcinoma samples, 7/48 (14.6%) non-malignant breast tissue samples. GalNAc-T14 expression level was associated with histological grade. For this enzyme a significant association with invasive ductal type, mucinous adenocarcinoma and ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) type was found. Conclusion Our results provide evidence that GalNAc-T14 may be a potential biomarker for breast cancer by immunohistochemistry. GalNAc-T14 expression level was associated with histological grade. GalNAc-T14 expression can provide new insights about breast cancer glycobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Wu
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei, 071002, PR China.
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Park JH, Nishidate T, Kijima K, Ohashi T, Takegawa K, Fujikane T, Hirata K, Nakamura Y, Katagiri T. Critical roles of mucin 1 glycosylation by transactivated polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 6 in mammary carcinogenesis. Cancer Res 2010; 70:2759-69. [PMID: 20215525 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-09-3911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The structure of O-glycosylated proteins is altered in breast cancer cells, but the mechanisms of such an aberrant modification have been largely unknown. We here report critical roles of a novel druggable target, polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 6 (GALNT6), which is upregulated in a great majority of breast cancers and encodes a glycosyltransferase responsible for initiating mucin-type O-glycosylation. Knockdown of GALNT6 by small interfering RNA significantly enhanced cell adhesion function and suppressed the growth of breast cancer cells. Western blot and immunostaining analyses indicated that wild-type GALNT6 protein could glycosylate and stabilize an oncoprotein mucin 1 (MUC1), which was upregulated with GALNT6 in breast cancer specimens. Furthermore, knockdown of GALNT6 or MUC1 led to similar morphologic changes of cancer cells accompanied by the increase of cell adhesion molecules beta-catenin and E-cadherin. Our findings implied that overexpression of GALNT6 might contribute to mammary carcinogenesis through aberrant glycosylation and stabilization of MUC1 and that screening of GALNT6 inhibitors would be valuable for the development of novel therapeutic modalities against breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Hyun Park
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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31
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Kato K, Takeuchi H, Kanoh A, Miyahara N, Nemoto-Sasaki Y, Morimoto-Tomita M, Matsubara A, Ohashi Y, Waki M, Usami K, Mandel U, Clausen H, Higashi N, Irimura T. Loss of UDP-GalNAc:polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 3 and reduced O-glycosylation in colon carcinoma cells selected for hepatic metastasis. Glycoconj J 2010; 27:267-76. [PMID: 20077002 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-009-9275-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2009] [Revised: 12/04/2009] [Accepted: 12/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
O-glycosylation of mucin is initiated by the attachment of N-acetyl-D-galactosamine (GalNAc) to serine or threonine residues in mucin core polypeptides by UDPGalNAc:polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferases (ppGalNAc-Ts). It is not well understood how GalNAc attachment is regulated by multiple ppGalNAc-Ts in each cell. In the present study, the expression levels of murine ppGalNAc-Ts (mGalNAc-Ts), T1, T2, T3, T4, T6, and T7 were compared between mouse colon carcinoma colon 38 cells and variant SL4 cells, selected for their metastatic potentials, by using the competitive RT-PCR method. The expression levels of mGalNAc-T1, T2, and T7 were slightly higher in the SL4 cells than in the colon 38 cells, whereas the expression level of mGalNAc-T3 in the SL4 cells was 1.5% of that in the colon 38 cells. Products of enzymatic incorporations of GalNAc residues into FITCPTTTPITTTTK peptide by the use of microsome fractions of these cells as the enzyme source were separated and characterized for the number of attached GalNAc residues and their positions. The maximum number of attached GalNAc residues was 6 and 4 when the microsome fractions of the colon 38 cells and SL4 cells were used, respectively. When the microsome fractions of the colon 38 cells were treated with a polyclonal antibody raised against mGalNAc-T3, the maximum number of incorporated GalNAc residues was 4. These results strongly suggest that mGalNAc-T3 in colon 38 cells is involved in additional transfer of GalNAc residues to this peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Kato
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Molecular Immunology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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Taylor BN, Mehta RR, Yamada T, Lekmine F, Christov K, Chakrabarty AM, Green A, Bratescu L, Shilkaitis A, Beattie CW, Das Gupta TK. Noncationic Peptides Obtained From Azurin Preferentially Enter Cancer Cells. Cancer Res 2009; 69:537-46. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-2932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Welinder C, Jansson B, Fernö M, Olsson H, Baldetorp B. Expression of Helix pomatia Lectin Binding Glycoproteins in Women with Breast Cancer in Relationship to Their Blood Group Phenotypes. J Proteome Res 2008; 8:782-7. [DOI: 10.1021/pr800444b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Bo Jansson
- Department of Oncology, Lund University, SE-221 85, Lund, Sweden
| | - Mårten Fernö
- Department of Oncology, Lund University, SE-221 85, Lund, Sweden
| | - Håkan Olsson
- Department of Oncology, Lund University, SE-221 85, Lund, Sweden
| | - Bo Baldetorp
- Department of Oncology, Lund University, SE-221 85, Lund, Sweden
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Gomes J, Marcos NT, Berois N, Osinaga E, Magalhães A, Pinto-de-Sousa J, Almeida R, Gärtner F, Reis CA. Expression of UDP-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine: polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase-6 in gastric mucosa, intestinal metaplasia, and gastric carcinoma. J Histochem Cytochem 2008; 57:79-86. [PMID: 18854599 DOI: 10.1369/jhc.2008.952283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant mucin O-glycosylation is often observed in cancer and is characterized by the expression of immature simple mucin-type carbohydrate antigens. UDP-N-acetyl-d-galactosamine:polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase-6 (ppGalNAc-T6) is one of the enzymes responsible for the initial step in O-glycosylation. This study evaluated the expression of ppGalNAc-T6 in human gastric mucosa, intestinal metaplasia, and gastric carcinomas. Our results showed that ppGalNAc-T6 is expressed in normal gastric mucosa and in intestinal metaplasia. A heterogeneous expression and staining pattern for this enzyme was observed in gastric carcinomas. ppGalNAc-T6 was expressed in 79% of the cases, and its expression level was associated with the presence of venous invasion. Our results provide evidence that ppGalNAc-T6 is an IHC marker associated with venous invasion in gastric carcinoma and may contribute to the understanding of the molecular mechanisms that underlie aberrant glycosylation in gastric carcinogenesis and in gastric carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Gomes
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
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