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Atzpodien EA, Jacobsen B, Funk J, Altmann B, Silva Munoz MA, Singer T, Gyger C, Hasler P, Maloca P. Advanced Clinical Imaging and Tissue-based Biomarkers of the Eye for Toxicology Studies in Minipigs. Toxicol Pathol 2015; 44:398-413. [PMID: 26680760 DOI: 10.1177/0192623315615553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
There is increased interest to use minipigs in ocular toxicology studies due to their anatomical similarities with human eyes and as a substitute for nonhuman primates. This requires adaptation of enhanced optical coherence tomography (OCT) techniques and of ocular relevant immunohistochemistry (IHC) or in situ hybridization (ISH) markers to porcine eyes. In this study, OCT and OCT angiography (AngioOCT) were performed on adult Göttingen minipigs. To increase structural information on retinal and choroidal vasculature, OCT data were speckle denoized and choroidal blood vessels were segmented with threshold filtering. In addition, we established a set of IHC and ISH markers on Davidson's fixed paraffin-embedded minipig eyes: neurofilament-160, neuronal nuclei, calretinin, protein kinase C-α, vimentin, glial fibrillary acidic protein, glutamine synthetase, ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule-1, rhodopsin, synaptophysin, postsynaptic density protein-95, retinal pigment epithelium (RPE)-specific protein-65, von Willebrand factor, α-smooth muscle actin, desmin, and Ki-67, thus enabling visualization of retinal neuronal and glial cells, photoreceptors, synapses, RPE, blood vessels, myocytes, macrophages, or cell proliferation. Using ISH, transcripts of vascular endothelial growth factor A, angiopoietin-2, and endothelial tyrosine kinase were visualized. This article describes for the first time in minipig eyes speckle noise-free OCT, AngioOCT, and a set of IHC/ISH markers on Davidson's fixed paraffin-embedded tissues and helps to establish the minipig for ocular toxicology and pharmacology studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Juergen Funk
- Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Cyrill Gyger
- OCT Research Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Pascal Hasler
- OCT Research Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Peter Maloca
- OCT Research Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Lucke-Wold BP, Turner RC, Logsdon AF, Simpkins JW, Alkon DL, Smith KE, Chen YW, Tan Z, Huber JD, Rosen CL. Common mechanisms of Alzheimer's disease and ischemic stroke: the role of protein kinase C in the progression of age-related neurodegeneration. J Alzheimers Dis 2015; 43:711-24. [PMID: 25114088 PMCID: PMC4446718 DOI: 10.3233/jad-141422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke and Alzheimer's disease (AD), despite being distinct disease entities, share numerous pathophysiological mechanisms such as those mediated by inflammation, immune exhaustion, and neurovascular unit compromise. An important shared mechanistic link is acute and chronic changes in protein kinase C (PKC) activity. PKC isoforms have widespread functions important for memory, blood-brain barrier maintenance, and injury repair that change as the body ages. Disease states accelerate PKC functional modifications. Mutated forms of PKC can contribute to neurodegeneration and cognitive decline. In some cases the PKC isoforms are still functional but are not successfully translocated to appropriate locations within the cell. The deficits in proper PKC translocation worsen stroke outcome and amyloid-β toxicity. Cross talk between the innate immune system and PKC pathways contribute to the vascular status within the aging brain. Unfortunately, comorbidities such as diabetes, obesity, and hypertension disrupt normal communication between the two systems. The focus of this review is to highlight what is known about PKC function, how isoforms of PKC change with age, and what additional alterations are consequences of stroke and AD. The goal is to highlight future therapeutic targets that can be applied to both the treatment and prevention of neurologic disease. Although the pathology of ischemic stroke and AD are different, the similarity in PKC responses warrants further investigation, especially as PKC-dependent events may serve as an important connection linking age-related brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon P. Lucke-Wold
- Department of Neurosurgery, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
- The Center for Neuroscience, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Ryan C. Turner
- Department of Neurosurgery, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
- The Center for Neuroscience, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Aric F. Logsdon
- The Center for Neuroscience, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University School of Pharmacy, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - James W. Simpkins
- The Center for Neuroscience, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Daniel L. Alkon
- Blanchette Rockefeller Neurosciences Institute, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Kelly E. Smith
- The Center for Neuroscience, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University School of Pharmacy, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Yi-Wen Chen
- The Center for Neuroscience, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Zhenjun Tan
- Department of Neurosurgery, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
- The Center for Neuroscience, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Jason D. Huber
- The Center for Neuroscience, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University School of Pharmacy, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Charles L. Rosen
- Department of Neurosurgery, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
- The Center for Neuroscience, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
- Correspondence to: Charles L. Rosen, MD, PhD, Department of Neurosurgery, West Virginia University School of Medicine, One Medical Center Drive, Suite 4300, Health Sciences Center, PO Box 9183, Morgantown, WV 26506-9183, USA. Tel.: +1 304 293 5041; Fax: +1 304 293 4819;
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Wang L, Lam JSY, Zhao H, Wang J, Chan SO. Localization of protein kinase C isoforms in the optic pathway of mouse embryos and their role in axon routing at the optic chiasm. Brain Res 2014; 1575:22-32. [PMID: 24863469 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Revised: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Protein kinase C (PKC) plays a key role in many receptor-mediated signaling pathways that regulate cell growth and development. However, its roles in guiding axon growth and guidance in developing neural pathways are largely unknown. To investigate possible functions of PKC in the growth and guidance of axons in the optic chiasm, we first determined the localization of major PKC isoforms in the retinofugal pathway of mouse embryos, at the stage when axons navigate through the midline. Results showed that PKC was expressed in isoform specific patterns in the pathway. PKC-α immunoreactivity was detected in the chiasm and the optic tract. PKC-βΙΙ was strong in the optic stalk but was attenuated on axons in the diencephalon. Immunostaining for PKC-ε showed a colocalization in the chiasmatic neurons that express a surface antigen stage specific embryonic antigen-1 (SSEA-1). These chiasmatic neurons straddled the midline of the optic chiasm, and have been shown in earlier studies a role in regulation of axon growth and guidance. Expression levels of PKC-βΙ, -δ and -γ were barely detectable in the pathway. Blocking of PKC signaling with Ro-32-0432, an inhibitor specific for PKC-α and -β at nanomolar concentration, produced a dramatic reduction of ipsilateral axons from both nasal retina and temporal crescent. We conclude from these studies that PKC-α and -βΙΙ are the predominant forms in the developing optic pathway, whereas PKC-ε is the major form in the chiasmatic neurons. Furthermore, PKC-α and -βΙΙ are likely involved in signaling pathways triggered by inhibitory molecules at the midline that guide optic axons to the uncrossed pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqing Wang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong, China; Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Joyce Shi-Ying Lam
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong, China.
| | - Hui Zhao
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong, China.
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.
| | - Sun-On Chan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong, China.
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