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Pereira A, Garmendia ML, Leiva V, Corvalán C, Michels KB, Shepherd J. Breast composition during and after puberty: the Chilean Growth and Obesity Cohort Study. Breast Cancer Res 2024; 26:45. [PMID: 38475816 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-024-01793-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast density (BD) is a strong risk factor for breast cancer. Little is known about how BD develops during puberty. Understanding BD trajectories during puberty and its determinants could be crucial for promoting preventive actions against breast cancer (BC) at early ages. The objective of this research is to characterize % fibroglandular volume (%FGV), absolute fibroglandular volume (AFGV), and breast volume (BV) at different breast Tanner stages until 4-year post menarche in a Latino cohort and to assess determinants of high %FGV and AFGV during puberty and in a fully mature breast. METHODS This is a longitudinal follow-up of 509 girls from low-middle socioeconomic status of the Southeast area of Santiago, recruited at a mean age of 3.5 years. The inclusion criteria were singleton birth born, birthweight between 2500 and 4500 g with no medical or mental disorder. A trained dietitian measured weight and height since 3.5 years old and sexual maturation from 8 years old (breast Tanner stages and age at menarche onset). Using standardized methods, BD was measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) in various developmental periods (breast Tanner stage B1 until 4 years after menarche onset). RESULTS In the 509 girls, we collected 1,442 breast DXA scans; the mean age at Tanner B4 was 11.3 years. %FGV increased across breast Tanner stages and peaked 250 days after menarche. AFGV and BV peaked 2 years after menarche onset. Girls in the highest quartiles of %FGV, AFGV, and BV at Tanner B4 and B5 before menarche onset had the highest values thereafter until 4 years after menarche onset. The most important determinants of %FGV and AFGV variability were BMI z-score (R2 = 44%) and time since menarche (R2 = 42%), respectively. CONCLUSION We characterize the breast development during puberty, a critical window of susceptibility. Although the onset of menarche is a key milestone for breast development, we observed that girls in the highest quartiles of %FGV and AFGV tracked in that group afterwards. Following these participants in adulthood would be of interest to understand the changes in breast composition during this period and its potential link with BC risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Pereira
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Valeria Leiva
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- MRC Biostatistics Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Camila Corvalán
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Karin B Michels
- Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
- Institute for Prevention and Cancer Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - John Shepherd
- Population Sciences in the Pacific Program (Cancer Epidemiology), University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, USA
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Naser Al Deen N, Atallah Lanman N, Chittiboyina S, Fostok S, Nasr R, Lelièvre S, Talhouk R. Over-expression of miR-183-5p or miR-492 triggers invasion and proliferation and loss of polarity in non-neoplastic breast epithelium. Sci Rep 2022; 12:21974. [PMID: 36539576 PMCID: PMC9768134 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-25663-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
microRNAs (miRNAs) serve as novel noninvasive cancer biomarkers. In an HMT-3522 S1 (S1) breast epithelial risk-progression three-dimensional (3D) culture model, non-neoplastic S1 cells form a fully polarized epithelium. When silenced for the gap junction and tumor suppressor Cx43, Cx43-KO-S1 cells recapitulate pre-neoplastic phenotypes observed in tissues at risk for breast cancer in vivo. To delineate the role of miRNAs in breast tumorigenesis and identify key miRNA players in breast epithelial polarity, the miRNA profile specific to Cx43 loss in Cx43-KO-S1 compared to S1 cells was sequenced, revealing 65 differentially expressed miRNAs. A comparative analysis was conducted between these miRNAs and tumor-associated miRNAs from a young Lebanese patient validation cohort. miR-183-5p, downstream of Cx43 loss, was commonly upregulated in the patient cohort and the 3D culture model. miR-492, not attributed to Cx43 loss, was only specifically up-regulated in the young Lebanese patients. Ectopic expression of either miR-183-5p or miR-492 in S1 cells, through pLenti-III-miR-GPF vectors, resulted in the formation of larger multi-layered acini devoid of lumen, with disrupted epithelial polarity, as shown by an altered localization of Cx43, ß-catenin and Scrib, and decreased nuclear circularity in 3D cultures. Enhanced proliferation and invasion capacity were also observed. Over-expression of miR-183-5p or miR-492, therefore, induces pre-neoplastic phenotypes similar to those reported upon Cx43 loss, and may act as oncomiRs and possible biomarkers of increased breast cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataly Naser Al Deen
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, American University of Beirut, P.O. Box: 11-0236, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Nadia Atallah Lanman
- Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, Indiana, USA
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, Indiana, USA
| | - Shirisha Chittiboyina
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, Indiana, USA
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, CDC, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, USA
| | - Sabreen Fostok
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, American University of Beirut, P.O. Box: 11-0236, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Rihab Nasr
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Sophie Lelièvre
- Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, Indiana, USA
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, Indiana, USA
- Institut de Cancérologie de L'Ouest (ICO), Angers, France
| | - Rabih Talhouk
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, American University of Beirut, P.O. Box: 11-0236, Beirut, Lebanon.
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Ingthorsson S, Traustadottir GA, Gudjonsson T. Cellular Plasticity and Heterotypic Interactions during Breast Morphogenesis and Cancer Initiation. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14215209. [PMID: 36358627 PMCID: PMC9654604 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14215209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary This review aims to discuss the structure, function and dynamics of the breast gland and how changes to the function of the breast’s cells can lead to different types of cancer. Abstract The human breast gland is a unique organ as most of its development occurs postnatally between menarche and menopause, a period ranging from 30 to 40 years. During this period, the monthly menstruation cycle drives the mammary gland through phases of cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis, facilitated via a closely choreographed interaction between the epithelial cells and the surrounding stroma preparing the gland for pregnancy. If pregnancy occurs, maximal differentiation is reached to prepare for lactation. After lactation, the mammary gland involutes to a pre-pregnant state. These cycles of proliferation, differentiation, and involution necessitate the presence of epithelial stem cells that give rise to progenitor cells which differentiate further into the luminal and myoepithelial lineages that constitute the epithelial compartment and are responsible for the branching structure of the gland. Maintaining homeostasis and the stem cell niche depends strongly on signaling between the stem and progenitor cells and the surrounding stroma. Breast cancer is a slowly progressing disease whose initiation can take decades to progress into an invasive form. Accumulating evidence indicates that stem cells and/or progenitor cells at different stages, rather than terminally differentiated cells are the main cells of origin for most breast cancer subgroups. Stem cells and cancer cells share several similarities such as increased survival and cellular plasticity which is reflected in their ability to switch fate by receiving intrinsic and extrinsic signals. In this review, we discuss the concept of cellular plasticity in normal breast morphogenesis and cancer, and how the stromal environment plays a vital role in cancer initiation and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saevar Ingthorsson
- Stem Cell Research Unit, Biomedical Center, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
- Faculty of nursing and midwifery, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Gunnhildur Asta Traustadottir
- Stem Cell Research Unit, Biomedical Center, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
- Department of Pathology, Landspitali University Hospital, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Thorarinn Gudjonsson
- Stem Cell Research Unit, Biomedical Center, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
- Department of Laboratory Hematology, Landspitali University Hospital, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
- Correspondence:
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de Almeida MHR, Bortolotto GDS, Dutra RC, Guimarães GN, Felipetti FA. Cell culture of the normal human mammary gland cultivated in monolayer - A mini systematic review. Acta Histochem 2021; 123:151798. [PMID: 34666236 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2021.151798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The mammary glands are constituted of different cell types. For example, the epithelial cells appear as the target in many studies since they produce and secrete milk during lactation and are the origin of many human breast cancers. Mammary gland biology is characterized by dynamic tissue growth, function and regression phases, which are understood mainly due to tissue culture studies. Cell culture is probably one of the most used in vitro scientific models, and the most common research model is still the two-dimensional (2D) culture system. Different approaches and conditions have been tested and used to improve the isolation, growth, yield and maintenance of viability of mammary gland cells. Therefore, our study aimed to explore and summarize the cell culture techniques with normal human mammary gland cells cultured in a monolayer. A search strategy was conducted using the electronic databases 'PubMed', 'Scopus' and 'Virtual Health Library'. The search was carried out using the keywords 'cell culture' and 'mammary gland' and 'human'. The main search was carried out by two authors between July and August 2021. In addition, we performed a review matrix elaborated in a spreadsheet to organize and systematize information about each article for inclusion. A total of 11 studies were included in the review and have conducted qualitative analyses on them. Although studies of these cells have been reported since the 1970 s, most found are from the last decade and are largely carried out in the USA. In addition, it was possible to verify the Human Mammary Epithelial Cells (HMEC) primary culture obtained from breast surgery as the main cell type studied. These cells are cultivated in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) and M87A medium with diverse supplements. Finally, there was a diversity in the use of dissociation reagents and a lack of information about cryopreservation. We have observed detailed methodological information about these study models, which would propose further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateus H R de Almeida
- Medial Undergraduate Student, Department of Health Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Campus Araranguá, 88906-072 Araranguá, SC, Brazil.
| | - Geovana D Savi Bortolotto
- Laboratory Technician, Department of Health Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Campus Araranguá, 88906-072 Araranguá, SC, Brazil.
| | - Rafael Cypriano Dutra
- Professor, Department of Health Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Campus Araranguá, 88906-072 Araranguá, SC, Brazil.
| | - Gustavo Narvaes Guimarães
- Laboratory Technician, Department of Biosciences, State University of Campinas, Campus Piracicaba, 13414-903 Piracicaba, SP, Brazil.
| | - Francielly A Felipetti
- Professor, Department of Health Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Campus Araranguá, 88906-072 Araranguá, SC, Brazil.
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A risk progression breast epithelial 3D culture model reveals Cx43/hsa_circ_0077755/miR-182 as a biomarker axis for heightened risk of breast cancer initiation. Sci Rep 2021; 11:2626. [PMID: 33514777 PMCID: PMC7846862 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82057-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
mRNA-circRNA-miRNAs axes have been characterized in breast cancer, but not as risk-assessment axes for tumor initiation in early-onset breast cancer that is increasing drastically worldwide. To address this gap, we performed circular RNA (circRNA) microarrays and microRNA (miRNA) sequencing on acini of HMT-3522 S1 (S1) breast epithelial risk-progression culture model in 3D and chose an early-stage population miRNome for a validation cohort. Nontumorigenic S1 cells form fully polarized epithelium while pretumorigenic counterparts silenced for gap junction Cx43 (Cx43-KO-S1) lose epithelial polarity, multilayer and mimic premalignant in vivo mammary epithelial morphology. Here, 121 circRNAs and 65 miRNAs were significantly dysregulated in response to Cx43 silencing in cultured epithelia and 15 miRNAs from the patient cohort were involved in epithelial polarity disruption. Focusing on the possible sponging activity of the validated circRNAs to their target miRNAs, we found all miRNAs to be highly enriched in cancer-related pathways and cross-compared their dysregulation to actual miRNA datasets from the cultured epithelia and the patient validation cohort. We present the involvement of gap junction in post-transcriptional axes and reveal Cx43/hsa_circ_0077755/miR-182 as a potential biomarker signature axis for heightened-risk of breast cancer initiation, and that its dysregulation patterns might predict prognosis along breast cancer initiation and progression.
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Wilkin AM, Sullivan R, Trinh T, Edson M, Kozlowski B, Meckling KA. Differential effects of the 1,25D3-MARRS receptor (ERp57/PDIA3) on murine mammary gland development depend on the vitamin D3 dose. Steroids 2020; 158:108621. [PMID: 32119872 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2020.108621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25D3) is the most potent biologically active form of vitamin D3. Its actions on the mammary gland include cell growth inhibition and anti-cancer effects. This study's purpose was to explore the role of the 1,25D3-membrane associated rapid response steroid (MARRS) receptor in the mammary gland using a tissue-specific knockout mouse model and a vitamin D3 dietary intervention. Three genotype groups were created using the Cre/loxp system to knock-down (+/-) and knockout (-/-) the MARRS receptor in epithelial cells of mammary glands (MG). Abdominal MGs were collected from 6-week old female mice (n = 94) on diets of 10,000 IU/kg (excess), 1,000 IU/kg (sufficient) or 0 IU/kg (deficient) of D3. There was a significant interaction between genotype and diet regarding number of terminal end buds (TEBs) (p = 0.001) and ductal coverage of the fat pad (p = 0.03). MARRS -/- mice on the sufficient diet had significantly fewer TEBs (p = 0.001) compared to MARRS +/+ on the same diet, but the opposite effect was seen in mice on the excess diet. There were no effects of genotype on TEBs when animals were vitamin D3 deficient. These results suggest that there is an effect of MARRS on mammary gland development that is dependent on 25(OH)D status, specifically, altering the number of highly proliferative TEBs. Increased numbers of TEBs have been correlated with increased breast cancer risk later in life. Therefore the results of this study warrant further examination of 25(OH)D status and recommendations in adolescent humans to reduce dietary effects on future breast cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison M Wilkin
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd. E. Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Robert Sullivan
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd. E. Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Thao Trinh
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd. E. Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Michael Edson
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd. E. Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Benjamin Kozlowski
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd. E. Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Kelly A Meckling
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd. E. Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
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Effects of Dietary Supplementation of Lauric Acid on Lactation Function, Mammary Gland Development, and Serum Lipid Metabolites in Lactating Mice. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10030529. [PMID: 32235692 PMCID: PMC7143820 DOI: 10.3390/ani10030529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Milk secreted from mammary glands is an important nutrition source for offspring after parturition. Mammary gland development and lactation ability have important effects on the growth and health of the offspring. Many studies have demonstrated that external factors, including the environment and nutrition influence the development of mammary glands. Lauric acid is a fatty acid that has many nutritional and physiological properties. In this study, we investigated the effects of dietary supplementation of lauric acid on lactation function and mammary gland development in lactating mice. We found that dietary supplementation of lauric acid during lactation might enhance the mammary development to promote the lactation function of mice. Through the study of mice, we hoped that the results could be applied to animal feed development and animal breeding production. Abstract Our previous studies demonstrated that lauric acid (LA) stimulated mammary gland development during puberty. However, the roles of LA on lactation in mice remain indeterminate. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of dietary LA supplementation on lactation functioning and to study the potential mechanisms during lactation. in vivo, there was no effect of 1% LA dietary supplementation during lactation on the feed intake or body weight of breast-feeding mice. However, maternal LA supplementation significantly expanded the number of mammary gland alveoli of mice during lactation and the average body weight of the offspring, suggesting that LA supplementation enhanced the development and lactation function of the mammary glands. in vitro, 100 μM of LA significantly increased the content of triglycerides (TG) in the cell supernatant of induced HC11 cells, however, with no effect on the expression of the genes associated with fatty acid synthesis. LA also activated the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt) signaling pathway. LA dietary supplementation significantly expanded the serum levels of lipid metabolites, including sphingomyelin and other metabolites with the sn-2 position of C12 and sn-1 position of C18 in the TG of the lactating mice. Taken together, dietary supplementation of LA during lactation could promote the lactation function of mice, which might be related to increasing the development of the mammary glands and alternation of serum lipid metabolites. These findings provided more theoretical and experimental basis for the application of lauric acid in the development of mammary glands and lactation function of lactating animals.
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Naser Al Deen N, AbouHaidar M, Talhouk R. Connexin43 as a Tumor Suppressor: Proposed Connexin43 mRNA-circularRNAs-microRNAs Axis Towards Prevention and Early Detection in Breast Cancer. Front Med (Lausanne) 2019; 6:192. [PMID: 31555649 PMCID: PMC6724403 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2019.00192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is a global public health burden, constituting the highest cancer incidence in women worldwide. Connexin43 (Cx43) is a member of a family of transmembrane proteins responsible in part for intercellular communication between adjacent breast epithelial cells, via gap junctions. Cx43 plays key role in mammary gland development and differentiation and its spatio-temporal perturbation contributes to tumorigenesis. Thus, Cx43 acts as a breast tumor-suppressor. Signaling pathways and phenotypes downstream of Cx43 mRNA loss/mis-localization in breast cells have been well-studied. However, axes parallel to Cx43 loss are less understood. microRNAs (miRNAs) are small endogenous non-coding RNAs that repress translation and circularRNAs (circRNAs) are a class of endogenous RNAs that originate from RNA splicing and act as miRNA "sponges". CircRNAs and miRNAs are dysregulated in cancers and are highly abundant and stable in the circulation. Thus, they present as attractive liquid biopsy cancer biomarkers. Here, an axis for Cx43 mRNA-circRNAs-miRNAs interactions along BC initiation (denoted by loss of breast epithelial polarity and development of hyperplastic phenotypes) is proposed to potentially serve as a signature biomarker toward BC early-onset detection and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataly Naser Al Deen
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Mounir AbouHaidar
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Rabih Talhouk
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
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Hue-Beauvais C, Laubier J, Brun N, Houtia I, Jaffrezic F, Bevilacqua C, Le Provost F, Charlier M. Puberty is a critical window for the impact of diet on mammary gland development in the rabbit. Dev Dyn 2019; 248:948-960. [PMID: 31348557 PMCID: PMC6790954 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Nutritional changes can affect future lactation efficiency. In a rabbit model, an obesogenic diet initiated before puberty and pursued throughout pregnancy enhances mammary differentiation, but when started during the neonatal period can cause abnormal mammary development in early pregnancy. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of an unbalanced diet administered during the pubertal period only. Results Consuming an obesogenic diet at puberty did not affect either metabolic parameters or certain maternal reproductive parameters at the onset of adulthood. In contrast, at Day 8 of pregnancy, epithelial tissue showed a lower proliferation rate in obesogenic‐diet fed rabbits than in control‐diet fed rabbits. Wap and Cx26 genes, mammary epithelial cell differentiation markers, were upregulated although Wap protein level remained unchanged. However, the expression of genes involved in lipid metabolism and in alveolar formation was not modified. Conclusion Taken together, our results demonstrate that the consumption for 5 weeks of an obesogenic diet during the pubertal period initiates mammary structure modifications and affects mammary epithelial cell proliferation and differentiation. Our findings highlight the potentially important role played by unbalanced nutrition during critical early‐life windows in terms of regulating mammary epithelial cell differentiation and subsequent function in adulthood. Our results demonstrate that the consumption for five weeks of an obesogenic diet during the pubertal period initiates mammary structure modifications and affects mammary epithelial cell proliferation and differentiation. Our findings highlight the potentially important role played by unbalanced nutrition during critical early‐life windows in terms of regulating mammary epithelial cell differentiation and subsequent function in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathy Hue-Beauvais
- GABI, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Johann Laubier
- GABI, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Nicolas Brun
- GABI, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Inès Houtia
- GABI, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Florence Jaffrezic
- GABI, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Claudia Bevilacqua
- GABI, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | | | - Madia Charlier
- GABI, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
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10
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Fostok SF, El-Sibai M, El-Sabban M, Talhouk RS. Gap Junctions and Wnt Signaling in the Mammary Gland: a Cross-Talk? J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2019; 24:17-38. [PMID: 30194659 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-018-9411-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Connexins (Cxs), the building blocks of gap junctions (GJs), exhibit spatiotemporal patterns of expression and regulate the development and differentiation of the mammary gland, acting via channel-dependent and channel-independent mechanisms. Impaired Cx expression and localization are reported in breast cancer, suggesting a tumor suppressive role for Cxs. The signaling events that mediate the role of GJs in the development and tumorigenesis of the mammary gland remain poorly identified. The Wnt pathways, encompassing the canonical or the Wnt/β-catenin pathway and the noncanonical β-catenin-independent pathway, also play important roles in those processes. Indeed, aberrant Wnt signaling is associated with breast cancer. Despite the coincident roles of Cxs and Wnt pathways, the cross-talk in the breast tissue is poorly defined, although this is reported in a number of other tissues. Our previous studies revealed a channel-independent role for Cx43 in inducing differentiation or suppressing tumorigenesis of mammary epithelial cells by acting as a negative regulator of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Here, we provide a brief overview of mammary gland development, with emphasis on the role of Cxs in development and tumorigenesis of this tissue. We also discuss the role of Wnt signaling in similar contexts, and review the literature illustrating interplay between Cxs and Wnt pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabreen F Fostok
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, American University of Beirut (AUB), P.O. Box: 11-0236, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Mirvat El-Sibai
- Department of Natural Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University (LAU), Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Marwan El-Sabban
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut (AUB), Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Rabih S Talhouk
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, American University of Beirut (AUB), P.O. Box: 11-0236, Beirut, Lebanon.
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11
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Zhao J, Han Y, Ma X, Zhou Y, Yuan S, Shen Q, Ye G, Liu H, Fu P, Zhang G, Qiao B, Liu A. Cysteine Dioxygenase Regulates the Epithelial Morphogenesis of Mammary Gland via Cysteine Sulfinic Acid. iScience 2019; 13:173-189. [PMID: 30849621 PMCID: PMC6406049 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2019.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial morphogenesis is a common feature in various organs and contributes to functional formation. However, the molecular mechanisms behind epithelial morphogenesis remain largely unknown. Mammary gland is an excellent model system to investigate the molecular mechanisms of epithelial morphogenesis. In this study, we found that cysteine dioxygenase (CDO), a key enzyme in cysteine oxidative metabolism, was involved in mammary epithelial morphogenesis. CDO knockout (KO) females exhibited severe defects in mammary branching morphogenesis and ductal elongation, resulting in poor lactation. CDO contributes to the luminal epithelial cell differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis mainly through its downstream product cysteine sulfinic acid (CSA). Exogenous supplementation of CSA not only rescued the defects in CDO KO mouse but also enhanced ductal growth in wild-type mouse. It suggests that CDO regulates luminal epithelial differentiation and regeneration via CSA and consequently contributes to mammary development, which raises important implications for epithelial morphogenesis and pathogenesis of breast cancer. Cysteine dioxygenase (CDO) is necessary for mammary epithelial morphogenesis Cysteine sulfinic acid (CSA) supplementation rescues the mammary defects in CDO KO mouse CDO retains lumen character and maintains luminal cell differentiation via CSA CDO maintains epithelial cell renewal via CSA
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjun Zhao
- College of Animal Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Yuzhu Han
- College of Animal Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xingyu Ma
- College of Animal Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- College of Animal Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shukai Yuan
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Qian Shen
- Department of Microbiology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Guogen Ye
- College of Animal Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hongrun Liu
- College of Animal Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Penghui Fu
- College of Animal Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Gongwei Zhang
- College of Animal Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Bingke Qiao
- College of Animal Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Anfang Liu
- College of Animal Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.
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12
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High maternal milk intake in the postnatal life reduces the incidence of breast cancer during adulthood in rats. J Dev Orig Health Dis 2019; 10:479-487. [DOI: 10.1017/s2040174418001071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
AbstractEnvironmental factors during perinatal life can lead to changes in the mammary gland, making it susceptible to cancer in adulthood. Breastfeeding has a special importance since it takes place at a critical period of growth and development of the newborn. We aimed to analyze if an appropriate lactation protects the offspring against mammary carcinogenesis during adult life and explore the mechanisms involved in the protective effect. One-day-old Sprague-Dawley female rats were randomly distributed in litters of three (L3), eight (L8) or 12 (L12) pups per dam, to induce a differential consumption of breast milk. At 55 days of age, the animals were treated with a single dose of dimethylbenzanthracene to study tumor latency, incidence and progression. Histological, immunohistochemical and Western blot studies were performed. We observed lower incidence and higher latency in L3 compared to the other groups. The mitotic index and expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) was significantly augmented in tumors of L12 rats compared to L3 and L8, while the apoptotic index was augmented in tumors of L3 v. L12. Cleaved caspase 8 was significantly higher in tumors from L3 compared to L12. Tumors developed in L3 have a greater number of apoptotic bodies and a greater expression of caspase 8. These results demonstrate that the animals that maintained a higher intake of maternal milk (L3) presented lower incidence and greater tumor latency. Lower consumption of breast milk (L12) would increase tumor mitosis and the expression of PCNA, explaining the higher tumor incidence observed in this group.
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13
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Tan MP, Tot T. The sick lobe hypothesis, field cancerisation and the new era of precision breast surgery. Gland Surg 2018; 7:611-618. [PMID: 30687632 DOI: 10.21037/gs.2018.09.08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the ductal anatomy of the breast provides insights into tumorigenesis, which in turn offers guidance on therapeutic decisions. In this regard, the sick lobe hypothesis, which states that cancer arises from genetically unstable cells through mutations acquired in utero, forms the basis of malignant transformation. These 'at risk' cells line the mammary ductal-lobular system of a single 'sick' lobe and when exposed to noxious events in the surrounding microenvironment, further genetic changes occur which completes conversion to malignancy, in certain defined patterns. This review explores how anatomy, pathology and genomics can merge, not only to guide optimum surgery, but also to provide a more comprehensive portal for precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona P Tan
- Department of Breast Surgical Oncology, MammoCare, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tibor Tot
- Department of Pathology & Head, Pathology and Cytology Dalarna, County Hospital Falun, Falun, Sweden
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14
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Hughes K, Watson CJ. The Mammary Microenvironment in Mastitis in Humans, Dairy Ruminants, Rabbits and Rodents: A One Health Focus. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2018; 23:27-41. [PMID: 29705830 PMCID: PMC5978844 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-018-9395-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The One Health concept promotes integrated evaluation of human, animal, and environmental health questions to expedite advances benefiting all species. A recognition of the multi-species impact of mastitis as a painful condition with welfare implications leads us to suggest that mastitis is an ideal target for a One Health approach. In this review, we will evaluate the role of the mammary microenvironment in mastitis in humans, ruminants and rabbits, where appropriate also drawing on studies utilising laboratory animal models. We will examine subclinical mastitis, clinical lactational mastitis, and involution-associated, or dry period, mastitis, highlighting important anatomical and immunological species differences. We will synthesise knowledge gained across different species, comparing and contrasting disease presentation. Subclinical mastitis (SCM) is characterised by elevated Na/K ratio, and increased milk IL-8 concentrations. SCM affecting the breastfeeding mother may result in modulation of infant mucosal immune system development, whilst in ruminants notable milk production losses may ensue. In the case of clinical lactational mastitis, we will focus on mastitis caused by Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Understanding of the pathogenesis of involution-associated mastitis requires characterization of the structural and molecular changes occurring during involution and we will review these changes across species. We speculate that milk accumulation may act as a nidus for infection, and that the involution 'wound healing phenotype' may render the tissue susceptible to bacterial infection. We will discuss the impact of concurrent pregnancy and a 'parallel pregnancy and involution signature' during bovine mammary involution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Hughes
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ES, UK.
| | - Christine J Watson
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QP, UK
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15
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Meng Y, Yuan C, Zhang J, Zhang F, Fu Q, Zhu X, Shu G, Wang L, Gao P, Xi Q, Sun J, Zhang Y, Jiang Q, Wang S. Stearic acid suppresses mammary gland development by inhibiting PI3K/Akt signaling pathway through GPR120 in pubertal mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 491:192-197. [PMID: 28712865 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.07.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
It has been demonstrated that dietary high fat diet negatively affects the pubertal mammary gland development. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of stearic acid (SA), an 18-carbon chain saturated fatty acid, on mammary gland development in pubertal mice and to explore the underlying mechanism. Our results demonstrated that dietary supplementation of 2% SA suppressed mammary duct development, with significant reduction of terminal end bud (TEB) number and ductal branch. In accord, the expression of proliferative marker Cyclin D1 was markedly decreased by dietary SA. Furthermore, dietary SA led to increase of G protein-coupled receptor 120 (GPR120) expression and inhibition of PI3K/Akt signaling pathway in mammary gland of pubertal mice. In good agreement with the in vivo findings, the in vitro results showed that 40 μM SA significantly suppressed proliferation of mouse mammary epithelial cell HC11 by regulating mRNA and/or protein expression of proliferative markers such as Cyclin D1/3, p21, and PCNA. Meanwhile, SA activated GPR120 and inhibited PI3K/Akt signaling pathway in a GPR120-dependent manner. In addition, SA-induced inhibition of PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, suppression of HC11 proliferation, and alteration of proliferative markers expression were abolished by knockdown of GPR120 with siRNA. Collectively, these findings showed that SA suppressed mammary gland development of pubertal mice, which was coincident with the SA-inhibited HC11 proliferation, and was associated with inhibition of PI3K/Akt signaling pathway through activation of GPR120. These data provided new insights into the regulation of mammary gland development by dietary fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Meng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Cong Yuan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Fenglin Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Qin Fu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Xiaotong Zhu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Gang Shu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Lina Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Ping Gao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Qianyun Xi
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Jiajie Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Yongliang Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Qingyan Jiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Songbo Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China.
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16
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Leonel EC, Falleiros LR, Campos SG, Taboga SR. Histological and immunohistochemical characterization of the Mongolian gerbil's mammary gland during gestation, lactation and involution. Acta Histochem 2017; 119:273-283. [PMID: 28238410 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2017.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The morphological description of normal tissues is fundamental for making comparisons and in order to identify injuries and lesions. The aim of this work was to describe the morphological characteristics of the female Mongolian gerbil's (Meriones unguiculatus) normal mammary gland, the average expression of hormone receptors, and the average proliferation rates in the epithelial cells during the periods of lactation, pregnancy and involution. Dams were euthanized on the 14th and 21st gestational days, 7 and 14days after parturition, and 3 and 5days after weaning. The dams' mammary tissues were processed and were submitted to haematoxylin and eosin staining, Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS) staining, and Gomori's Reticulin staining. Additionally, immunohistochemistry was performed for the characterization of myoepithelial cells with α-actin, the proliferation rates with proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), the estrogen hormonal receptors (ESR1 and ESR2), and progesterone receptor (PR) quantifications. It was observed that the abundant adipose tissues were replaced by glandular epithelia and there was an increase in the epithelial cell's height (from 5.97 to 32.4μm in 14th and 21st gestational days and from 20.64 to 25.4μm in 7th and 14th lactational days, respectively) and the acini diameters (from 24.88 to 69.92μm in 14th and 21st gestational days and from 139.69 to 118.59μm in 7th and 14th lactational days, respectively) with the progression of gestation and lactation. The PAS staining intensity varied throughout the glands and between the stages that were evaluated. The extracellular matrix showed different phenotypes too, with more of a presence of the Type I collagen during the early gestation and involution and with more reticular fibers (Type III collagen) during the late gestation period and lactation. The myoepithelial layers showed alterations in their distribution with thick patterns as verified by the α-actin labeling. The PCNA showed higher rates of the marked cells in 14th and 21st gestational days (40.25 and 60.28%) and in 7th and 14th lactational days (64.08 and 65.08%). The hormone receptor quantifications showed a high variation in the rates: the average PR staining decreased from 14th to 21st gestational days (from 42.3 to 8.54%), from 7th to 14th lactational days (from 59.83 to 23.18%) and from 3rd to 5th days after weaning (from 39.98 to 12.72). There were higher averages of ESR1 staining in gestational days 14 and 21(from 58.06 to 30.02%). ESR2 staining decreased during gestation (25.7 and 12.94% in 14th and 21st gestational days)and involution (from 50.97 to 30.18% in 3rd and 5th days after weaning). The Mongolian gerbils showed similar morphological characteristics when they were compared to mice and rats. However, the higher proliferation rates with a smaller involution period compared to other murine characterized this species as being adequate for mammary pathologies studies.
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17
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Meng Y, Zhang J, Zhang F, Ai W, Zhu X, Shu G, Wang L, Gao P, Xi Q, Zhang Y, Liang X, Jiang Q, Wang S. Lauric Acid Stimulates Mammary Gland Development of Pubertal Mice through Activation of GPR84 and PI3K/Akt Signaling Pathway. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:95-103. [PMID: 27978622 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b04878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
It has been demonstrated that dietary fat affects pubertal mammary gland development. However, the role of lauric acid (LA) in this process remains unclear. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the effects of LA on mammary gland development in pubertal mice and to explore the underlying mechanism. In vitro, 100 μM LA significantly promoted proliferation of mouse mammary epithelial cell line HC11 by regulating expression of proliferative markers (cyclin D1/3, p21, PCNA). Meanwhile, LA activated the G protein-coupled receptor 84 (GPR84) and PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. In agreement, dietary 1% LA enhanced mammary duct development, increased the expression of GPR84 and cyclin D1, and activated PI3K/Akt in mammary gland of pubertal mice. Furthermore, knockdown of GPR84 or inhibition of PI3K/Akt totally abolished the promotion of HC11 proliferation induced by LA. These results showed that LA stimulated mammary gland development of pubertal mice through activation of GPR84 and PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Meng
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou 510642, P. R. China
- ALLTECH-SCAU Animal Nutrition Control Research Alliance, South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou 510642, P. R. China
| | - Jing Zhang
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou 510642, P. R. China
- ALLTECH-SCAU Animal Nutrition Control Research Alliance, South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou 510642, P. R. China
| | - Fenglin Zhang
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou 510642, P. R. China
- ALLTECH-SCAU Animal Nutrition Control Research Alliance, South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou 510642, P. R. China
| | - Wei Ai
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou 510642, P. R. China
- ALLTECH-SCAU Animal Nutrition Control Research Alliance, South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou 510642, P. R. China
| | - Xiaotong Zhu
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou 510642, P. R. China
- ALLTECH-SCAU Animal Nutrition Control Research Alliance, South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou 510642, P. R. China
| | - Gang Shu
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou 510642, P. R. China
- ALLTECH-SCAU Animal Nutrition Control Research Alliance, South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou 510642, P. R. China
| | - Lina Wang
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou 510642, P. R. China
- ALLTECH-SCAU Animal Nutrition Control Research Alliance, South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou 510642, P. R. China
| | - Ping Gao
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou 510642, P. R. China
- ALLTECH-SCAU Animal Nutrition Control Research Alliance, South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou 510642, P. R. China
| | - Qianyun Xi
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou 510642, P. R. China
- ALLTECH-SCAU Animal Nutrition Control Research Alliance, South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou 510642, P. R. China
| | - Yongliang Zhang
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou 510642, P. R. China
- ALLTECH-SCAU Animal Nutrition Control Research Alliance, South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou 510642, P. R. China
| | - Xingwei Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi High Education Laboratory for Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology, Guangxi University , Nanning 530004, P. R. China
| | - Qingyan Jiang
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou 510642, P. R. China
- ALLTECH-SCAU Animal Nutrition Control Research Alliance, South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou 510642, P. R. China
| | - Songbo Wang
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou 510642, P. R. China
- ALLTECH-SCAU Animal Nutrition Control Research Alliance, South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou 510642, P. R. China
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18
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Stanko JP, Kissling GE, Chappell VA, Fenton SE. Differences in the Rate of in Situ Mammary Gland Development and Other Developmental Endpoints in Three Strains of Female Rat Commonly Used in Mammary Carcinogenesis Studies: Implications for Timing of Carcinogen Exposure. Toxicol Pathol 2016; 44:1021-33. [PMID: 27613105 DOI: 10.1177/0192623316655222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The potential of chemicals to alter susceptibility to mammary tumor formation is often assessed using a carcinogen-induced study design in various rat strains. The rate of mammary gland (MG) development must be considered so that the timing of carcinogen administration is impactful. In this study, in situ MG development was assessed in females of the Harlan Sprague-Dawley (Hsd:SD), Charles River Sprague-Dawley (Crl:SD), and Charles River Long-Evans (Crl:LE) rat strains at postnatal days 25, 33, and 45. Development was evaluated by physical assessment of growth parameters, developmental scoring, and quantitative morphometric analysis. Although body weight (BW) was consistently lower and day of vaginal opening (VO) occurred latest in female Hsd:SD rats, they exhibited accelerated pre- and peripubertal MG development compared to other strains. Glands of Crl:SD and Crl:LE rats exhibited significantly more terminal end buds (TEBs) and TEB/mm than Hsd:SD rats around the time of VO. These data suggest a considerable difference in the rate of MG development across commonly used strains, which is independent of BW and timing of VO. In mammary tumor induction studies employing these strains, administration of the carcinogen should be timed appropriately, based on strain, to specifically target the peak of TEB occurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason P Stanko
- National Toxicology Program Laboratory, Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Grace E Kissling
- Biostatistics Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Vesna A Chappell
- National Toxicology Program Laboratory, Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Suzanne E Fenton
- National Toxicology Program Laboratory, Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
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19
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Rezaei R, Wu Z, Hou Y, Bazer FW, Wu G. Amino acids and mammary gland development: nutritional implications for milk production and neonatal growth. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2016; 7:20. [PMID: 27042295 PMCID: PMC4818943 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-016-0078-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Milk is synthesized by mammary epithelial cells of lactating mammals. The synthetic capacity of the mammary gland depends largely on the number and efficiency of functional mammary epithelial cells. Structural development of the mammary gland occurs during fetal growth, prepubertal and post-pubertal periods, pregnancy, and lactation under the control of various hormones (particularly estrogen, growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor-I, progesterone, placental lactogen, and prolactin) in a species- and stage-dependent manner. Milk is essential for the growth, development, and health of neonates. Amino acids (AA), present in both free and peptide-bound forms, are the most abundant organic nutrients in the milk of farm animals. Uptake of AA from the arterial blood of the lactating dam is the ultimate source of proteins (primarily β-casein and α-lactalbumin) and bioactive nitrogenous metabolites in milk. Results of recent studies indicate extensive catabolism of branched-chain AA (leucine, isoleucine and valine) and arginine to synthesize glutamate, glutamine, alanine, aspartate, asparagine, proline, and polyamines. The formation of polypeptides from AA is regulated not only by hormones (e.g., prolactin, insulin and glucocorticoids) and the rate of blood flow across the lactating mammary gland, but also by concentrations of AA, lipids, glucose, vitamins and minerals in the maternal plasma, as well as the activation of the mechanistic (mammalian) target rapamycin signaling by certain AA (e.g., arginine, branched-chain AA, and glutamine). Knowledge of AA utilization (including metabolism) by mammary epithelial cells will enhance our fundamental understanding of lactation biology and has important implications for improving the efficiency of livestock production worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Rezaei
- />Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843 USA
| | - Zhenlong Wu
- />State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Yongqing Hou
- />Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023 China
| | - Fuller W. Bazer
- />Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843 USA
| | - Guoyao Wu
- />Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843 USA
- />State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
- />Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023 China
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20
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YANG JIANMIN, YU HAIJING, ZHANG LIANG, DENG HUA, WANG QI, LI WENPING, ZHANG ANQIN, GAO HONGYI, YIN AIHUA. Overexpressed genes associated with hormones in terminal ductal lobular units identified by global transcriptome analysis: An insight into the anatomic origin of breast cancer. Oncol Rep 2015; 35:1689-95. [DOI: 10.3892/or.2015.4523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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21
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Magro G, Musumeci G, Parenti R. Immunomarkers in human developing and pediatric neoplastic tissues. Acta Histochem 2015; 117:311-2. [PMID: 25891910 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2015.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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