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Thorup J, Hildorf S, Hildorf AE, Baastrup JM, Mamsen LS, Andersen CY, Olsen TE, Cortes D. The fate of germ cells in cryptorchid testis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 14:1305428. [PMID: 38234428 PMCID: PMC10792029 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1305428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Cryptorchidism in males constitutes a notable risk factor for both infertility and testicular cancer. Infertility in adulthood is closely linked to the germ cell status in childhood. Furthermore, the significance of germ cell status is important as more than 95% of all reported testicular malignancies are germ cell tumors. The review aims to elucidate the pathogenesis of germ cells in cryptorchid testes concerning their association with infertility and testicular malignancies. Impaired germ cell numbers are evident in cryptorchid testes even during antenatal and neonatal stages. In cryptorchidism there is a rapid decline in germ cell number within the first year of life, partially attributed to physiologic gonocyte apoptosis. Additionally, germ cells fail to differentiate normally during mini-puberty leading to reduced germ cell proliferation and delayed clearance of gonocytes from the seminiferous epithelium. Absence of germ cells in testicular biopsies occurs already 10 months of age and germ cell deterioration progressively worsens with approximately 50% of persisting cryptorchid testes lacking germ cells during puberty. The deficient germ cell maturation and proliferation leads to later infertility. Elevated temperature in the cryptorchid testes and also hormonal deficiency contribute to this phenomenon. Germ cell neoplasia in situ (GCNIS) originating during fetal development may manifest in rare cases associated with disorders of sexual development, chromosomal abnormalities in boys, specific syndromes, and teratomas that include cryptorchidism. In adults, the presence of GCNIS predominantly represents a new histology pattern before invasive germ cell cancer is demonstrated and is neither congenital nor related to abnormal gonocyte transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorgen Thorup
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Surgical Clinic C, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Simone Hildorf
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Surgical Clinic C, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andrea E. Hildorf
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Surgical Clinic C, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jonas M. Baastrup
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Surgical Clinic C, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Linn Salto Mamsen
- The Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Tina E. Olsen
- Department of Pathology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Dina Cortes
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
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García-Andrade F, Vigueras-Villaseñor RM, Chávez-Saldaña MD, Rojas-Castañeda JC, Bahena-Ocampo IU, Aréchaga-Ocampo E, Flores-Fortis M, Díaz-Chávez J, Herrera LA, Landero-Huerta DA. Molecular Characterization of Patients with Cryptorchidism: Preliminary Search for an Expression Profile Related to That of Testicular Germ-Cell Tumors. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:3020. [PMID: 37761387 PMCID: PMC10529510 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13183020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cryptorchidism (CO) is a risk factor for the development of testicular germ-cell tumors (TGCT). This is supported by reports showing the persistence of gonocytes in CO patients. These cells are proposed to be related to the development of germ-cell neoplasia in situ (GCNIS), which is considered the precursor stage/lesion of TGCT. Therefore, it is proposed that some patients with CO could express some molecular markers related to TGCT. In this study, we analyzed testicular tissue samples from CO, TGCT, and controls. We determined the expression of POU5F1, PLAP, and KIT by immunohistochemistry and that of the hsa-miR-371-373 cluster, hsa-miR-367, and LATS2, PTEN, and IGFR1 genes by RT-qPCR. We then carried out a bioinformatic analysis to identify other possible candidate genes as tumor biomarkers. We found that 16.7% (2/12) of the CO patients presented increased expression of POU5F1, KIT, PLAP, hsa-miR-371-373, and hsa-miR-367 and decreased expression of LATS2 and IGF1R. Finally, the genes ARID4B, GALNT3, and KPNA6 were identified as other possible candidate tumor biomarkers. This is the first report describing the expression of the hsa-miR-371-373 cluster, hsa-miR-367, LATS2, and IGF1R in the testicular tissues of two CO patients with cells immune-positive to POU5F1, PLAP, and KIT, which is similar to what is observed in TGCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiola García-Andrade
- Laboratorio de Biología de la Reproducción, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Ciudad de Mexico 04530, Mexico
- Posgrado en Biología Experimental, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Iztapalapa, Ciudad de Mexico 09310, Mexico
| | | | | | | | - Ivan Uriel Bahena-Ocampo
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Iztapalapa, Ciudad de Mexico 09310, Mexico
| | - Elena Aréchaga-Ocampo
- Departamento de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Cuajimalpa, Ciudad de Mexico 05348, Mexico
| | - Mauricio Flores-Fortis
- Posgrado en Ciencias Naturales e Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Cuajimalpa, Ciudad de Mexico 05348, Mexico
| | - José Díaz-Chávez
- Unidad de Investigación en Cáncer, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas-Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Ciudad de Mexico 14080, Mexico
| | - Luis Alonso Herrera
- Unidad de Investigación en Cáncer, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas-Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Ciudad de Mexico 14080, Mexico
- Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud-Tecnológico de Monterrey, Ciudad de Mexico 14380, Mexico
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Hernández-Jardón N, Rojas-Castañeda JC, Landero-Huerta D, Reyes-Cruz E, Reynoso-Robles R, Juárez-Mosqueda MDL, Medrano A, Reyes-Delgado F, Vigueras-Villaseñor RM. Cryptorchidism: The dog as a study model. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:935307. [PMID: 36176705 PMCID: PMC9514118 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.935307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptorchidism (CO) or undescended testicle is an abnormality of male gonadal development that can generate long-term repercussions in men, such as infertility and germ cell neoplasia in situ (GCNIS). The origin of these alterations in humans is not completely clear, due to the absence of an animal model with similar testicular development as in humans with CO. This work intends to describe the testicular histological development of dogs with congenital CO, and determine whether the species could adequately serve as a study model for this pathology in humans. The study was carried out with 36 dogs, equally distributed in two groups: healthy control (CTRL) and CO groups. The contralateral testis to the undescended one in CO group of the animals was considered and analyzed. Each group was subdivided in three stages of development: (1) peripubertal stage (6–8 months), (2) young adult (9–48 months) and (3) senile (49–130 months). Histological development, the presence of cells with gonocyte morphology, cell proliferation, testicular lipoperoxidation and hormonal concentrations of testosterone, estradiol, FSH and LH were evaluated and described. In the cryptorchid testes, the first histological alterations appeared from the first stage of development and were maintained until the senile stage. A pronounced testicular lipoperoxidation occurred only in the second stage of development. The histological alterations due to CO were markedly evident in the young adult stage. Testosterone concentrations witnessed a decrease starting from in the second stage and kept on until the last stage. The contralateral testes of the CO animals showed alterations that positioned them between the control and CO testes. Testicular development of dogs with CO is similar to that of humans. The results of the study suggest that this species could serve as a suitable model for the study of CO in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norma Hernández-Jardón
- Programa Doctorado en Ciencias de la Producción y de la Salud Animal, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Julio César Rojas-Castañeda
- Laboratorio de Biología de la Reproducción, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, SS, Mexico City, Mexico
- Julio César Rojas-Castañeda
| | - Daniel Landero-Huerta
- Laboratorio de Biología de la Reproducción, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, SS, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Estefanía Reyes-Cruz
- Programa Doctorado en Ciencias de la Producción y de la Salud Animal, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rafael Reynoso-Robles
- Laboratorio de Morfología Celular y Tisular, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, SS, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - María del Lourdes Juárez-Mosqueda
- Departamento de Morfología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alfredo Medrano
- Laboratorio de Reproducción Animal, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuautitlán Izcalli, Mexico
| | - Fausto Reyes-Delgado
- Banfield Pet Hospital-Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rosa María Vigueras-Villaseñor
- Laboratorio de Biología de la Reproducción, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, SS, Mexico City, Mexico
- *Correspondence: Rosa María Vigueras-Villaseñor
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García-Andrade F, Vigueras-Villaseñor RM, Chávez-Saldaña MD, Rojas-Castañeda JC, Bahena-Ocampo IU, Aréchaga-Ocampo E, Díaz-Chávez J, Landero-Huerta DA. The Role of microRNAs in the Gonocyte Theory as Target of Malignancy: Looking for Potential Diagnostic Biomarkers. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810526. [PMID: 36142439 PMCID: PMC9505168 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Some pediatric patients with cryptorchidism preserve cells with gonocyte characteristics beyond their differentiation period, which could support the theory of the gonocyte as a target for malignancy in the development of testicular neoplasia. One of the key molecules in gonocyte malignancy is represented by microRNAs (miRNAs). The goal of this review is to give an overview of miRNAs, a class of small non-coding RNAs that participate in the regulation of gene expression. We also aim to review the crucial role of several miRNAs that have been further described in the regulation of gonocyte differentiation to spermatogonia, which, when transformed, could give rise to germ cell neoplasia in situ, a precursor lesion to testicular germ cell tumors. Finally, the potential use of miRNAs as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in testicular neoplasia is addressed, due to their specificity and sensitivity compared to conventional markers, as well as their applications in therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiola García-Andrade
- Laboratorio de Biología de la Reproducción, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Ciudad de México 04530, Mexico
- Posgrado en Biología Experimental, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Unidad Iztapalapa, Ciudad de México 09310, Mexico
| | - Rosa María Vigueras-Villaseñor
- Laboratorio de Biología de la Reproducción, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Ciudad de México 04530, Mexico
- Correspondence: (R.M.V.-V.); (D.A.L.-H.); Tel.: +52-(55)-1084-0900 (ext. 1453) (R.M.V.-V. & D.A.L.-H.); Fax: +52-(55)-1084-5533 (R.M.V.-V. & D.A.L.-H.)
| | | | | | - Iván Uriel Bahena-Ocampo
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Unidad Iztapalapa, Ciudad de México 09310, Mexico
| | - Elena Aréchaga-Ocampo
- Departamento de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Unidad Cuajimalpa, Ciudad de México 05348, Mexico
| | - José Díaz-Chávez
- Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Ciudad de México 14080, Mexico
| | - Daniel Adrian Landero-Huerta
- Laboratorio de Biología de la Reproducción, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Ciudad de México 04530, Mexico
- Correspondence: (R.M.V.-V.); (D.A.L.-H.); Tel.: +52-(55)-1084-0900 (ext. 1453) (R.M.V.-V. & D.A.L.-H.); Fax: +52-(55)-1084-5533 (R.M.V.-V. & D.A.L.-H.)
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Hildorf SE. Clinical aspects of histological and hormonal parameters in boys with cryptorchidism: Thesis for PhD degree. APMIS 2022; 130 Suppl 143:1-58. [PMID: 35822689 PMCID: PMC9542020 DOI: 10.1111/apm.13247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simone Engmann Hildorf
- Department of Pediatric Surgery and Department of PathologyCopenhagen University Hospital RigshospitaletCopenhagenDenmark
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R. R. LIMA T, P. SOUZA N, FERRAGUT CARDOSO AP, M. GOMIDE LM, G. NASCIMENTO E PONTES M, A. MIOT H, L. ARNOLD L, M. COHEN S, V. DE CAMARGO JL. Testicular alterations in cryptorchid/orchiopexic rats chronically exposed to acrylamide or di-butyl-phthalate. J Toxicol Pathol 2022; 35:159-170. [PMID: 35516837 PMCID: PMC9018398 DOI: 10.1293/tox.2021-0045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Thania R. R. LIMA
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu Medical School, Department of Pathology, Center for Evaluation of Environmental Impact on Human Health (TOXICAM), Botucatu, 18618-687, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nathália P. SOUZA
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu Medical School, Department of Pathology, Center for Evaluation of Environmental Impact on Human Health (TOXICAM), Botucatu, 18618-687, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana P. FERRAGUT CARDOSO
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu Medical School, Department of Pathology, Center for Evaluation of Environmental Impact on Human Health (TOXICAM), Botucatu, 18618-687, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lígia Maria M. GOMIDE
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu Medical School, Department of Pathology, Center for Evaluation of Environmental Impact on Human Health (TOXICAM), Botucatu, 18618-687, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Merielen G. NASCIMENTO E PONTES
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu Medical School, Department of Pathology, Center for Evaluation of Environmental Impact on Human Health (TOXICAM), Botucatu, 18618-687, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Hélio A. MIOT
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu Medical School, Department of Dermatology and Radiotherapy, Botucatu, 18618-687, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lora L. ARNOLD
- University of Nebraska Medical Center, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Omaha, 68105, NE, USA
| | - Samuel M. COHEN
- University of Nebraska Medical Center, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Omaha, 68105, NE, USA
| | - João Lauro V. DE CAMARGO
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu Medical School, Department of Pathology, Center for Evaluation of Environmental Impact on Human Health (TOXICAM), Botucatu, 18618-687, São Paulo, Brazil
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Vigueras-Villaseñor RM, Ramírez Cuevas Z, Chávez-Saldaña M, Landero-Huerta DA, Cuevas Alpuche JO, Arceo Olaiz RA, Rojas-Castañeda JC. Disorders in the function of Sertoli cells and arrest in the differentiation of gonocytes in patients with cryptochidism and microlithiasis. J Pediatr Surg 2021; 56:1886-1893. [PMID: 33461744 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2020.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to correlate the presence of microlithiasis (ML) in cryptorchidism (CO) patients with the functionality of Sertoli cells and the arrest of gonocyte differentiation. METHODS Testicular biopsies were obtained from 21 inguinal CO pediatric patients and were classified in two groups as follows: patients with ML and those without ML. In both groups, the number of Sertoli cells/seminiferous cords and their functionality were determined, considering the concentrations of inhibin B. In addition, the area and the histological alterations of seminiferous epithelium were evaluated. The arrest of gonocyte differentiation was determined by immunoreactivity to SALL4, AP2ɣ, PLAP and POU5F1. RESULTS We found a statistical correlation between the presence of ML with the alterations in the functionality of Sertoli cells without reflecting in the differentiation of the gonocytes. CONCLUSION The study of this population suggests that the association between CO and ML shows a malfunction of the Sertoli cells without necessarily causing arrest in the differentiation of gonocytes in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zayra Ramírez Cuevas
- Laboratorio de Biología de la Reproducción, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Margarita Chávez-Saldaña
- Laboratorio de Biología de la Reproducción, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Mexico City, Mexico
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Dong LH, Hildorf S, Clasen-Linde E, Kvist K, Cortes D, Thorup J, Andersen CY. Postnatal germ cell development in cryptorchid boys. Asian J Androl 2021; 22:258-264. [PMID: 31274480 PMCID: PMC7275797 DOI: 10.4103/aja.aja_48_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptorchidism is associated with infertility in adulthood. Early orchiopexy is suggested to reduce the risk. Information is lacking on the potential link between infant germ cell maturation and the risk of future infertility. The objective of the study was to evaluate age-related germ cell development in cryptorchidism. Immunostaining for markers of germ cell development (octamer-binding transcription factor 3/4 [OCT3/4], placental alkaline phosphatase [PLAP], KIT proto-oncogene [C-KIT], podoplanin [D2-40], Lin-28 homolog A [LIN28], and G antigen 7 [GAGE-7]) was performed in testicular biopsies from 40 cryptorchid boys aged 4-35 months. Germ cell numbers and distributions were evaluated in cross sections of seminiferous tubules, with and without immunostaining. OCT3/4, D2-40, and LIN28 were generally expressed in the early stages of germ cell development, as shown by positive expression in germ cells in the central region of seminiferous tubules. In contrast, PLAP and GAGE-7 were expressed in both central and peripheral parts of the tubules in the early stages of development and expressed mainly in a peripheral position with advancing age. Germ cell maturation was delayed in this study population as compared with that observed in our previous study on germ cell markers in a healthy population. The number of GAGE-7-positive germ cells per tubular cross section obtained by immunostaining was significantly higher than that obtained by standard hematoxylin and eosin staining. Double immunostaining revealed heterogeneity in germ cell development in cryptorchid testes. These results shed light on the pathophysiology of germ cell development in boys with cryptorchidism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Hua Dong
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Simone Hildorf
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
| | - Erik Clasen-Linde
- Department of Pathology, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Kolja Kvist
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Dina Cortes
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark.,Department of Pediatrics, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Copenhagen 2650, Denmark
| | - Jørgen Thorup
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark.,Department of Pediatric Surgery, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Claus Yding Andersen
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark.,Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
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Germ cells positive for PLAP and c-Kit in 11-16 year old normal boys with ongoing spermatogenesis. Pediatr Surg Int 2020; 36:1249-1254. [PMID: 32772137 DOI: 10.1007/s00383-020-04725-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Positive staining of testicular germ cells for PLAP and c-Kit beyond infancy may be associated with the presence of GCNIS (Germ Cell Neoplasia In Situ). We recently reported our findings of positive staining of normal, infantile germ cells for PLAP, and c-Kit up to 2 years of age, contrary to previous studies. The present study aims to elucidate whether otherwise normal testes of boys undergoing puberty express PLAP, c-Kit, Oct3/4, or D2-40. MATERIALS AND METHODS Biopsies were taken from 31 boys (11.5-16.5 years of age, mean and median of 13.5 years), who underwent surgery either for torsion of the testis (15) or a history suspicious of intermittent torsion of the testis (16). 21 were biopsied on both sides, making a total of 52 biopsies. Four testes were necrotic. The biopsies were fixed in Stieve's medium, cut into 2 μm sections, and mounted on coated slides. One slide was processed for H-E, and the others incubated with primary antibody for PLAP, c-Kit, D2-40, and Oct3/4. RESULTS 87% of the boys stained positive for both PLAP and c-Kit. None were positive for either D2-40 or Oct3/4. None had any histological features characteristic of GCNIS. Only two boys showed no signs of having initiated spermatogenesis. Those positive for PLAP were likewise for c-Kit, and vice versa, except 2; one boy, 13 years, was positive for PLAP, but negative for c-KIT, another, 16 years, was negative for PLAP and positive for c-Kit. Three boys stained positive for PLAP and c-Kit on the right side, and negative on the left. One boy was negative for c-Kit on the right side, positive on the left, and positive for PLAP bilaterally. CONCLUSION Positive staining of testicular germ cells for PLAP and c-Kit seems to be a normal finding in boys not having completed puberty. Rather than indicating pre-malignant transformation, the positivity is indicative of an ongoing maturational process of the germ cells.
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Landero-Huerta DA, Vigueras-Villaseñor RM, Yokoyama-Rebollar E, García-Andrade F, Rojas-Castañeda JC, Herrera-Montalvo LA, Díaz-Chávez J, Pérez-Añorve IX, Aréchaga-Ocampo E, Chávez-Saldaña MD. Cryptorchidism and Testicular Tumor: Comprehensive Analysis of Common Clinical Features and Search of SNVs in the KIT and AR Genes. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:762. [PMID: 32850863 PMCID: PMC7426638 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Allelic variants in genes implicated in the development of testicular germ cell tumor (TGCT) could be present in patients with cryptorchidism (CO). Currently; the mechanisms explaining this relationship are still unknown. In this study the common clinical features in patients with CO and TGCT and 6 variants of KIT and AR genes associated to TGCT were analyzed. Population analyzed included 328 individuals: 91 patients with CO; 79 with TGCT, 13 of them with previous CO diagnosis, and 158 healthy males. Of the 13 patients with TGCT and history of CO, one patient (7.7%) presented the heterozygous form of the variant rs121913507 and two patients (15.4%) presented homozygote genotype for the variant rs121913506 in KIT gene. Interestingly, the heterozygous form for the variant rs121913506 of KIT gene was identifying in all of 13 patients. The rs201934623, rs774171864, and rs12014709 variants of the AR gene did not show any clinical association. Our results strongly support that genetic component in CO could be conditioning for the development of TGCT. Notably, KIT gene variants might be determinants in the pathological association between TGCT and CO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Adrian Landero-Huerta
- Laboratorio de Biología de la Reproducción, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Mexico City, Mexico.,Posgrado en Ciencias Naturales e Ingeniería, Unidad Cuajimalpa, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | | | - Fabiola García-Andrade
- Laboratorio de Biología de la Reproducción, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Luis Alonso Herrera-Montalvo
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología-Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico.,Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Isidro Xavier Pérez-Añorve
- Posgrado en Ciencias Naturales e Ingeniería, Unidad Cuajimalpa, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Elena Aréchaga-Ocampo
- Departamento de Ciencias Naturales, Unidad Cuajimalpa, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Mexico City, Mexico
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11
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Loebenstein M, Thorup J, Cortes D, Clasen-Linde E, Hutson JM, Li R. Cryptorchidism, gonocyte development, and the risks of germ cell malignancy and infertility: A systematic review. J Pediatr Surg 2020; 55:1201-1210. [PMID: 31327540 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2019.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Cryptorchidism, or undescended testis (UDT) occurs in 1%-4% of newborn males and leads to a risk of infertility and testicular malignancy. Recent research suggests that infertility and malignancy in UDT may be caused by abnormal development of the neonatal germ cells, or gonocytes, which normally transform into spermatogonial stem cells (SSC) or undergo apoptosis during minipuberty at 2-6 months in humans (2-6 days in mice). We aimed to identify the current knowledge on how UDT is linked to infertility and malignancy. METHODS Here we review the literature from 1995 to the present to assess the possible causes of infertility and malignancy in UDT, from both human studies and animal models. RESULTS Both the morphological steps and many of the genes involved in germ cell development are now characterized, but the factors involved in gonocyte transformation and apoptosis in both normal and cryptorchid testes are not fully identified. During minipuberty there is evidence for the hypothalamic-pituitary axis stimulating gonocyte transformation, but without known direct control by LH and androgen, although FSH may have a role. An arrested gonocyte maybe the origin of later malignancy at least in syndromic cryptorchid testes in humans, which is consistent with the recent finding that gonocytes are normally absent in a rodent model of congenital cryptorchidism, where malignancy has not been reported. CONCLUSION The results of this review strengthen the view that malignancy and infertility in men with previous UDT may be caused by abnormalities in germ cell development during minipuberty. TYPE OF STUDY Systematic review (secondary, filtered) LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moshe Loebenstein
- Douglas Stephens Surgical Research Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jorgen Thorup
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Dina Cortes
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Section of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Erik Clasen-Linde
- Department of Pathology, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Denmark
| | - John M Hutson
- Douglas Stephens Surgical Research Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Australia; Department of Urology, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ruili Li
- Douglas Stephens Surgical Research Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Australia.
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New insights into the genetics of spermatogenic failure: a review of the literature. Hum Genet 2019; 138:125-140. [PMID: 30656449 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-019-01974-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Genetic anomalies are known to affect about 15% of infertile patients with azoospermia or severe oligozoospermia. Despite a throughout diagnostic work-up, in up to the 72% of the male partners of infertile couples, no etiological factor can be found; hence, the cause of infertility remains unclear. Recently, several novel genetic causes of spermatogenic failure (SPGF) have been described. The aim of this review was to collect all the available evidence of SPGF genetics, matching data from in-vitro and animal models with those in human beings to provide a comprehensive and updated overview of the genes capable of affecting spermatogenesis. By reviewing the literature, we provided a list of 60 candidate genes for SPGF. Their investigation by Next Generation Sequencing in large cohorts of patients with apparently idiopathic infertility would provide new interesting data about their racial- and ethnic-related prevalence in infertile patients, likely raising the diagnostic yields. We propose a phenotype-based approach to identify the genes to look for.
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13
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Epigenetics and testicular germ cell tumors. Gene 2018; 661:22-33. [PMID: 29605605 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.03.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Kvist K, Clasen-Linde E, Langballe O, Hansen SH, Cortes D, Thorup J. The Expression of Markers for Intratubular Germ Cell Neoplasia in Normal Infantile Testes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:286. [PMID: 29910774 PMCID: PMC5992279 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Positive immunohistochemical expression of testicular cancer markers is often reported beyond 12 months of age in cryptorchid testes, which is assumed to indicate delayed maturation of the fetal germ cells, or neoplastic changes. These findings allowed for questions as to the extent of positive reaction in normal testes. The aim of the study was to clarify the expression of these markers in a normal material up to 2 years. METHODS Testicular material from 69 boys aged 1-690 days, who died of causes with no association of testicular pathology. Histology sections were incubated with primary antibodies including anti-placental-like alkaline phosphatase (PLAP), anti-C-Kit, anti-D2-40, and anti-Oct3/4. The mean germ cell number per tubular transverse section (G/T) was calculated based on the G/T of both testes of every boy. RESULTS The mean G/T declined through the 690 days. PLAP appeared stably expressed throughout the ages studied. The likelihood of a positive reaction for C-Kit waned with increasing age within the study period. Positive staining for D2-40 and Oct3/4 was demonstrated up to 6 and 9 months respectively. CONCLUSION Up to 1 or 2 years of age, normal infantile testes contain germ cells positive for the immunohistochemical markers commonly utilized to aid in the detection of testicular cancer. This finding supports the concept of germ cells undergoing a continuous maturational process in a heterogeneous fashion, and that this process is not complete by 2 years of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kolja Kvist
- The Department of Pediatric Surgery, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Erik Clasen-Linde
- The Department of Pathology, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Oline Langballe
- The Department of Pediatric Surgery, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Steen Holger Hansen
- Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Dina Cortes
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Endocrinology, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jorgen Thorup
- The Department of Pediatric Surgery, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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