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Li Z, Li M, Huang S, Yu J, Liu M, Liu Y, Xu M. The expression pattern of Wnt6, Wnt10A, and HOXA13 during regenerating tails of Gekko Japonicus. Gene Expr Patterns 2024; 53:119374. [PMID: 39128795 DOI: 10.1016/j.gep.2024.119374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
Wnt signal is crucial to correctly regenerate tissues along the original axis in many animals. Lizards are able to regenerate their tails spontaneously, while the anterior-posterior axis information required for the successful regeneration is still elusive. In this study, we investigated the expression pattern of Wnt ligands and HOX genes during regeneration. The results of in situ hybridization revealed that Wnt6 and Wnt10A mRNA levels are higher in wound epithelium (WE) than that in blastema during regeneration. In addition, we showed that Wnt agonist positively regulated the expression of HOXA13 in cultured blastema cells, while did not show similar effect on that of HOXB13, HOXC13 and HOXD13. Finally, we found that HOXA13 showed a gradient level along the anterior-posterior axis of regenerated blastema, with higher level at the caudal end. These data proposed that Wnt6, Wnt10A and HOXA13 might play an important role in establishing distal position for regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Li
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu Province and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mingxuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu Province and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shuai Huang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu Province and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jing Yu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu Province and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu Province and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu Province and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Man Xu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu Province and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China.
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Alibardi L. Review: Regeneration of the tail in lizards appears regulated by a balanced expression of oncogenes and tumor suppressors. Ann Anat 2021; 239:151824. [PMID: 34478856 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2021.151824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tail regeneration in lizards is the only case of large multi-tissue organ regeneration in amniotes. METHODS The present Review summarizes numerous immunolocalization and gene-expression studies indicating that after tail amputation in lizards the stump is covered in 7-10 days by the migration of keratinocytes. This allows the accumulation of mesenchymal-fibroblasts underneath the wound epidermis and forms a regenerative blastema and a new tail. RESULTS During migration keratinocytes transit from a compact epidermis into relatively free keratinocytes in a process of "Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition" (EMT). While EMT has been implicated in carcinogenesis no malignant transformation is observed during these cell movements in the regenerative blastema. Immunolabeling for E-cadherin and snail shows that these proteins are present in the cytoplasm and nuclei of migrating keratinocytes. The basal layer of the wound epithelium of the apical blastema express onco-proteins (wnt2b, egfr, c-myc, fgfs, fgfr, rhov, etc.) and tumor suppressors (p53/63, fat2, ephr, apc, retinoblastoma, arhgap28 etc.). This suggests that their balanced action regulates proliferation of the blastema. CONCLUSIONS While apical epidermis and mesenchyme are kept under a tight proliferative control, in more proximal regions of the regenerating tail the expression of tumor-suppressors triggers the differentiation of numerous tissues, forming the large myomeres, axial cartilage, simple spinal cord and nerves, new scales, arteries and veins, fat deposits, dermis and other connective tissues. Understanding gene expression patterns of developmental pathways activated during tail regeneration in lizards is useful for cancer research and for future attempts to induce organ regeneration in other amniotes including humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Alibardi
- Comparative Histolab Padova and Dipartmento di Biologia, Universita' di Bologna, Italy.
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Alibardi L. Immunoreactivity for Dab2 and Foxp3 suggests that immune‐suppressive cells are present in the regenerating tail blastema of lizard. ACTA ZOOL-STOCKHOLM 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/azo.12380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Alibardi
- Comparative Histolab Padova Dipartimento di Biologia University of Bologna Bologna Italy
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Alibardi L. Immunolocalization of Wnts in the lizard blastema supports a key role of these signaling proteins for tail regeneration. J Morphol 2019; 281:68-80. [PMID: 31721289 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.21080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A highly upregulated gene during tail regeneration in lizards is Wnt2b, a gene broadly expressed during development. The present study examines the distribution of Wnt proteins, most likely wnt2b, by western blotting and immunofluorescence in the blastema-cone of lizards using a specific antibody produced against a lizard Wnt2b protein. Immunopositive bands at 48-50 and 18 kDa are present in the regenerative blastema, the latter likely as a degradation product. Immunofluorescence is mainly observed in the wound epidermis, including in the Apical Epidermal Peg where the protein appears localized in intermediate and differentiating keratinocytes. Labeling is more intense along the perimeter of keratinocytes, possibly as a secretory product, and indicates that the high epidermal proliferation of the regenerating epidermis is sustained by Wnt proteins. The regenerating spinal cord forms an ependymal tube within the blastema and shows immunolabeling especially in the cytoplasm of ependymal cells contacting the central canal where some secretion might occur. Also, regenerating nerves and proximal spinal ganglia innervating the regenerating blastema contain this signaling protein. In contrast, the blastema mesenchyme, muscles and cartilage show weak immunolabeling that tends to disappear in tissues located in more proximal regions, close to the original tail. However, a distal to proximal gradient of Wnt proteins was not detected. The present study supports the hypothesis that Wnt proteins, in particular Wnt2b, are secreted by the apical epidermis covering the blastema and released into the mesenchyme where they stimulate cell multiplication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Alibardi
- Comparative Histolab Padova and Department of Biology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Alibardi L, Borsetti F. Immunolabelling for RhoV and actin in early regenerating tail of the lizard
Podarcis muralis
suggests involvement in epithelial and mesenchymal cell motility. ACTA ZOOL-STOCKHOLM 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/azo.12314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Alibardi
- Comparative Histolab Padova and Department of Biology of University of Bologna Bologna Italy
| | - Francesca Borsetti
- Comparative Histolab Padova and Department of Biology of University of Bologna Bologna Italy
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Xu M, Wang T, Li W, Wang Y, Xu Y, Mao Z, Wu R, Liu M, Liu Y. PGE2 facilitates tail regeneration via activation of Wnt signaling in Gekko japonicus. J Mol Histol 2019; 50:551-562. [PMID: 31535259 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-019-09847-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Tail regeneration is a distinguishing feature of lizards; however, the mechanisms underlying tail regeneration remain elusive. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is an arachidonic acid metabolite that has been extensively investigated in the inflammatory response under both physiological and pathological conditions. PGE2 also act as a regulator of hematopoietic stem cell homeostasis by interacting with Wnt signaling molecules. The present study aims to identify the effects of PGE2 on tail regeneration and the molecular mechanisms behind it. We initially found that PGE2 levels increased during the early stages of tail regeneration, accompanied by the up-regulated expression of cyclooxygenase 1 and cyclooxygenase 2. Next, we demonstrated that reduced PGE2 production leads to the retardation of tail regeneration. Subsequent experiments demonstrated that this effect is likely mediated by Wnt signaling, which proposing that the activation of the Wnt pathway is essential for the initiation of regeneration. The results showed that inhibition of PGE2 production could suppress Wnt activation and inhibit the proliferation of both epithelial and blastema cells. Furthermore, our findings indicated that forced activation of Wnt signaling could rescue the inhibitory effect of Cox antagonist on regeneration, suggesting a positive role of PGE2 on tail regeneration via a non-inflammatory mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Xu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Tiantian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Wenjuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yanran Xu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zuming Mao
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ronghua Wu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Mei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China.
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Alibardi L. Immunodetection of ephrin receptors in the regenerating tail of the lizard Podarcis muralis suggests stimulation of differentiation and muscle segmentation. Zool Res 2019; 40:416-426. [PMID: 31111695 PMCID: PMC6755122 DOI: 10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2019.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Ephrin receptors are the most common tyrosine kinase effectors operating during development. Ephrin receptor genes are reported to be up-regulated in the regenerating tail of the Podarcis muralis lizard. Thus, in the current study, we investigated immunolocalization of ephrin receptors in the Podarcis muralis tail during regeneration. Weak immunolabelled bands for ephrin receptors were detected at 15-17 kDa, with a stronger band also detected at 60-65 kDa. Labelled cells and nuclei were seen in the basal layer of the apical wound epidermis and ependyma, two key tissues stimulating tail regeneration. Strong nuclear and cytoplasmic labelling were present in the segmental muscles of the regenerating tail, sparse blood vessels, and perichondrium of regenerating cartilage. The immunolocalization of ephrin receptors in muscle that gives rise to large portions of new tail tissue was correlated with their segmentation. This study suggests that the high localization of ephrin receptors in differentiating epidermis, ependyma, muscle, and cartilaginous cells is connected to the regulation of cell proliferation through the activation of programs for cell differentiation in the proximal regions of the regenerating tail. The lower immunolabelling of ephrin receptors in the apical blastema, where signaling proteins stimulating cell proliferation are instead present, helps maintain the continuous growth of this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Alibardi
- Comparative Histolab Padova and Department of Biology, University of Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy; E-mail:
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Alibardi L. Review: The Regenerating Tail Blastema of Lizards as a Model to Study Organ Regeneration and Tumor Growth Regulation in Amniotes. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2018; 302:1469-1490. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.24029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Alibardi
- Comparative Histolab Padova and Department of Biology at University of Bologna Bologna Italy
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Alibardi L. Immunolocalization of Matrix Metalloproteinases in regenerating lizard tail suggests that an intense remodelling activity allows for apical tail growth. ACTA ZOOL-STOCKHOLM 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/azo.12277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Alibardi
- Comparative Histolab and Department of Biology University of Bologna Bologna Italy
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Alibardi L. Immunodetection of High Mobility Group Proteins in the regenerating tail of lizard mainly indicates activation for cell proliferation. ACTA ZOOL-STOCKHOLM 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/azo.12259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Alibardi
- Comparative Histolab Padova and Department of BiologyUniversity of Bologna Bologna Italy
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Alibardi L. Hyaluronate likely contributes to the immunesuppression of the regenerating tail blastema in lizards: Implications for organ regeneration in amniotes. ACTA ZOOL-STOCKHOLM 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/azo.12214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Alibardi
- Comparative Histolab and Department of Biology; University of Bologna; Bologna Italy
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Alibardi L. Review: Biological and Molecular Differences between Tail Regeneration and Limb Scarring in Lizard: An Inspiring Model Addressing Limb Regeneration in Amniotes. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2017; 328:493-514. [DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.22754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Alibardi
- Comparative Histolab and Department of Biology; University of Bologna; Bologna Italy
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Shen T, Wang Y, Zhang Q, Bai X, Wei S, Zhang X, Wang W, Yuan Y, Liu Y, Liu M, Gu X, Wang Y. Potential Involvement of Snail Members in Neuronal Survival and Astrocytic Migration during the Gecko Spinal Cord Regeneration. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:113. [PMID: 28484372 PMCID: PMC5401887 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Certain regenerative vertebrates such as fish, amphibians and reptiles are capable of regenerating spinal cord after injury. Most neurons of spinal cord will survive from the injury and regrow axons to repair circuits with an absence of glial scar formation. However, the underlying mechanisms of neuronal anti-apoptosis and glia-related responses have not been fully clarified during the regenerative process. Gecko has becoming an inspiring model to address spinal cord regeneration in amniotes. In the present study, we investigated the regulatory roles of Snail family members, the important transcriptional factors involved in both triggering of the cell migration and cell survival, during the spontaneous spinal cord regeneration. Both Snail1 and Snail3 have been shown to promote neuronal survival and astrocytic migration via anti-apoptotic and GTPases signaling following gecko tail amputation. Transforming growth factor-beta (TGFβ), together with other cytokines were involved in inducing expression of Snail protein. Our data indicate a conserved function of Snail proteins in embryonic development and tissue regeneration, which may provide clues for CNS repair in the mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Shen
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Yingjie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Xue Bai
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Sumei Wei
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Xuejie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Wenjuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Ying Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Mei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Xiaosong Gu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Yongjun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
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