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Pan N, Xu H, Chen W, Liu Z, Liu Y, Huang T, Du S, Xu S, Zheng T, Zuo Z. Cyanobacterial VOCs β-ionone and β-cyclocitral poisoning Lemna turionifera by triggering programmed cell death. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 342:123059. [PMID: 38042469 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.123059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/04/2023]
Abstract
β-Ionone and β-cyclocitral are two typical components in cyanobacterial volatiles, which can poison aquatic plants and even cause death. To reveal the toxic mechanisms of the two compounds on aquatic plants through programmed cell death (PCD), the photosynthetic capacities, caspase-3-like activity, DNA fragmentation and ladders, as well as expression of the genes associated with PCD in Lemna turionifera were investigated in exposure to β-ionone (0.2 mM) and β-cyclocitral (0.4 mM) at lethal concentration. With prolonging the treatment time, L. turionifera fronds gradually died, and photosynthetic capacities gradually reduced and even disappeared at the 96th h. This demonstrated that the death process might be a PCD rather than a necrosis, due to the gradual loss of physiological activities. When L. turionifera underwent the death, caspase-3-like was activated after 3 h, and reached to the strongest activity at the 24th h. TUNEL-positive nuclei were detected after 12 h, and appeared in large numbers at the 48th h. The DNA was cleaved by Ca2+-dependent endonucleases and showed obviously ladders. In addition, the expression of 5 genes (TSPO, ERN1, CTSB, CYC, and ATR) positively related with PCD initiation was up-regulated, while the expression of 2 genes (RRM2 and TUBA) negatively related with PCD initiation was down-regulated. Therefore, β-ionone and β-cyclocitral can poison L. turionifera by adjusting related gene expression to trigger PCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Forest Aromatic Plants-based Healthcare Functions, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Haozhe Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Forest Aromatic Plants-based Healthcare Functions, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Wangbo Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Forest Aromatic Plants-based Healthcare Functions, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Zijian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Forest Aromatic Plants-based Healthcare Functions, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Yichi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Forest Aromatic Plants-based Healthcare Functions, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Tianyu Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Forest Aromatic Plants-based Healthcare Functions, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Siyi Du
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Forest Aromatic Plants-based Healthcare Functions, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Sun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Forest Aromatic Plants-based Healthcare Functions, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Tiefeng Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Forest Aromatic Plants-based Healthcare Functions, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Zhaojiang Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Forest Aromatic Plants-based Healthcare Functions, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China.
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Chen C, Qu M, Liang H, Ouyang K, Xiong Z, Zheng Y, Yan Q, Xu L. Gastrointestinal digestibility insights of different levels of coated complex trace minerals supplementation on growth performance of yellow-feathered broilers. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:982699. [PMID: 36176698 PMCID: PMC9513376 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.982699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was designed to evaluate the optimum additional level of coated complex trace minerals (TMs) and its impacts on the growth performance of broilers through measurement of digestibility of nutrients and intestinal development. In a 56-day trial, a total of 360 one-day-old male yellow-feathered broilers were randomly divided into six dietary treatment groups. Each treatment contained six replicates, with 10 birds. The control group was supplemented with 1,000 mg/kg of uncoated complex TMs in the basal diet (UCCTM1000). The remaining 5 treatments were degressively supplemented with coated complex TMs from 1,000 to 200 mg/kg in the basal diet, which were considered as (CCTM1000), (CCTM800), (CCTM600), (CCTM400), (CCTM200), respectively. Results: On comparing the UCCTM1000 supplementation, the CCTM1000 supplementation decreased the feed to gain ratio (F/G) (P < 0.05), increased digestibility of crude protein (CP) (P < 0.05), crude fat (CF) (P < 0.05), villus height (VH) of duodenum (P < 0.05), and the mRNA expression level of occludin in jejunal mucosa (P < 0.05). In addition, the F/G was lower in the CCTE600 group than that in the CCTE200 group (P < 0.05). The VH to crypt depth (CD) ratio (V/C) of jejunum and ileum in the CCTM400 and CCTM600 groups was higher (P < 0.05) than that in the CCTM1000 group. The serum endotoxin and D-lactate level and CP digestibility were increased by dietary coated complex TMs addition level. The mRNA expression levels of claudin-1 and ZO-1 in the CCTM600 group were higher (P < 0.05) than that in the CCTM1000 group. In conclusion, adding 600 mg/kg of coated complex TMs showed the minimum F/G and the maximum crude protein digestibility and intestine development of yellow-feathered broilers compared with other treatments. This supplementation level of coated complex TMs could totally replace 1,000 mg/kg of uncoated complex TMs to further decrease the dose of TMs and raise economic benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanbin Chen
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety Innovation Team, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Mingren Qu
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety Innovation Team, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Huan Liang
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety Innovation Team, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Kehui Ouyang
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety Innovation Team, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Zhihui Xiong
- Gongqingcheng Element Animal Nutrition Co., Ltd., Gongqingcheng, China
| | - Youchang Zheng
- Gongqingcheng Element Animal Nutrition Co., Ltd., Gongqingcheng, China
| | - Qiuliang Yan
- Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Lanjiao Xu
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety Innovation Team, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
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Qiu S, Zhao W, Gao X, Li D, Wang W, Gao B, Han W, Yang S, Dai P, Cao P, Yuan Y. Syndromic Deafness Gene ATP6V1B2 Controls Degeneration of Spiral Ganglion Neurons Through Modulating Proton Flux. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:742714. [PMID: 34746137 PMCID: PMC8568048 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.742714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
ATP6V1B2 encodes the V1B2 subunit in V-ATPase, a proton pump responsible for the acidification of lysosomes. Mutations in this gene cause DDOD syndrome, DOORS syndrome, and Zimmermann-Laband syndrome, which share overlapping feature of congenital sensorineural deafness, onychodystrophy, and different extents of intellectual disability without or with epilepsy. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. To investigate the pathological role of mutant ATP6V1B2 in the auditory system, we evaluated auditory brainstem response, distortion product otoacoustic emissions, in a transgenic line of mice carrying c.1516 C > T (p.Arg506∗) in Atp6v1b2, Atp6v1b2 Arg506*/Arg506* . To explore the pathogenic mechanism of neurodegeneration in the auditory pathway, immunostaining, western blotting, and RNAscope analyses were performed in Atp6v1b2Arg506*/Arg506* mice. The Atp6v1b2Arg506*/Arg506* mice showed hidden hearing loss (HHL) at early stages and developed late-onset hearing loss. We observed increased transcription of Atp6v1b1 in hair cells of Atp6v1b2Arg506*/Arg506* mice and inferred that Atp6v1b1 compensated for the Atp6v1b2 dysfunction by increasing its own transcription level. Genetic compensation in hair cells explains the milder hearing impairment in Atp6v1b2Arg506*/Arg506* mice. Apoptosis activated by lysosomal dysfunction and the subsequent blockade of autophagic flux induced the degeneration of spiral ganglion neurons and further impaired the hearing. Intraperitoneal administration of the apoptosis inhibitor, BIP-V5, improved both phenotypical and pathological outcomes in two live mutant mice. Based on the pathogenesis underlying hearing loss in Atp6v1b2-related syndromes, systemic drug administration to inhibit apoptosis might be an option for restoring the function of spiral ganglion neurons and promoting hearing, which provides a direction for future treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiwei Qiu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Institute of Otolaryngology, Genetic Testing Center for Deafness, Chinese PLA General Hospital; National Clinical Research Center for Otolaryngologic Diseases; Key Lab of Hearing Impairment Science of Ministry of Education; Key Lab of Hearing Impairment Prevention and Treatment of Beijing, Beijing, China.,The Institute of Audiology and Balance Science, Artificial Auditory Laboratory of Jiangsu Province, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Weihao Zhao
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Institute of Otolaryngology, Genetic Testing Center for Deafness, Chinese PLA General Hospital; National Clinical Research Center for Otolaryngologic Diseases; Key Lab of Hearing Impairment Science of Ministry of Education; Key Lab of Hearing Impairment Prevention and Treatment of Beijing, Beijing, China.,Department of Otolaryngology General Hospital of Tibet Military Region, Lhasa, China
| | - Xue Gao
- Department of Otolaryngology, PLA Rocket Force Characteristic Medical Center, Beijing, China
| | - Dapeng Li
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Weiqian Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Institute of Otolaryngology, Genetic Testing Center for Deafness, Chinese PLA General Hospital; National Clinical Research Center for Otolaryngologic Diseases; Key Lab of Hearing Impairment Science of Ministry of Education; Key Lab of Hearing Impairment Prevention and Treatment of Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Gao
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Institute of Otolaryngology, Genetic Testing Center for Deafness, Chinese PLA General Hospital; National Clinical Research Center for Otolaryngologic Diseases; Key Lab of Hearing Impairment Science of Ministry of Education; Key Lab of Hearing Impairment Prevention and Treatment of Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Weiju Han
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Institute of Otolaryngology, Genetic Testing Center for Deafness, Chinese PLA General Hospital; National Clinical Research Center for Otolaryngologic Diseases; Key Lab of Hearing Impairment Science of Ministry of Education; Key Lab of Hearing Impairment Prevention and Treatment of Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Shiming Yang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Institute of Otolaryngology, Genetic Testing Center for Deafness, Chinese PLA General Hospital; National Clinical Research Center for Otolaryngologic Diseases; Key Lab of Hearing Impairment Science of Ministry of Education; Key Lab of Hearing Impairment Prevention and Treatment of Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Pu Dai
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Institute of Otolaryngology, Genetic Testing Center for Deafness, Chinese PLA General Hospital; National Clinical Research Center for Otolaryngologic Diseases; Key Lab of Hearing Impairment Science of Ministry of Education; Key Lab of Hearing Impairment Prevention and Treatment of Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Cao
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yongyi Yuan
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Institute of Otolaryngology, Genetic Testing Center for Deafness, Chinese PLA General Hospital; National Clinical Research Center for Otolaryngologic Diseases; Key Lab of Hearing Impairment Science of Ministry of Education; Key Lab of Hearing Impairment Prevention and Treatment of Beijing, Beijing, China
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Liu X, Ma Y, Chen L, Yu X, Feng J. Effects of different zinc sources on growth performance, antioxidant capacity and zinc storage of weaned piglets. Livest Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2020.104181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Beigi Harchegani A, Rahmani H, Tahmasbpour E, Shahriary A. Hyperviscous Semen Causes Poor Sperm Quality and Male Infertility through Induction of Oxidative Stress. Curr Urol 2019; 13:1-6. [PMID: 31579215 DOI: 10.1159/000499302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Aims Semen hyperviscosity (SHV) is one of the significant factors involved in poor semen quality and male infertility. It also leads major problems during assisted reproduction techniques and in vitro fertilization process. Although influence of SHV on sperm quality, fertilization rate and male infertility have been widely considered, molecular and cellular mechanisms for these abnormalities are not well understood. In this review, we aimed to discuss the proposed cellular and molecular mechanisms of SHV on male reproductive system, the importance of oxidative stress (OS) and the mechanisms by which SHV induces OS and impairment of other antioxidants. Methods A PubMed/Medline and EM-BASE search was performed using keywords: "hyperviscosity semen", "oxidative stress", and "male infertility". Conclusion OS induced by reactive oxygen species can be considered as a major mechanism in patients with hyperviscosity semen that is associated with DNA fragmentation, lipid peroxidation and sperm membrane disintegrity, apoptosis, depletion of antioxidants, and subsequently poor sperm quality and male infertility. Therefore, antioxidant therapy may improve main pathological effects of hyperviscosity semen, especially oxidative damages and inflammation, on sperm quality and function. Further, randomized controlled studies are necessary to confirm these results and make a comparison between effects of various antioxidants such as N-acethyl-cysteine and Curcumin on fertility problem in patients with hyperviscous semen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asghar Beigi Harchegani
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Rahmani
- Chemical Injuries Research Center, System Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Eisa Tahmasbpour
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine & Biomedical Innovations, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Shahriary
- Chemical Injuries Research Center, System Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Peng P, Chen J, Yao K, Yin Y, Long L, Fang R. The effects of dietary supplementation with porous zinc oxide on growth performance, intestinal microbiota, morphology, and permeability in weaned piglets. Anim Sci J 2019; 90:1220-1228. [PMID: 31273888 DOI: 10.1111/asj.13228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation with porous zinc oxide (HiZox) on growth performance, intestinal microbiota, morphology, and permeability in weaned piglets. A total of 128 weaned piglets [(Landrace × Yorkshire) × Duroc] with an average body weight (BW) of (6.55 ± 0.25 kg; 21 d of age) were randomly assigned to four dietary treatments: (1) a corn-soybean basal diet; (2) basal diet + 3,000 mg/kg conventional ZnO; (3) basal diet + 200 mg/kg HiZox; (4) basal diet + 500 mg/kg HiZox. The experiments lasted for 28 days. Incremental HiZox in the diet increased ADG (linear p = 0.015; quadratic p = 0.043) and ADFI (linear p = 0.027; quadratic p = 0.038), and the diarrhea index decreased linearly and quadratically (p < 0.01) as HiZox supplemented increased. Furthermore, supplementation with HiZox increased the amounts of Lactobacillus spp. (p < 0.05) in the ileum and cecum in comparison with that of control treatment or 3,000 mg/kg ZnO treatment, while decreased the populations of Escherichia coli, Clostridium coccoides, and Clostridium. leptum subgroup (p < 0.05) in the ileum and cecum relative to those in control treatment. The addition of HiZox increased the villus height and villus-to-crypt ratio (VC) of duodenum, jejunum, and ileum (p < 0.05), while decreased the crypt depth of jejunum (p < 0.05) and tended to reduce the crypt depth of duodenum (p < 0.10) compared with the control treatment. Piglets fed with 500 mg/kg HiZox had lower serum D-lactate and diamine oxidase (DAO) than those fed with basal control diet or 3,000 mg/kg ZnO diet (p < 0.01). The results suggested that supplementation with HiZox modulated intestinal microbial composition and improved intestinal morphology, which may exert protective effects on the integrity of the mucosal barrier function of weaned piglets, was as efficacious as pharmaceutical doses of ZnO in enhancing growth performance, indicating that the HiZox may be a promising alternative to pharmaceutical doses of ZnO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Peng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jiashun Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Kang Yao
- Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yulong Yin
- Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Lina Long
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan Guangdong, China
| | - Rejun Fang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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INFLUENCE OF EPICHLOROHYDRIN ON THE STATE OF THE DUODENAL MUCOSA CRYPTS IN RATS AND CORRECTION OF THE CONSEQUENCES CAUSED BY THIS EFFECT. WORLD OF MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.26724/2079-8334-2019-4-70-208-213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Kim HN, Jeon DG, Lee CY, Jang IS. Effects of dietary lipid-coated zinc on the antioxidant defense system in the small intestine and liver of piglets. Lab Anim Res 2018; 34:65-74. [PMID: 29937913 PMCID: PMC6010399 DOI: 10.5625/lar.2018.34.2.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to investigate the effects of lipid-coated ZnO (LCZ) and the level of LCZ compared with ordinary zinc oxide (ZnO) on antioxidant defense system in the intestine and liver of piglets. A total of forty piglets (n=8) were fed a diet supplemented with 100 ppm Zn with ZnO (ZnO-1), 2,500 ppm Zn with ZnO (ZnO-2), 100 ppm Zn as LCZ (LCZ-1), 200 ppm Zn as LCZ (LCZ-2), or 400 ppm Zn as LCZ (LCZ-3) for 14-d, respectively. The LCZ-3 group resulted in higher (P<0.05) mRNA expressions and activities of CuZn-superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), catalase (CAT), and glutathione S-transferase (GST) in jejunal mucosa compared with the ZnO-1 and LCZ-1 groups, while no difference was observed in the mRNA level of antioxidant genes between the ZnO-1 and ZnO-2 groups. Within the LCZ groups, the LCZ level linearly and quadratically (P<0.01) increased antioxidant enzymes in the jejunum. The maximum response of jejunal antioxidant enzymes to Zn supplementation was achieved by 400 ppm of LCZ. Hepatic mRNA expression of antioxidant enzymes was unaffected by Zn source and level, while hepatic SOD and GST activities were greater (P<0.05) in the LCZ-3 group than in the ZnO-1 group. No difference was observed in lipid peroxidation of the jejunum and liver and the total antioxidant power of plasma among groups. In conclusion, a supplementation with 400 ppm of LCZ resulted in a maximum increase in antioxidant enzymes, indicating that LCZ may affect antioxidant defense system more profoundly than ZnO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha-Na Kim
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology, Jinju, Korea
| | - Dong-Gyung Jeon
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology, Jinju, Korea
| | - Chul Young Lee
- Department of Animal Resources Technology, Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology, Jinju, Korea
- Regional Animal Research Center, Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology, Jinju, Korea
| | - In-Surk Jang
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology, Jinju, Korea
- Regional Animal Research Center, Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology, Jinju, Korea
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