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Yang M, Weng K, Guo Y, Huang L, Chen J, Lu H. GRP78 promotes bone metastasis of prostate cancer by regulating bone microenvironment through Sonic hedgehog signaling. Mol Carcinog 2024; 63:494-509. [PMID: 38085107 DOI: 10.1002/mc.23666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Bone metastasis is the leading cause of tumor-related deaths in patients with prostate cancer (PCa). The interactions between PCa and the bone microenvironment form a vicious cycle. However, the complex molecular mechanism by which PCa regulates the bone microenvironment remains unclear. To determine the role of glucose-regulated protein (GRP78) in bone metastasis and growth, we established intracardiac injection and tibial injection models, and performed their histological staining. To assess the effect of GRP78 on the differentiation of osteoblasts and osteoclasts, we performed cell co-culture, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, alizarin red staining, and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase staining. We found that GRP78 is upregulated in PCa tissues and that its upregulation is associated with PCa progression in patients. Functional experiments showed that GRP78 overexpression in PCa cells considerably promotes bone metastasis and induces bone microstructure changes. Silencing GRP78 substantially inhibits the migration and invasion of PCa cells in vitro and bone metastasis and tumor growth in vivo. Mechanistically, GRP78 promotes the migration and invasion of PCa cells via the Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling pathway. Cell co-culture showed that GRP78 promotes the differentiation of osteoblasts and osteoclasts through Shh signaling. Our findings suggest that tumor-bone matrix interactions owing to GRP78-activated paracrine Shh signaling by PCa cells regulate the differentiation of osteoblasts and osteoclasts. This process promotes bone metastasis and the proliferation of PCa cells in the bone microenvironment. Targeting the GRP78/Shh axis can serve as a therapeutic strategy to prevent bone metastasis and improve the quality of life of patients with PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minsheng Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Kangqiang Weng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
- Department of Urology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Yuanqing Guo
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Lihua Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Junquan Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Hai Lu
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
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Wen ZQ, Lin J, Xie WQ, Shan YH, Zhen GH, Li YS. Insights into the underlying pathogenesis and therapeutic potential of endoplasmic reticulum stress in degenerative musculoskeletal diseases. Mil Med Res 2023; 10:54. [PMID: 37941072 PMCID: PMC10634069 DOI: 10.1186/s40779-023-00485-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Degenerative musculoskeletal diseases are structural and functional failures of the musculoskeletal system, including osteoarthritis, osteoporosis, intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD), and sarcopenia. As the global population ages, degenerative musculoskeletal diseases are becoming more prevalent. However, the pathogenesis of degenerative musculoskeletal diseases is not fully understood. Previous studies have revealed that endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is a stress response that occurs when impairment of the protein folding capacity of the ER leads to the accumulation of misfolded or unfolded proteins in the ER, contributing to degenerative musculoskeletal diseases. By affecting cartilage degeneration, synovitis, meniscal lesion, subchondral bone remodeling of osteoarthritis, bone remodeling and angiogenesis of osteoporosis, nucleus pulposus degeneration, annulus fibrosus rupture, cartilaginous endplate degeneration of IVDD, and sarcopenia, ER stress is involved in the pathogenesis of degenerative musculoskeletal diseases. Preclinical studies have found that regulation of ER stress can delay the progression of multiple degenerative musculoskeletal diseases. These pilot studies provide foundations for further evaluation of the feasibility, efficacy, and safety of ER stress modulators in the treatment of musculoskeletal degenerative diseases in clinical trials. In this review, we have integrated up-to-date research findings of ER stress into the pathogenesis of degenerative musculoskeletal diseases. In a future perspective, we have also discussed possible directions of ER stress in the investigation of degenerative musculoskeletal disease, potential therapeutic strategies for degenerative musculoskeletal diseases using ER stress modulators, as well as underlying challenges and obstacles in bench-to-beside research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze-Qin Wen
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Jun Lin
- Department of Orthopaedics, Suzhou Dushu Lake Hospital, Dushu Lake Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Medical Center of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215001, China
| | - Wen-Qing Xie
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Yun-Han Shan
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
- Department of General Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Ge-Hua Zhen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
| | - Yu-Sheng Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.
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Wen Z, Sun Q, Shan Y, Xie W, Ding Y, Wang W, Ye R, Xiao W, Li Y. Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Osteoarthritis: A Novel Perspective on the Pathogenesis and Treatment. Aging Dis 2022; 14:283-286. [PMID: 37008062 PMCID: PMC10017163 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2022.0725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA), the most common degenerative joint disease, causes an enormous socioeconomic burden due to its disabling properties and high prevalence. Increasing evidence suggests that OA is a whole-joint disease involving cartilage degradation, synovitis, meniscal lesions, and subchondral bone remodeling. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is the accumulation of misfolded/unfolded proteins in the ER. Recent studies have found that ER stress is involved in the OA pathological changes by influencing the physiological function and survival of chondrocytes, fibroblast-like synoviocytes, synovial macrophages, meniscus cells, osteoblasts, osteoclasts, osteocytes, and bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. Therefore, ER stress is an attractive and promising target for OA. However, although targeting ER stress has been proven to alleviate OA progression in vitro and in vivo, the treatments for OA remain in preclinical stage and require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeqin Wen
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China.
| | - Qi Sun
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yunhan Shan
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China.
| | - Wenqing Xie
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.
| | - Yilan Ding
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China.
| | - Weiyang Wang
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China.
| | - Ruixi Ye
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China.
| | - Wenfeng Xiao
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.
- Correspondence should be addressed to: Dr. Wen-feng Xiao () and Yu-sheng Li (), Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Yusheng Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.
- Correspondence should be addressed to: Dr. Wen-feng Xiao () and Yu-sheng Li (), Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
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Wang XY, Ma TL, Chen KN, Pang ZY, Wang H, Huang JM, Qi GB, Wang CZ, Jiang ZX, Gong LJ, Wang Z, Jiang C, Yan ZQ. Accumulation of LDL/ox-LDL in the necrotic region participates in osteonecrosis of the femoral head: a pathological and in vitro study. Lipids Health Dis 2021; 20:167. [PMID: 34823555 PMCID: PMC8620162 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-021-01601-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH) is a common but intractable disease that appears to involve lipid metabolic disorders. Although numerous studies have demonstrated that high blood levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) are closely associated with ONFH, there is limited evidence to explain the pathological role of LDL. Pathological and in vitro studies were performed to investigate the role of disordered metabolism of LDL and oxidized LDL (ox-LDL) in the femoral head in the pathology of ONFH. Methods Nineteen femoral head specimens from patients with ONFH were obtained for immunohistochemistry analysis. Murine long-bone osteocyte Y4 cells were used to study the effects of LDL/ox-LDL on cell viability, apoptosis, and metabolism process of LDL/ox-LDL in osteocytes in normoxic and hypoxic environments. Results In the pathological specimens, marked accumulation of LDL/ox-LDL was observed in osteocytes/lacunae of necrotic regions compared with healthy regions. In vitro studies showed that ox-LDL, rather than LDL, reduced the viability and enhanced apoptosis of osteocytes. Pathological sections indicated that the accumulation of ox-LDL was significantly associated with impaired blood supply. Exposure to a hypoxic environment appeared to be a key factor leading to LDL/ox-LDL accumulation by enhancing internalisation and oxidation of LDL in osteocytes. Conclusions The accumulation of LDL/ox-LDL in the necrotic region may contribute to the pathology of ONFH. These findings could provide new insights into the prevention and treatment of ONFH. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12944-021-01601-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Yuan Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan Province, China.,Department of Orthopaedics, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Tian-Le Ma
- Department of Orthopaedics, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Kang-Ning Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Zhi-Ying Pang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jun-Ming Huang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Guo-Bin Qi
- Department of Orthopaedics, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Chen-Zhong Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Zeng-Xin Jiang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Lin-Jing Gong
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Chang Jiang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Zuo-Qin Yan
- Department of Orthopaedics, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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