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Sima S, Sanayei M. Same principle, but different computations in representing time and space. Front Neurosci 2024; 18:1387641. [PMID: 38774789 PMCID: PMC11106375 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2024.1387641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Time and space are two intertwined contexts that frame our cognition of the world and have shared mechanisms. A well-known theory on this case is "A Theory of Magnitude (ATOM)" which states that the perception of these two domains shares common mechanisms. However, evidence regarding shared computations of time and space is intermixed. To investigate this issue, we asked human subjects to reproduce time and distance intervals with saccadic eye movements in similarly designed tasks. We applied an observer model to both modalities and found underlying differences in the processing of time and space. While time and space computations are both probabilistic, adding priors to space perception minimally improved model performance, as opposed to time perception which was consistently better explained by Bayesian computations. We also showed that while both measurement and motor variability were smaller in distance than time reproduction, only the motor variability was correlated between them, as both tasks used saccadic eye movements for response. Our results suggest that time and space perception abide by the same algorithm but have different computational properties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mehdi Sanayei
- School of Cognitive Sciences, Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences (IPM), Tehran, Iran
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2
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Hallez Q, Balcı F. Memory capacity as the core mechanism of the development of space-time interferences in children. Sci Rep 2024; 14:10377. [PMID: 38710784 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-61018-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the development of spatiotemporal perceptual interactions in 5-to-7 years old children. Participants reproduced the temporal and spatial interval between sequentially presented visual stimuli. The time and spacing between stimuli were experimentally manipulated. In addition, cognitive capacities were assessed using neuropsychological tests. Results revealed that starting at 5 years old, children exhibited spatial biases in their time estimations and temporal biases in their spatial estimations, pointing at space-time interference. In line with developmental improvement of temporal and spatial abilities, these spatiotemporal biases decreased with age. Importantly, short-term memory capacity was a predictor of space-time interference pointing to shared cognitive mechanisms between time and space processing. Our results support the symmetrical hypothesis that proposes a common neurocognitive mechanism for processing time and space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Hallez
- Laboratoire Développement, Individu, Processus, Handicap, Éducation (DIPHE), Université Lumière Lyon 2, 5 Avenue Pierre Mendès France, 69500, Bron, France.
| | - Fuat Balcı
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Department of Psychology, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey
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3
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Bratzke D. Ebbinghaus, Müller-Lyer, and Ponzo: Three examples of bidirectional space-time interference. Psychon Bull Rev 2024:10.3758/s13423-024-02491-7. [PMID: 38519757 DOI: 10.3758/s13423-024-02491-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown interference between illusory size and perceived duration. The present study replicated this space-time interference in three classic visual-spatial illusions, the Ebbinghaus, the Müller-Lyer, and the Ponzo illusion. The results showed bidirectional interference between illusory size and duration for all three illusions. That is, subjectively larger stimuli were judged to be presented longer, and stimuli that were presented longer were judged to be larger. Thus, cross-dimensional interference between illusory size and duration appears to be a robust phenomenon and to generalize across a wide range of visual size illusions. This space-time interference most likely arises at the memory level and supports the theoretical notion of a common representational metric for space and time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Bratzke
- Department of Psychology, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany.
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4
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Gladhill KA, Robinson EM, Stanfield-Wiswell C, Bader F, Wiener M. Separable Representations for Duration and Distance in Virtual Movements. J Cogn Neurosci 2024; 36:447-459. [PMID: 38060254 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_02097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
To navigate through the environment, humans must be able to measure both the distance traveled in space, and the interval elapsed in time. Yet, how the brain holds both of these metrics simultaneously is less well known. One possibility is that participants measure how far and how long they have traveled relative to a known reference point. To measure this, we had human participants (n = 24) perform a distance estimation task in a virtual environment in which they were cued to attend to either the spatial or temporal interval traveled while responses were measured with multiband fMRI. We observed that both dimensions evoked similar frontoparietal networks, yet with a striking rostrocaudal dissociation between temporal and spatial estimation. Multivariate classifiers trained on each dimension were further able to predict the temporal or spatial interval traveled, with centers of activation within the SMA and retrosplenial cortex for time and space, respectively. Furthermore, a cross-classification approach revealed the right supramarginal gyrus and occipital place area as regions capable of decoding the general magnitude of the traveled distance. Altogether, our findings suggest the brain uses separate systems for tracking spatial and temporal distances, which are combined together along with dimension-nonspecific estimates.
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5
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Bratzke D, Peris L, Ulrich R. Time and visual-spatial illusions: Evidence for cross-dimensional interference between duration and illusory size. Atten Percept Psychophys 2024; 86:567-578. [PMID: 37386344 PMCID: PMC10805948 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-023-02737-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Time and space are intimately related to each other. Previous evidence has shown that stimulus size can affect perceived duration even when size differences are illusory. In the present study, we investigated the effect of visual-spatial illusions on duration judgments in a temporal reproduction paradigm. Specifically, we induced the Ebbinghaus illusion (Exp. 1) and the horizontal-vertical illusion (Exp. 2) during the encoding phase of the target interval or the reproduction phase. The results showed (a) that illusory size affects temporal processing similarly to the way physical size does, (b) that the effect is independent of whether the illusion appeared during encoding or reproduction, and (c) that the interference between size and temporal processing is bidirectional. These results suggest a rather late locus of size-time interference in the processing stream.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Bratzke
- Department of Psychology, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany.
| | - Lena Peris
- Department of Psychology, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Rolf Ulrich
- Department of Psychology, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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6
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de Lafuente V, Jazayeri M, Merchant H, García-Garibay O, Cadena-Valencia J, Malagón AM. Keeping time and rhythm by internal simulation of sensory stimuli and behavioral actions. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadh8185. [PMID: 38198556 PMCID: PMC10780886 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adh8185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Effective behavior often requires synchronizing our actions with changes in the environment. Rhythmic changes in the environment are easy to predict, and we can readily time our actions to them. Yet, how the brain encodes and maintains rhythms is not known. Here, we trained primates to internally maintain rhythms of different tempos and performed large-scale recordings of neuronal activity across the sensory-motor hierarchy. Results show that maintaining rhythms engages multiple brain areas, including visual, parietal, premotor, prefrontal, and hippocampal regions. Each recorded area displayed oscillations in firing rates and oscillations in broadband local field potential power that reflected the temporal and spatial characteristics of an internal metronome, which flexibly encoded fast, medium, and slow tempos. The presence of widespread metronome-related activity, in the absence of stimuli and motor activity, suggests that internal simulation of stimuli and actions underlies timekeeping and rhythm maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor de Lafuente
- Institute of Neurobiology, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Boulevard Juriquilla 3001, Querétaro, QRO 76230, México
| | - Mehrdad Jazayeri
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Hugo Merchant
- Institute of Neurobiology, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Boulevard Juriquilla 3001, Querétaro, QRO 76230, México
| | - Otto García-Garibay
- Institute of Neurobiology, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Boulevard Juriquilla 3001, Querétaro, QRO 76230, México
| | - Jaime Cadena-Valencia
- Institute of Neurobiology, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Boulevard Juriquilla 3001, Querétaro, QRO 76230, México
- Faculty of Science and Medicine, Department of Neurosciences and Movement Sciences, University of Fribourg, Fribourg 1700, Switzerland
- Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, German Primate Center—Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Ana M. Malagón
- Institute of Neurobiology, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Boulevard Juriquilla 3001, Querétaro, QRO 76230, México
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Li L, Hou C, Peng C, Chen Y. Encoding, working memory, or decision: how feedback modulates time perception. Cereb Cortex 2023; 33:10355-10366. [PMID: 37522300 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhad287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The hypothesis that individuals can accurately represent temporal information within approximately 3 s is the premise of several theoretical models and empirical studies in the field of temporal processing. The significance of accurately representing time within 3 s and the universality of the overestimation contrast dramatically. To clarify whether this overestimation arises from an inability to accurately represent time or a response bias, we systematically examined whether feedback reduces overestimation at the 3 temporal processing stages of timing (encoding), working memory, and decisions proposed by the scalar timing model. Participants reproduced the time interval between 2 circles with or without feedback, while the electroencephalogram (EEG) was synchronously recorded. Behavioral results showed that feedback shortened reproduced times and significantly minimized overestimation. EEG results showed that feedback significantly decreased the amplitude of contingent negative variation (CNV) in the decision stage but did not modulate the CNV amplitude in the encoding stage or the P2-P3b amplitudes in the working memory stage. These results suggest that overestimation arises from response bias when individuals convert an accurate representation of time into behavior. Our study provides electrophysiological evidence to support the conception that short intervals under approximately 3 s can be accurately represented as "temporal gestalt."
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Affiliation(s)
- Langyu Li
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (Ministry of Education), Faculty of Psychology, Time Psychology Research Center, Center of Studies for Psychology and Social Development, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Chunna Hou
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (Ministry of Education), Faculty of Psychology, Time Psychology Research Center, Center of Studies for Psychology and Social Development, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Chunhua Peng
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Emotion and Mental Health, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing 402160, China
| | - Youguo Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (Ministry of Education), Faculty of Psychology, Time Psychology Research Center, Center of Studies for Psychology and Social Development, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
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Gottlieb A, Zakay D. The effect of magnitude in a simultaneous duration assessment task among children - a replication study. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0285564. [PMID: 37159445 PMCID: PMC10168559 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0285564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The "magnitude effect" refers to the phenomenon where stimuli of greater magnitude appear to last longer in duration. Previous studies have explored this effect among children using various duration assessment tasks, but the findings have been inconsistent. Moreover, no replication studies have been conducted on this topic among children thus far. The simultaneous duration assessment task, which is one method for investigating time perception, has been used only twice in children and produced the magnitude effect. Thus, we aimed to replicate these findings and validate them through an additional replicated study. For these aims, we recruited 45 Arab-speaking children aged 7-12 to participate in two studies. In Study 1, they were asked to perform a simultaneous duration assessment task, where they had to assess the illumination durations of lightbulbs with strong and weak intensities simultaneously. In Study 2, they were asked to perform a duration reproduction task, where they had to reproduce the durations of illumination of the same stimuli. Both studies found a magnitude effect pattern, where the children tended to report that the lightbulb with the stronger intensity was illuminated for a longer duration or had a strong tendency to not choose the lightbulb with the weaker intensity. These results are discussed in terms of possible explanations for the conflicting results found in previous literature, as well as their consistency with the pacemaker model's explanation for the effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amihai Gottlieb
- The School of Psychological Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Dan Zakay
- The School of Psychological Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
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9
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Exploring spatiotemporal interactions: On the superiority of time over space. Atten Percept Psychophys 2022; 84:2582-2595. [PMID: 36229633 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-022-02546-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Space and time mutually influence each other such that space affects time estimation (space-on-time effect), and conversely (time-on-space effect). These reciprocal interferences suggest that space and time are intrinsically linked in the human mind. Yet, recent evidence for an asymmetrical advantage for space over time challenges the classical theoretical interpretation. In the present study, we tested whether the superiority of space over time in magnitude interference depends on the cognitive resources engaged in the spatial task. We conducted three experiments in which participants performed judgments on temporal intervals and spatial distances in separate blocks. In each trial, two dots were successively flashed at various locations, and participants were to judge whether the duration or distance between the dots was short or long. To manipulate cognitive demands in the spatial task, distances varied across experiments (highly discriminable for the non-demanding spatial task in Experiment 1 and scarcely discriminable for the demanding spatial task in Experiment 2). Importantly, this manipulation tended to enhance perceptual sensitivity (as indexed by Weber Ratios) but slowed down the decision process (as indexed by response times) in the demanding experiment. Our results provide evidence for robust space-on-time and time-on-space effects (Experiments 1 and 2). More crucially, the involvement of cognitive resources in a demanding spatial task causes a massive time-on-space effect: Spatial judgments are indeed more influenced by irrelevant temporal information than the reverse (Experiments 2 and 3). Overall, the flexibility of spatiotemporal interferences has direct theoretical implications and questions the origins of space-time interaction.
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10
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Network Pharmacology and Molecular Docking Study of Yupingfeng Powder in the Treatment of Allergic Diseases. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:1323744. [PMID: 35855823 PMCID: PMC9288288 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1323744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Objective To explore the potential mechanisms of Yupingfeng Powder (YPFP) in the treatment of allergic diseases by using network pharmacology and molecular docking technology. Methods The active components and targets of YPFP were screened by the TCMSP database. The targets associated with atopic dermatitis, asthma, allergic rhinitis, and food allergy were obtained from GeneCards and OMIM databases, respectively. The intersection of the above disease-related targets was identified as allergy-related targets. Then, allergy-related targets and YPFP-related targets were crossed to obtain the potential targets of YPFP for allergy treatment. A protein-protein-interaction (PPI) network and a drug-target-disease topology network were constructed to screen hub targets and key ingredients. Next, GO and KEGG pathway enrichment analyses were performed separately on the potential targets and hub targets to identify the biological processes and signaling pathways involved. Finally, molecular docking was conducted to verify the binding affinity between key ingredients and hub targets. Results In this study, 45 active ingredients were identified from YPFP, and 48 allergy-related targets were predicted by network pharmacology. IL6, TNF, IL1B, PTGS2, CXCL8, JUN, CCL2, IL10, IFNG, and IL4 were screened as hub targets by the PPI network. However, quercetin, kaempferol, wogonin, formononetin, and 7-O-methylisomucronulatol were identified as key ingredients by the drug-target-disease topological network. GO and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis indicated that the therapeutic effect of YPFP on allergy involved multiple biological processes and signaling pathways, including positive regulation of fever generation, positive regulation of neuroinflammatory response, vascular endothelial growth factor production, negative regulation of cytokine production involved in immune response, positive regulation of mononuclear cell migration, type 2 immune response, and negative regulation of lipid storage. Molecular docking verified that all the key ingredients had good binding affinity with hub targets. Conclusion This study revealed the key ingredients, hub targets, and potential mechanisms of YPFP antiallergy, and these data can provide some theoretical basis for subsequent allergy treatment and drug development.
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11
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Cai ZG, Wu L, Liu H, Wang R. Cross-dimensional magnitude interactions reflect statistical correlations among physical dimensions: Evidence from space-time interaction. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2022; 227:103608. [PMID: 35569202 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2022.103608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnitudes of different physical dimensions have been assumed to be processed by a common metric in order to account for interactions between different dimensions (e.g., space, time). This paper tested a different hypothesis, that these cross-dimensional interactions reflect people's experience of statistical correlations among physical dimensions. In the experiment, we manipulated the correlation between space (length) and time (duration). A stimulus consisting of two vertical bars that demarcated a variable stimulus length was presented for a variable stimulus duration; participants were to reproduce either the stimulus length or the stimulus duration. Critically, to reproduce a stimulus length, participants held down the spacebar to grow or shrink (in a blocked design) a length to the stimulus length such that space (i.e. reproduced length) positively or negatively co-varied with time. Reproduced lengths did not vary as a function of stimulus duration under positive space-time correlation but decreased as a function of stimulus duration under negative space-time correlation; reproduced durations increased as a function of stimulus length under positive space-time correlation but this space-on-time effect appeared to be attenuated under negative space-time correlation. These findings are consistent with a Bayesian inference account whereby cross-dimensional interactions reflect people's prior belief/knowledge of cross-dimensional statistical correlation, which itself tunes to recent input.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenguang G Cai
- Department of Linguistics and Modern Languages/Brain and Mind Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Limu Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, Center for Studies of Psychological Application, School of Psychology, South China Normal University, China
| | - Huihui Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, Center for Studies of Psychological Application, School of Psychology, South China Normal University, China
| | - Ruiming Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, Center for Studies of Psychological Application, School of Psychology, South China Normal University, China
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12
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Cui M, Peng C, Huang M, Chen Y. Electrophysiological Evidence for a Common Magnitude Representation of Spatiotemporal Information in Working Memory. Cereb Cortex 2022; 32:4068-4079. [PMID: 35024791 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhab466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Spatiotemporal interference has attracted increasing attention because it provides a window for studying the neural representation of magnitude in the brain. We aimed to identify the neural basis of spatiotemporal interference using a Kappa effect task in which two circles were presented in sequence with two time intervals and three space distances. Participants reproduced the time intervals while ignoring the space distance when electroencephalogram signals were recorded synchronously. The behavior results showed that production time increased with time interval and space distance. Offset of the time intervals elicited typical P2 and P3b components. Larger parietal P2 and P3b amplitudes were elicited by the combination of longer time intervals and longer space distances. The parietal P2 and P3b amplitudes were positively correlated with the production time, and the corresponding neural source was located in the parietal cortex. The results suggest that the parietal P2 and P3b index updates a common representation of spatiotemporal information in working memory, which provides electrophysiological evidence for the mechanisms underlying spatiotemporal interferences. Our study supports a theory of magnitude, in which different dimensions can be integrated into a common magnitude representation in a generalized magnitude system that is localized at the parietal cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghui Cui
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (Ministry of Education), Time Psychology Research Center, Center of Studies for Psychology and Social Development, Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Chunhua Peng
- Laboratory of Emotion and Mental Health, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing 402160, China
| | - Mei Huang
- Research Institute of Teacher Development, Faculty of College of Teacher Education, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Youguo Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (Ministry of Education), Time Psychology Research Center, Center of Studies for Psychology and Social Development, Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
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13
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Oddball onset timing: Little evidence of early gating of oddball stimuli from tapping, reacting, and producing. Atten Percept Psychophys 2021; 83:2291-2302. [PMID: 33723728 PMCID: PMC7959674 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-021-02257-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Oddballs, rare or novel stimuli, appear to last longer than non-oddballs. This illusion is often attributed to the perceived time that an oddball occupies being longer than that of a non-oddball. However, it is also possible that oddball stimuli are perceived to onset earlier than non-oddballs; they are “gated” earlier in time and thus the perceived duration of those stimuli are longer. In the current article, we directly investigate this proposal by asking participants to react to, produce durations initiated with, and tap along to either oddball or standard stimuli. Tapping provided some support for earlier perceived onset of an oddball in the visual modality. However, both reaction time and duration production experiments provided evidence against an oddball being gated earlier than a standard stimulus. Contrarily, these experiments showed an oddball resulted in longer reaction times and productions, respectively. Taken together, these three experiments indicate it is unlikely that the expansion of time attributed to oddball presentation is purely due to the earlier gating of oddball stimuli. In fact, the first two experiments provide some evidence that the effect of an oddball must compensate for the later gating of these stimuli.
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14
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Cai ZG, Wang R. Cross-dimensional magnitude interaction is modulated by representational noise: evidence from space-time interaction. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2021; 86:196-208. [PMID: 33580821 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-020-01472-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Magnitudes along different dimensions (e.g., space and time) tend to interact with each other in perception, with some magnitude dimensions more susceptible to cross-dimensional interference than others. What causes such asymmetries in cross-dimensional magnitude interaction is being debated. The current study investigated whether the representational noise of magnitudes modulates the (a)symmetry in space-time interaction. In three experiments using different formats of length, we showed that dynamic unfilled lengths resulted in a higher representational noise than either static unfilled length or static filled length. Correspondingly, we observed that the time-on-space effect was larger for dynamic unfilled lengths than for static unfilled length or static filled length (and it did not differ between the latter two). Further correlational analyses showed that the susceptibility of a target dimension to the influence of a concurrent dimension increased as a function of participants' representational noise in the target dimension (e.g., the noisier length representations, the larger the time-on-space effect). In all, our study showed that the representational noise of space and time modulates the way the two dimensions interact. These findings suggest that cross-dimensional magnitude interactions arise as a result of memory interference, with noisier magnitudes being more prone to being nudged by concurrent magnitudes in other dimensions. Such memory interference can be seen as a result of Bayesian inference with correlated priors between magnitude dimensions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenguang G Cai
- Department of Linguistics and Modern Languages/Brain and Mind Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Leung Kau Kui Building, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong.
| | - Ruiming Wang
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences, Ministry of Education, & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, Center for Studies of Psychological Application, School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China.
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15
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Robinson EM, Wiener M. Dissociable neural indices for time and space estimates during virtual distance reproduction. Neuroimage 2020; 226:117607. [PMID: 33290808 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The perception and measurement of spatial and temporal dimensions have been widely studied. Yet, whether these two dimensions are processed independently is still being debated. Additionally, whether EEG components are uniquely associated with time or space, or whether they reflect a more general measure of magnitude quantity remains unknown. While undergoing EEG, subjects performed a virtual distance reproduction task, in which they were required to first walk forward for an unknown distance or time, and then reproduce that distance or time. Walking speed was varied between estimation and reproduction phases, to prevent interference between distance or time in each estimate. Behaviorally, subject performance was more variable when reproducing time than when reproducing distance, but with similar patterns of accuracy. During estimation, EEG data revealed the contingent negative variation (CNV), a measure previously associated with timing and expectation, tracked the probability of the upcoming interval, for both time and distance. However, during reproduction, the CNV exclusively oriented to the upcoming temporal interval at the start of reproduction, with no change across spatial distances. Our findings indicate that time and space are neurally separable dimensions, with the CNV both serving a supramodal role in temporal and spatial expectation, yet an exclusive role in preparing duration reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Marie Robinson
- Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, Tuscon, AZ 85721, United States; Department of Psychology, George Mason University, 4400 University Drive, 3F5, Fairfax, VA 22030, United States
| | - Martin Wiener
- Department of Psychology, George Mason University, 4400 University Drive, 3F5, Fairfax, VA 22030, United States.
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16
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Fornaciai M, Park J. Attractive serial dependence between memorized stimuli. Cognition 2020; 200:104250. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2020.104250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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17
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Zhang M, Lu A, Hodges BH. Lifting, tasting, and carrying: The interaction of magnitude and valence effects in time perception. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2019; 193:1-10. [PMID: 30550946 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2018.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnitude effects (e.g., heavier or faster is longer) and valence effects (e.g., negative > positive) are widely observed in time perception studies, but not well understood. In four experiments, we explored how different action contexts (e.g., tasting, lifting) affected magnitude and valence effects. In two experiments a valence effect occurred: Tasting a sweet food (watermelon) led to temporal underestimations relative to a neutral stimulus, while sour and bitter foods led to overestimations. However, when the same foods were presented in a lifting context a magnitude effect occurred: Reproduced times for the heavier food (watermelon) were overestimated relative to the lighter foods. In a fourth experiment magnitude and valence interacted: Imagining tasting increasing amounts of lemon or carrying increasing loads of lemon, both negative, yielded magnitude effects; however, imagining carrying lemons to feed malnourished people, which was positive, did not. Results present challenges for several common theoretical approaches (e.g., arousal, attention, common magnitude theory) but provide support for affordance theory and perceptual salience theory. Timing depends on action relevance and is jointly shaped by valence and magnitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meichao Zhang
- Center for Studies of Psychological Application & School of Psychology, South China Normal University, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, China; Guangdong Center of Mental Assistance and Contingency Technique for Emergency, China
| | - Aitao Lu
- Center for Studies of Psychological Application & School of Psychology, South China Normal University, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, China; Guangdong Center of Mental Assistance and Contingency Technique for Emergency, China.
| | - Bert H Hodges
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, USA; Department of Psychology, Gordon College, USA
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18
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Homma CT, Ashida H. Temporal Cognition Can Affect Spatial Cognition More Than Vice Versa: The Effect of Task-Related Stimulus Saliency. Multisens Res 2019; 32:25-44. [PMID: 31059493 DOI: 10.1163/22134808-20181287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cognition of space and time affect each other; a line with longer length appears to be longer in exposure duration (space on time), and a line with longer exposure duration appears to be longer in length (time on space). This cognitive interaction is known to be asymmetric; the effect of space on time is larger than that of time on space. We conjectured that this asymmetry is not intrinsic but may depend on the saliency of relevant signals. Participants were asked to judge the visual exposure duration of lines that varied in length or the lengths of the lines with different exposure times. The ranges of task-relevant and -irrelevant stimulus values were the same in the spatial and temporal tasks. Task difficulty was also evaluated by subjective rating. We found that duration affected the judgment of length more than vice versa, when the spatial task was significantly more difficult than the temporal task. Together with our previous results that showed the opposite effect, our conjecture is supported that the saliency of stimuli should affect the balance of interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chizuru T Homma
- Graduate School of Letters, Kyoto University, Yoshida-honmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ashida
- Graduate School of Letters, Kyoto University, Yoshida-honmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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19
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Loeffler J, Cañal-Bruland R, Schroeger A, Tolentino-Castro JW, Raab M. Interrelations Between Temporal and Spatial Cognition: The Role of Modality-Specific Processing. Front Psychol 2018; 9:2609. [PMID: 30622495 PMCID: PMC6308391 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Temporal and spatial representations are not independent of each other. Two conflicting theories provide alternative hypotheses concerning the specific interrelations between temporal and spatial representations. The asymmetry hypothesis (based on the conceptual metaphor theory, Lakoff and Johnson, 1980) predicts that temporal and spatial representations are asymmetrically interrelated such that spatial representations have a stronger impact on temporal representations than vice versa. In contrast, the symmetry hypothesis (based on a theory of magnitude, Walsh, 2003) predicts that temporal and spatial representations are symmetrically interrelated. Both theoretical approaches have received empirical support. From an embodied cognition perspective, we argue that taking sensorimotor processes into account may be a promising steppingstone to explain the contradictory findings. Notably, different modalities are differently sensitive to the processing of time and space. For instance, auditory information processing is more sensitive to temporal than spatial information, whereas visual information processing is more sensitive to spatial than temporal information. Consequently, we hypothesized that different sensorimotor tasks addressing different modalities may account for the contradictory findings. To test this, we critically reviewed relevant literature to examine which modalities were addressed in time-space mapping studies. Results indicate that the majority of the studies supporting the asymmetry hypothesis applied visual tasks for both temporal and spatial representations. Studies supporting the symmetry hypothesis applied mainly auditory tasks for the temporal domain, but visual tasks for the spatial domain. We conclude that the use of different tasks addressing different modalities may be the primary reason for (a)symmetric effects of space on time, instead of a genuine (a)symmetric mapping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonna Loeffler
- Department of Performance Psychology, Institute of Psychology, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Anna Schroeger
- Institute of Sport Science, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - J. Walter Tolentino-Castro
- Department of Performance Psychology, Institute of Psychology, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Markus Raab
- Department of Performance Psychology, Institute of Psychology, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- School of Applied Sciences, London South Bank University, London, United Kingdom
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20
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Cai ZG, Wang R, Shen M, Speekenbrink M. Cross-dimensional magnitude interactions arise from memory interference. Cogn Psychol 2018; 106:21-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cogpsych.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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21
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Schlichting N, de Jong R, van Rijn H. Robustness of individual differences in temporal interference effects. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0202345. [PMID: 30107001 PMCID: PMC6091949 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0202345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnitudes or quantities of the different dimensions that define a stimulus (e.g., space, speed or numerosity) influence the perceived duration of that stimulus, a phenomenon known as (temporal) interference effects. This complicates studying the neurobiological foundation of the perception of time, as any signatures of temporal processing are tainted by interfering dimensions. In earlier work, in which judgements on either time or numerosity were made while EEG was recorded, we used Maximum Likelihood Estimation (MLE) to estimate, for each participant separately, the influence of temporal and numerical information on making duration or numerosity judgements. We found large individual differences in the estimated magnitudes, but ML-estimates allowed us to partial out interference effects. However, for such analyses, it is essential that estimates are meaningful and stable. Therefore, in the current study, we examined the reliability of the MLE procedure by comparing the interference magnitudes estimated in two sessions, spread a week apart. In addition to the standard paradigm, we also presented task variants in which the interfering dimension was manipulated, to assess which aspects of the numerosity dimension exert the largest influence on temporal processing. The results indicate that individual interference magnitudes are stable, both between sessions and over tasks. Further, the ML-estimates of the time-numerosity judgement tasks were predictive of performance in a standard temporal judgement task. Thus, how much temporal information participants use in time estimations tasks seems to be a stable trait that can be captured with the MLE procedure. ML-estimates are, however, not predictive of performance in other interference-tasks, here operationalized by a numerical Stroop task. Taken together, the MLE procedure is a reliable tool to quantify individual differences in magnitude interference effects and can therefore reliably inform the analysis of neuroimaging data when contrasts are needed between the accumulation of a temporal and an interfering dimension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Schlichting
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Research School of Behavioural and Cognitive Neurosciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ritske de Jong
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Research School of Behavioural and Cognitive Neurosciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hedderik van Rijn
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Research School of Behavioural and Cognitive Neurosciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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22
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Performance-informed EEG analysis reveals mixed evidence for EEG signatures unique to the processing of time. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2018; 84:352-369. [PMID: 29926169 PMCID: PMC7039843 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-018-1039-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Certain EEG components (e.g., the contingent negative variation, CNV, or beta oscillations) have been linked to the perception of temporal magnitudes specifically. However, it is as of yet unclear whether these EEG components are really unique to time perception or reflect the perception of magnitudes in general. In the current study we recorded EEG while participants had to make judgments about duration (time condition) or numerosity (number condition) in a comparison task. This design allowed us to directly compare EEG signals between the processing of time and number. Stimuli consisted of a series of blue dots appearing and disappearing dynamically on a black screen. Each stimulus was characterized by its duration and the total number of dots that it consisted of. Because it is known that tasks like these elicit perceptual interference effects that we used a maximum-likelihood estimation (MLE) procedure to determine, for each participant and dimension separately, to what extent time and numerosity information were taken into account when making a judgement in an extensive post hoc analysis. This approach enabled us to capture individual differences in behavioral performance and, based on the MLE estimates, to select a subset of participants who suppressed task-irrelevant information. Even for this subset of participants, who showed no or only small interference effects and thus were thought to truly process temporal information in the time condition and numerosity information in the number condition, we found CNV patterns in the time-domain EEG signals for both tasks that was more pronounced in the time-task. We found no substantial evidence for differences between the processing of temporal and numerical information in the time–frequency domain.
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