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Kines RC, Schiller JT. Harnessing Human Papillomavirus’ Natural Tropism to Target Tumors. Viruses 2022; 14:v14081656. [PMID: 36016277 PMCID: PMC9413966 DOI: 10.3390/v14081656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPV) are small non-enveloped DNA tumor viruses established as the primary etiological agent for the development of cervical cancer. Decades of research have elucidated HPV’s primary attachment factor to be heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPG). Importantly, wounding and exposure of the epithelial basement membrane was found to be pivotal for efficient attachment and infection of HPV in vivo. Sulfation patterns on HSPG’s become modified at the site of wounds as they serve an important role promoting tissue healing, cell proliferation and neovascularization and it is these modifications recognized by HPV. Analogous HSPG modification patterns can be found on tumor cells as they too require the aforementioned processes to grow and metastasize. Although targeting tumor associated HSPG is not a novel concept, the use of HPV to target and treat tumors has only been realized in recent years. The work herein describes how decades of basic HPV research has culminated in the rational design of an HPV-based virus-like infrared light activated dye conjugate for the treatment of choroidal melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John T. Schiller
- Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;
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Ordiales H, Alcalde I, Vázquez F, Merayo-Lloves J, Quirós LM, Cueto CM. Cell Surface Glycosaminoglycans as Receptors for Adhesion of Candida spp. to Corneal Cells. Pol J Microbiol 2022; 71:55-62. [PMID: 35635172 PMCID: PMC9152916 DOI: 10.33073/pjm-2022-008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The most common causal agents of fungal keratitis are yeasts of the Candida genus. Adhesion constitutes the first stage of pathogenesis. Previous studies have shown that glycosaminoglycans from the corneal cell surface play an essential role in bacterial keratitis, although little is known about their role in fungal infections. The objective of this work is to analyze the role that glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) play in the adhesion of fungi of the Candida genus to corneal epithelial cells. The participation of GAGs in the adhesion of fungi was studied through the specific inhibition of the synthesis of these molecules by enzymatic digestion using specific lyases and the silencing of various genes involved in heparan sulfate sulfation. The results seem to indicate that glycosaminoglycans act to some extent as receptors for this fungus, although there are differences between fungal species. Treatment with inhibitors partially reduced the adherence of fungal species. Digestion of cell surface heparan sulfate further reduced the adherence of Candida albicans and Candida glabrata compared to chondroitin sulfate, indicating that the binding is preferentially mediated by heparan sulfate. Degradation of both heparan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate produced similar effects on the adherence of Candida parapsilosis. However, adhesion of C. albicans hyphae is not dependent on GAGs, suggesting the expression of other adhesins and the recognition of other receptors present in corneal cells. Our results open the door to new strategies for stopping the adhesion of pathogenic fungi, and their subsequent invasion of the cornea; thus, reducing the probability of the keratitis development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Ordiales
- Instituto Universitario Fernández-Vega, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
- Departamento de Biología functional, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
- Fundación para la Investigación y la Innovación Biosanitaria de Asturias (FINBA), Oviedo, Spain
| | - Ignacio Alcalde
- Instituto Universitario Fernández-Vega, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
- Fundación para la Investigación y la Innovación Biosanitaria de Asturias (FINBA), Oviedo, Spain
| | - Fernando Vázquez
- Instituto Universitario Fernández-Vega, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
- Departamento de Biología functional, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Jesús Merayo-Lloves
- Instituto Universitario Fernández-Vega, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
- Fundación para la Investigación y la Innovación Biosanitaria de Asturias (FINBA), Oviedo, Spain
| | - Luis M. Quirós
- Instituto Universitario Fernández-Vega, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
- Departamento de Biología functional, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
- Fundación para la Investigación y la Innovación Biosanitaria de Asturias (FINBA), Oviedo, Spain
| | - Carla Martín Cueto
- Instituto Universitario Fernández-Vega, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
- Fundación para la Investigación y la Innovación Biosanitaria de Asturias (FINBA), Oviedo, Spain
- Brill Pharma, Barcelona, Spain
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