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Béna J, Lacassagne D, Corneille O. Do uncontrolled processes contribute to evaluative learning? Insights from a new two-US process dissociation procedure and ambivalence measures. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2024:17470218241248138. [PMID: 38594226 DOI: 10.1177/17470218241248138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
The contribution of uncontrolled processes to evaluative learning has been examined in evaluative conditioning procedures by comparing evaluations of conditioned stimuli between tasks or within tasks but between learning instruction conditions. In the present research, we introduced a new procedure that keeps both tasks and instructions constant. In addition, we introduced ambivalence measures to address this uncontrollability question. The new procedure involves forming an impression of conditioned stimuli based on their pairing with one unconditioned stimulus while attending but discarding the influence of another unconditioned stimulus holding the same (congruent trials) versus a different (incongruent trials) valence. When the to-be-used and to-be-discarded unconditioned stimuli share the same (vs. a different) valence, controlled and uncontrolled processes should support the same (vs. opposite) responses. We used this approach in two preregistered experiments (Ntotal = 467) using dichotomous evaluative classifications (Experiments 1 and 2), evaluative ratings, and two measures of attitudinal ambivalence: mouse trajectories and felt ambivalence (Experiment 2). While we failed to find evidence for uncontrolled processes in evaluative classification frequencies separately in Experiments 1 and 2, analyses of aggregated classification frequencies across Experiments 1 and 2 suggested a small contribution of uncontrolled processes. In addition, we found larger felt ambivalence for incongruent than congruent trials. Overall, the present findings are mixed but support the possibility of a contribution of uncontrolled processes to evaluative learning, even when control is applied to a focal stimulus and additional influences come from a to-be-disregarded stimulus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémy Béna
- UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
- Aix-Marseille Université, Centre de Recherche en Psychologie et Neurosciences, CNRS, UMR 7077, Marseille, France
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2
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Morris J, Tattan-Birch H, Albery IP, Heather N, Moss AC. Look away now! Defensive processing and unrealistic optimism by level of alcohol consumption. Psychol Health 2024:1-19. [PMID: 38379336 DOI: 10.1080/08870446.2024.2316681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Health risk information is insufficient as a means of reducing alcohol use, particularly when it evokes negative emotional states amongst those for whom it is most personally relevant. Appraisal biases, or 'defensive processing', may be employed to mitigate the psychological discomfort posed by such information. Few studies have evaluated the role of defensive processing in people with different levels of alcohol consumption. DESIGN Online participants (n = 597) completed measures of defensive processing of a health risk infographic, perceived susceptibility and severity of alcohol use, efficacy for resisting alcohol use, unrealistic optimism, the Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test - Consumption (AUDIT-C) and demographics. RESULTS AUDIT-C scores were positively and linearly associated with all defensive processing measures (Pearson's correlation r from.16 to .36), threat and susceptibility (r = .16) and unrealistic optimism (r = .50). AUDIT-C scores were also negatively associated with efficacy for controlling alcohol use (r = -0.48). CONCLUSION People with alcohol use disorder (AUD) engaged in much more defensive processing of alcohol-related messages, offering an explanation for why such messages are limited at eliciting behaviour change. High levels of unrealistic optimism in people with alcohol use disorder may reflect low problem recognition in order to maintain a problem-free drinking identity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Morris
- Centre for Addictive Behaviours Research, School of Applied Sciences, London South Bank University, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - I P Albery
- Centre for Addictive Behaviours Research, School of Applied Sciences, London South Bank University, London, United Kingdom
| | - N Heather
- University of Northumbria, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - A C Moss
- Centre for Addictive Behaviours Research, School of Applied Sciences, London South Bank University, London, United Kingdom
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Zhang Q, Zhang G, Dang J. Enjoy exercise more: The effects of dual-channel evaluative conditioning on implicit attitudes toward exercise. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2023; 33:2381-2389. [PMID: 37565717 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Researchers have been looking for effective interventions to promote physical activity due to its great impact on both physical and mental health. In two studies, the current research investigated (1) whether evaluative conditioning could increase implicit attitudes toward exercise; (2) whether dual-channel evaluative conditioning had a greater influence compared to single-channel evaluative conditioning. In Study 1, results from 32 participants (7 males, 25 females; Mage = 19.470, SDage = 1.174) were used to compare the audiovisual dual-channel with the visual single-channel evaluative conditioning. In Study 2, we analyzed data from 100 participants (35 males, 65 females; Mage = 20.990, SDage = 3.141) and compared the visual-kinesthetic dual-channel with the visual single-channel evaluative conditioning. The results showed that individuals' implicit attitudes toward exercise were more positively affected by dual-channel than single-channel evaluative conditioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhang
- School of Psychology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Guoli Zhang
- School of Psychology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Junhua Dang
- School of Education, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, China
- Anhui Engineering Research Center for Intelligent Computing and Application on Cognitive Behavior (ICACB), Anhui, China
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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4
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Abstract
Evaluative conditioning (EC) research investigates changes in the evaluation of a stimulus after co-occurrence with an affective stimulus. To explain the motivation behind this research, this review begins with an overview of the history of EC research, followed by a summary of the state of the art with respect to three key questions. First, how should EC procedures be used to influence evaluation? We provide a guide based on evidence concerning the functional properties of EC effects. Second, how does the EC effect occur? We discuss the possible mediating cognitive processes and their automaticity. Third, are EC effects ubiquitous outside the lab? We discuss the evidence for the external validity of EC research. We conclude that the most important open questions pertain to the relevance of EC to everyday life and to the level of control that characterizes the processes that mediate the EC effect after people notice the stimulus co-occurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tal Moran
- Department of Education and Psychology, The Open University of Israel, Ra'anana, Israel; .,Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Yahel Nudler
- School of Psychological Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel: ,
| | - Yoav Bar-Anan
- School of Psychological Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel: ,
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Effects on the Affect Misattribution Procedure are strongly moderated by influence awareness. Behav Res Methods 2022:10.3758/s13428-022-01879-4. [PMID: 35689167 DOI: 10.3758/s13428-022-01879-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The Affect Misattribution Procedure (AMP) is used in many areas of psychological science based on the assumption that it not only taps into attitudes and biases but does so without a person's awareness. Across eight preregistered studies (N = 1603) plus meta-analyses, we reexamined the 'implicitness' of AMP effects, and in particular, the idea that people are unaware of the prime's influence on their evaluations. Results indicated that AMP effects and their predictive validity are primarily moderated by a subset of influence-aware trials (within individuals), and high rates of influence awareness (between individuals). Interestingly, an individual's influence-awareness rate on one AMP predicted how they performed on an earlier AMP, even when the two assessed different attitude domains. Taken together, our results suggest that AMP effects are not implicit in the way that has been claimed, a finding that has implications for the procedure, past findings, and theory. All materials and data are available at osf.io/gv7cm.
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Béna J, Melnikoff DE, Mierop A, Corneille O. Revisiting dissociation hypotheses with a structural fit approach: The case of the prepared reflex framework. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2022.104297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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‘Don't stop believing’: The role of training beliefs in cognitive bias modification paradigms. Appetite 2022; 174:106041. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2022.106041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Li J, Chen B, Zhang Y. Adopting Evaluative Conditioning to Improve Coach-Athlete Relationships. Front Psychol 2021; 12:751990. [PMID: 34899492 PMCID: PMC8651711 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.751990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Coach–athlete relationships are key to athletes’ well-being, development, training, and sports performance. The present study explored the effect of an evaluative conditioning (EC) intervention on the improvement of coach–athlete relationships. We applied a 6-week EC intervention to the athletes in a volleyball team with two of their coaches involved in the EC while the third coach taken as control. In the EC, we repeatedly presented the coaches’ facial images (i.e., conditioned stimuli) together with positively valenced pictures and words (i.e., unconditioned stimuli) to the athletes. The results showed that the EC intervention led the athletes to recognize their coaches’ neutral faces as showing more happiness, respond faster to coach-positive associations in the implicit association test (IAT), and give higher ratings to the coaches in the Coach–Athlete Relationship Questionnaire (CART-Q). The present study suggests that EC may be adopted as an effective intervention for coach–athlete relationships, altering athletes’ affective associations with their coaches to be more positive and improving their explicitly evaluation of the relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- Center for Cognition and Brain Disorders, The Affiliated Hospital, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,Institutes of Psychological Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,School of Psychology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Beibei Chen
- School of Psychology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China.,Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- School of Psychology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
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Halbeisen G, Paslakis G. All I Need Is Two: The Clinical Potential of Adding Evaluative Pairing Procedures to Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Changing Self-, Body- and Food-Related Evaluations. J Clin Med 2021; 10:4703. [PMID: 34682826 PMCID: PMC8539260 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10204703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pairing procedures are among the most frequently used paradigms for modifying evaluations of target stimuli related to oneself, an object, or a specific situation due to their repeated pairing with evaluative sources, such as positive or negative images or words. Because altered patterns of evaluations can be linked to the emergence and maintenance of disordered cognitions and behaviors, it has been suggested that pairing procedures may provide a simple yet effective means of complementing more complex intervention approaches, such as cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). Here, we summarize recent studies that explored the clinical potential of pairing procedures for improving self-esteem, body satisfaction, and food and consumption preferences. While no study has yet combined pairing procedures with CBT, there are several successful examples of pairing procedures in clinically relevant domains and clinical populations. We discuss potential sources of heterogeneity among findings, provide methodological recommendations, and conclude that pairing procedures may bear clinical potential as an add-on to classical psychotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Halbeisen
- University Clinic for Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty, Campus East-Westfalia, Ruhr-University Bochum, Virchowstr. 65, 33312 Luebbecke, Germany;
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Noel JG, Petzel ZW. Not by associations alone: The role of contextual factors, individual differences, and propositional learning in the malleability of implicit alcohol attitudes. Addict Behav 2020; 108:106460. [PMID: 32438223 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol attitudes predict unique variance in drinking behavior and have been the target of manipulations and interventions to reduce high-risk alcohol use among youth and adults. However, whether these manipulations create long-lasting changes in alcohol-related attitudes and drinking behavior is unclear. The current mini-review focuses on evaluative conditioning (EC), a manipulation which pairs alcohol-related stimuli repeatedly with affectively valanced stimuli to create new semantic associations in memory; such associations underlie reflexive or impulsive behaviors like high-risk alcohol use. Across experimental studies, EC has been shown to promote negative alcohol attitudes and reduce alcohol consumption. However, recent evidence suggests the effectiveness of EC may depend on the depth of learning facilitated during the task, which may strengthen the semantic associations through propositional learning. While researchers have experimentally promoted greater depth of learning through the manipulation of contextual factors, we review evidence that alcohol-related individual differences also impact the effectiveness of alcohol EC, particularly when these factors are explicitly linked to the stimuli used during the manipulation. This review provides future directions for researchers and practitioners aiming to shape alcohol-related attitudes and behaviors. Specifically, the malleability of alcohol-related attitudes may depend on propositional learning facilitated by contextual and individual factors. Researchers and practitioners should incorporate these factors into interventions like EC aiming to reduce high-risk alcohol consumption.
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Tello N, Jaafari N, Chatard A. Effects of Evaluative Conditioning on Implicit Evaluation of Alcohol and Drinking Behaviors: A Direct Replication. Alcohol Alcohol 2020; 55:299-303. [PMID: 32181808 DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agaa009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Recent research suggests that evaluative conditioning (EC) can change implicit evaluations of alcohol and reduce drinking behaviors among college students (Houben et al., 2010a). This research has been conceptually replicated in two previous studies. To date, however, no direct and independent replication of the original study has been performed. In this paper, we report a high-powered direct replication of Houben et al.'s (2010a) study. METHOD About 168 French college students took part in this preregistered study. Drinking behavior was assessed before and 2 weeks after the intervention. The intervention consisted of 120 trials of words related to alcoholic beverages or soft drinks paired with neutral, positive or negative pictures. The two conditions were factually equivalent and differed only in the repeated pairing between alcohol-related words and negative pictures; in the EC condition, but not in the control condition, alcohol-related words were systematically paired with negative pictures. RESULTS EC did not change participants' implicit evaluations of alcohol and drinking behaviors. However, EC reduced drinking behaviors among hazardous drinkers. Yet, further non-preregistered Bayesian analysis did not provide much support for this hypothesis. CONCLUSION This high-powered preregistered direct replication of Houben et al.'s (2010a) study suggests that the original effects are more fragile than initially thought. The effect of EC on drinking behaviors may be restricted to heavy drinkers, and we found no evidence that this effect is mediated by a change in implicit attitudes. It is necessary to perform further studies to test the original effects in clinical populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Tello
- Département de psychologie, Université de Poitiers, 86000 Poitiers, France.,Laboratoire CeRCA (CNRS 7295), 86073, Poitiers, France
| | - Nematollah Jaafari
- Unité de Recherche Clinique, Centre Hospitalier Henri Laborit, 86000 Poitiers, France
| | - Armand Chatard
- Département de psychologie, Université de Poitiers, 86000 Poitiers, France.,Laboratoire CeRCA (CNRS 7295), 86073, Poitiers, France.,Unité de Recherche Clinique, Centre Hospitalier Henri Laborit, 86000 Poitiers, France
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12
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Zerhouni O, Houben K, El Methni J, Rutte N, Werkman E, Wiers RW. I didn’t feel like drinking, but I guess why: Evaluative conditioning changes on explicit attitudes toward alcohol and healthy foods depends on contingency awareness. LEARNING AND MOTIVATION 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lmot.2019.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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13
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Boffo M, Zerhouni O, Gronau QF, van Beek RJJ, Nikolaou K, Marsman M, Wiers RW. Cognitive Bias Modification for Behavior Change in Alcohol and Smoking Addiction: Bayesian Meta-Analysis of Individual Participant Data. Neuropsychol Rev 2019; 29:52-78. [PMID: 30644025 PMCID: PMC6499757 DOI: 10.1007/s11065-018-9386-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Cognitive Bias Modification (CBM) refers to a family of interventions targeting substance-related cognitive biases, which have been found to play a role in the maintenance of addictive behaviors. In this study, we conducted a Bayesian meta-analysis of individual patient data from studies investigating the effects of CBM as a behavior change intervention for the treatment of alcohol and tobacco use disorders, in individuals aware of the behavior change goal of the studies. Main outcomes included reduction in the targeted cognitive biases after the intervention and in substance use or relapse rate at the short-to-long term follow-up. Additional moderators, both at the study-level (type of addiction and CBM training) and at the participant-level (amount of completed training trials, severity of substance use), were progressively included in a series of hierarchical mixed-effects models. We included 14 studies involving 2435 participants. CBM appeared to have a small effect on cognitive bias (0.23, 95% credible interval = 0.06–0.41) and relapse rate (−0.27, 95% credible interval = −0.68 – 0.22), but not on reduction of substance use. Increased training practice showed a paradoxical moderation effect on relapse, with a relatively lower chance of relapse in the control condition with increased practice, compared to the training condition. All effects were associated with extremely wide 95% credible intervals, which indicate the absence of enough evidence in favor or against a reliable effect of CBM on cognitive bias and relapse rate in alcohol and tobacco use disorders. Besides the need for a larger body of evidence, research on the topic would benefit from a stronger adherence to the current methodological standards in randomized controlled trial design and the systematic investigation of shared protocols of CBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilisa Boffo
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 129B, 1018, Amsterdam, WS, Netherlands.
| | - Oulmann Zerhouni
- Department of Psychology, University Paris Nanterre, Paris, France
| | - Quentin F Gronau
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 129B, 1018, Amsterdam, WS, Netherlands
| | - Ruben J J van Beek
- Trimbos Instituut, Netherlands Institute of Mental Health and Addiction, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | | | - Maarten Marsman
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 129B, 1018, Amsterdam, WS, Netherlands
| | - Reinout W Wiers
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 129B, 1018, Amsterdam, WS, Netherlands.
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Deldar Z, Ekhtiari H, Pouretemad HR, Khatibi A. Bias Toward Drug-Related Stimuli Is Affected by Loading Working Memory in Abstinent Ex-Methamphetamine Users. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:776. [PMID: 31695630 PMCID: PMC6817911 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: There is a trade-off between drug-related impulsive process and cognitive reflective process among ex-drug abusers. The present study aimed to investigate the impulsive effects of methamphetamine-related stimuli on working memory (WM) performance by manipulating WM load in abstinent ex-methamphetamine users. Methods: Thirty abstinent ex-methamphetamine users and 30 nonaddict matched control participants were recruited in this study. We used a modified Sternberg task in which participants were instructed to memorize three different sets of methamphetamine-related and non-drug-related words (three, five, or seven words) while performing a secondary attention-demanding task as an interference. Results: Repeated-measures ANOVA revealed that reaction times of abstinent ex-methamphetamine users increased during low WM load (three words) compared to the control group (p = 0.01). No significant differences were observed during high WM loads (five or seven words) (both p's > 0.1). Besides, reaction times of the experimental group during trials with high interference (three, five, or seven words) were not significantly different compared to the control group (p > 0.2). Conclusion: These findings imply that increasing WM load may provide an efficient buffer against attentional capture by salient stimuli (i.e., methamphetamine-related words). This buffer might modify the effect of interference bias. Besides, presenting methamphetamine-related stimuli might facilitate the encoding phase due to bias toward task-relevant stimuli. This finding has an important implication, suggesting that performing concurrent demanding tasks may reduce the power of salient stimuli and thus improve the efficiency of emotional regulation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoha Deldar
- Institute for Cognitive Science Studies, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamed Ekhtiari
- Institute for Cognitive Science Studies, Tehran, Iran.,Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Reza Pouretemad
- Institute for Cognitive and Brain Sciences (ICBS), Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Khatibi
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Centre of Precision Rehabilitation for Spinal Pain (CPR Spine), School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
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