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Adugna D, Yadeta TA, Dereje J, Firdisa D, Demissie Darcho S, Kassa O, Kitessa M, Gemeda AT. Post-traumatic stress disorder and associated factors among inpatients at Eastern Command Referral Hospital in Dire Dawa, Eastern Ethiopia. Front Psychiatry 2024; 15:1373602. [PMID: 38919638 PMCID: PMC11197465 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1373602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is characterized by heightened stress and anxiety after experiencing a traumatic event. While numerous studies have been conducted to investigate the magnitude and factors associated with PTSD, there is limited evidence available on specific study populations of military personnel. Objective The study aimed to determine the magnitude of post-traumatic stress disorder and associated factors among military personnel admitted to the Eastern Command Referral Hospital in Eastern Ethiopia from May 1 to 30, 2023. Methods and materials A cross-sectional study was carried out at an institution. Face-to-face interviews were conducted to collect data using the post-traumatic stress disorder military version checklist for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, Fifth Edition. Data were entered and analyzed using EpiData version 3.1 and STATA version 14. Descriptive statistics were employed to summarize the information. To investigate factors linked with outcome variables, bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted. The results were presented using odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals, with statistical significance given at a p-value of 0.05. Results This study found that approximately 23.6% (95% CI = 19.9-27.8) of admitted military members fulfilled the diagnostic criteria for PTSD. Participants' history of mental illness [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 5.73, 95% CI = 2.66-12.31], family history of mental illness (AOR = 10.38, 95% CI = 5.36-20.10), current chewing of khat (AOR = 2.21, 95% CI = 1.13-4.32), physical trauma (AOR = 2.03, 95% CI = 1.00-4.13), moderate social support (AOR = 0.27, 95% CI = 0.1-4.53), strong social support (AOR = 0.09, 95% CI = 0.02-0.35), and severe depression (AOR = 2.06, 95% CI = 1.74-5.71) were factors significantly associated with post-traumatic stress disorder. Conclusions The magnitude of post-traumatic stress disorder is high among military personnel. Factors such as participants' history of mental illness, family history of mental illness, depression, lack of social support, current use of khat, and physical trauma are significantly associated with PTSD. It is crucial to identify and intervene early in individuals with these risk factors to address PTSD effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desalegn Adugna
- School of Public Health, College of Health and Medical Science, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
| | - Tesfaye Assebe Yadeta
- Department of Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, College of Health and Medical Science, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
| | - Jerman Dereje
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Health and Medical Science, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
| | - Dawit Firdisa
- School of Public Health, College of Health and Medical Science, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
| | - Samuel Demissie Darcho
- School of Public Health, College of Health and Medical Science, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
| | - Obsan Kassa
- School of Public Health, College of Health and Medical Science, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
| | - Monas Kitessa
- School of Pharmacy, College of Health and Medical Science, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
| | - Asefa Tola Gemeda
- School of Public Health, College of Health and Medical Science, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
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Laitano HV, Ely A, Sordi AO, Schuch FB, Pechansky F, Hartmann T, Hilgert JB, Wendland EM, Von Dimen L, Scherer JN, Calixto AM, Narvaez JCM, Ornell F, Kessler FHP. Anger and substance abuse: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY 2021; 44:103-110. [PMID: 33605366 PMCID: PMC8827371 DOI: 10.1590/1516-4446-2020-1133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Objective: Conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate levels of anger among substance users compared to non-user controls and to analyze the possible association between anger and psychoactive substance use (PSU). Methods: The procedures of this review followed the Meta-Analyzes of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (MOOSE) and Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Four electronic databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, BIREME, PsycINFO) were searched. Results: Twelve studies were included in the meta-analysis; 10 used the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory (STAXI) anger trait subscale and two used the Buss-Perry-Aggression Questionnaire (BPAQ) anger subscale. The sample included 2,294 users of psychoactive substances and 2,143 non-users, all male. The mean difference in anger scale scores between users and non-users was 2.151 (95%CI 1.166-3.134, p ≤ 0.00, inconsistency index [I2] = 98.83) standard deviations. Age and abstinence duration did not moderate the difference in anger between substance users and non-users. Conclusion: Users of psychoactive substances had elevated anger scores compared to non-users, which represents a high risk of relapse. It is suggested that PSU treatment programs include intensive anger management modules, focusing on factors such as dealing with daily stressors, family conflicts, frustrations, and problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen V Laitano
- Centro de Pesquisa em Álcool e Drogas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Serviço de Psicologia, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Amanda Ely
- Centro de Pesquisa em Álcool e Drogas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Serviço de Psicologia, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Anne O Sordi
- Centro de Pesquisa em Álcool e Drogas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Felipe B Schuch
- Departamento de Métodos e Técnicas Desportivas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Flavio Pechansky
- Centro de Pesquisa em Álcool e Drogas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Thiago Hartmann
- Centro de Pesquisa em Álcool e Drogas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Juliana B Hilgert
- Centro de Pesquisa em Álcool e Drogas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Eliana M Wendland
- Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Lisia Von Dimen
- Centro de Pesquisa em Álcool e Drogas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Juliana N Scherer
- Centro de Pesquisa em Álcool e Drogas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Mendes Calixto
- Centro de Pesquisa em Álcool e Drogas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Joana C M Narvaez
- Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Felipe Ornell
- Centro de Pesquisa em Álcool e Drogas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Félix H P Kessler
- Centro de Pesquisa em Álcool e Drogas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Pirnia B, Khosravani V, Maleki F, Kalbasi R, Pirnia K, Malekanmehr P, Zahiroddin A. The role of childhood maltreatment in cortisol in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in methamphetamine-dependent individuals with and without depression comorbidity and suicide attempts. J Affect Disord 2020; 263:274-281. [PMID: 31818789 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2019.11.168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 09/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis dysregulation which was found to have an important role in the pathophysiology of depression, suicide, and substance dependence, may be influenced by childhood maltreatment (CM). The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between CM and cortisol changes in methamphetamine-dependent individuals. METHODS In a cross-sectional study, methamphetamine-dependent individuals (n = =195) with or without both comorbid major depressive disorder (MDD) and a history of suicide attempts were selected and completed the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-Short Form (CTQ-SF), the Beck Scale for Suicide Ideation (BSSI), and the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II). To assess cortisol levels, saliva samples were collected at six time intervals for two consecutive days. RESULTS A history of CM significantly predicted wake-up cortisol level, cortisol awakening response (CAR), and diurnal cortisol slope. Methamphetamine-dependent individuals with both MDD and lifetime suicide attempts had higher CM and higher cortisol levels with a blunted diurnal cortisol slope than individuals who were merely methamphetamine-dependent. Individuals with high CM showed higher cortisol levels with a blunted diurnal slope than those with low or without CM. LIMITATIONS Cross-sectional data and use of self-report scales, especially retrospective measurements (e.g., the CTQ-SF), were important limitations of this study. CONCLUSION Findings suggest that methamphetamine-dependent individuals with adverse psychological factors such as CM, MDD, and suicide attempts may show dysregulation in biological factors including cortisol level. In addition, CM and its effects on cortisol in the HPA axis may emerge as important factors regarding psychopathological use of methamphetamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bijan Pirnia
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities, University of Science and Culture, Tehran, Iran; Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Vahid Khosravani
- Psychosocial Injuries Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Faezeh Maleki
- Division of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Rozita Kalbasi
- Department of Psychology, Islamic Azad University, Kish International Branch, Kish Island, Iran
| | - Kambiz Pirnia
- Internal disease specialist, Technical Assistant in Bijan Center for Substance Abuse Treatment, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parastoo Malekanmehr
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Islamic Azad University, Tonekabon Branch, Mazandaran, Iran
| | - Alireza Zahiroddin
- Department of Psychiatry, Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Bahhawi TA, Albasheer OB, Makeen AM, Arishi AM, Hakami OM, Maashi SM, Al-Khairat HK, Alganmy OM, Sahal YA, Sharif AA, Mahfouz MS. Depression, anxiety, and stress and their association with khat use: a cross-sectional study among Jazan University students, Saudi Arabia. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2018; 14:2755-2761. [PMID: 30425493 PMCID: PMC6200432 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s182744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Depression, anxiety, and stress levels are considered important indicators for mental health. Khat chewing habit is prevalent among all segments of Jazan population in Saudi Arabia. Few studies have been conducted to evaluate depression, anxiety, and stress among Jazan University students, and information about the correlation between khat use and these disorders is scarce. Thus, this study aims to evaluate the prevalence of depression, anxiety, and stress and their correlation with khat chewing and other risk factors among Jazan University students. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted on 642 students from Jazan University. Multistage sampling was used, with probability proportional to size-sampling technique. The Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale 21 questionnaire was used to collect the data, which were analyzed using SPSS Version 20.0 software. RESULTS Moderate depression was prevalent among 53.6% of the sample, anxiety was found among 65.7%, while 34.3% of the students suffered from stress. Female gender was strongly associated with higher mean scores for symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress, with P-values <0.05 for all. Moreover, anxiety symptoms scores were statistically associated with grade point average and caffeine consumption. Khat use was statistically associated with higher mean scores of anxiety among males and a higher mean score of depression and anxiety among females. CONCLUSION The results indicate a high rate of symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress among Jazan University students. Khat use was associated with anxiety, and a higher rate of symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress was indicated among female students. Therefore, strategy for the prevention and management of depression, anxiety, and stress is highly recommended to minimize the impact of these serious disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tariq Al Bahhawi
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia,
| | - Osama B Albasheer
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia,
| | - Anwar M Makeen
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia,
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Yasir Adnan Sahal
- Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Mohamed Salih Mahfouz
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia,
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