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Wu Y, Yang X, Gupta D, Alioglu MA, Qin M, Ozbolat V, Li Y, Ozbolat IT. Dissecting the Interplay Mechanism among Process Parameters toward the Biofabrication of High-Quality Shapes in Embedded Bioprinting. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2024; 34:2313088. [PMID: 38952568 PMCID: PMC11216718 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.202313088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
Embedded bioprinting overcomes the barriers associated with the conventional extrusion-based bioprinting process as it enables the direct deposition of bioinks in 3D inside a support bath by providing in situ self-support for deposited bioinks during bioprinting to prevent their collapse and deformation. Embedded bioprinting improves the shape quality of bioprinted constructs made up of soft materials and low-viscosity bioinks, leading to a promising strategy for better anatomical mimicry of tissues or organs. Herein, the interplay mechanism among the printing process parameters toward improved shape quality is critically reviewed. The impact of material properties of the support bath and bioink, printing conditions, cross-linking mechanisms, and post-printing treatment methods, on the printing fidelity, stability, and resolution of the structures is meticulously dissected and thoroughly discussed. Further, the potential scope and applications of this technology in the fields of bioprinting and regenerative medicine are presented. Finally, outstanding challenges and opportunities of embedded bioprinting as well as its promise for fabricating functional solid organs in the future are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wu
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xue Yang
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Deepak Gupta
- The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Penn State University University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Engineering Science and Mechanics Department, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Mecit Altan Alioglu
- The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Penn State University University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Engineering Science and Mechanics Department, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Minghao Qin
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Veli Ozbolat
- Biotechnology Research and Application Center, Cukurova University, Adana 01130, Turkey
- Ceyhan Engineering Faculty, Mechanical Engineering Department, Cukurova University, Adana 01330, Turkey
- Institute of Natural and Applied Sciences, Tissue Engineering Department, Cukurova University, Adana 01130, Turkey
| | - Yao Li
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Ibrahim T Ozbolat
- The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Penn State University University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Engineering Science and Mechanics Department, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Materials Research Institute, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
- Penn State Cancer Institute, Penn State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
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Alioglu MA, Yilmaz YO, Gerhard EM, Pal V, Gupta D, Rizvi SHA, Ozbolat IT. A Versatile Photocrosslinkable Silicone Composite for 3D Printing Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS TECHNOLOGIES 2024; 9:2301858. [PMID: 38883438 PMCID: PMC11178280 DOI: 10.1002/admt.202301858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Embedded printing has emerged as a valuable tool for fabricating complex structures and microfluidic devices. Currently, an ample of amount of research is going on to develop new materials to advance its capabilities and increase its potential applications. Here, we demonstrate a novel, transparent, printable, photocrosslinkable, and tuneable silicone composite that can be utilized as a support bath or an extrudable ink for embedded printing. Its properties can be tuned to achieve ideal rheological properties, such as optimal self-recovery and yield stress, for use in 3D printing. When used as a support bath, it facilitated the generation microfluidic devices with circular channels of diameter up to 30 μm. To demonstrate its utility, flow focusing microfluidic devices were fabricated for generation of Janus microrods, which can be easily modified for multitude of applications. When used as an extrudable ink, 3D printing of complex-shaped constructs were achieved with integrated electronics, which greatly extends its potential applications towards soft robotics. Further, its biocompatibility was tested with multiple cell types to validate its applicability for tissue engineering. Altogether, this material offers a myriad of potential applications (i.e., soft robotics, microfluidics, bioprinting) by providing a facile approach to develop complicated 3D structures and interconnected channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mecit Altan Alioglu
- The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Engineering Science and Mechanics Department, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Yasar Ozer Yilmaz
- The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Engineering Science and Mechanics Department, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Department of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul 34469, Turkey
| | - Ethan Michael Gerhard
- The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Vaibhav Pal
- The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Deepak Gupta
- The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Engineering Science and Mechanics Department, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Syed Hasan Askari Rizvi
- The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Engineering Science and Mechanics Department, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Ibrahim T. Ozbolat
- The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Engineering Science and Mechanics Department, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Materials Research Institute, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey 17033, PA, USA
- Penn State Cancer Institute, Penn State University, Hershey 17033, PA, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cukurova University, Adana 01130, Turkey
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Greenwood TE, Cagle H, Pulver B, Pak OS, Lin Kong Y. Ingestible Functional Magnetic Robot with Localized Flexibility (MR-LF). ADVANCED INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 4:2200166. [PMID: 37994359 PMCID: PMC10665024 DOI: 10.1002/aisy.202200166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
The integration of an ingestible dosage form with sensing, actuation, and drug delivery capabilities can enable a broad range of surgical-free diagnostic and treatment strategies. However, the gastrointestinal (GI) tract is a highly constrained and complex luminal construct that fundamentally limits the size of an ingestible system. Recent advancements in mesoscale magnetic crawlers have demonstrated the ability to effectively traverse complex and confined systems by leveraging magnetic fields to induce contraction and bending-based locomotion. However, the integration of functional components (e.g., electronics) in the proposed ingestible system remains fundamentally challenging. Herein, the creation of a centralized compartment in a magnetic robot by imparting localized flexibility (MR-LF) is demonstrated. The centralized compartment enables MR-LF to be readily integrated with modular functional components and payloads, such as commercial off-the-shelf electronics and medication, while preserving its bidirectionality in an ingestible form factor. The ability of MR-LF to incorporate electronics, perform drug delivery, guide continuum devices such as catheters, and navigate air-water environments in confined lumens is demonstrated. The MR-LF enables functional integration to create a highly-integrated ingestible system that can ultimately address a broad range of unmet clinical needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor E Greenwood
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 (USA)
| | - Henry Cagle
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 (USA)
| | - Benson Pulver
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 (USA)
| | - On Shun Pak
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, CA 95053 (USA)
| | - Yong Lin Kong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 (USA)
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Ma Z, Zhang X, Liu H, Lu S, Qin L, Dong G. Direct ink writing of reinforced polydimethylsiloxane elastomer composites for flexure sensors. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zeyu Ma
- Key Laboratory of Education Ministry for Modern Design and Rotor‐Bearing System Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an China
- Institute of Design Science and Basic Components Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an China
- School of Mechanical Engineering Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an China
| | - Xiaodong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Education Ministry for Modern Design and Rotor‐Bearing System Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an China
- School of Mechanical Engineering Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an China
| | - Hongcheng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Education Ministry for Modern Design and Rotor‐Bearing System Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an China
- School of Mechanical Engineering Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an China
| | - Shan Lu
- Key Laboratory of Education Ministry for Modern Design and Rotor‐Bearing System Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an China
- Institute of Design Science and Basic Components Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an China
- School of Mechanical Engineering Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an China
| | - Liguo Qin
- Key Laboratory of Education Ministry for Modern Design and Rotor‐Bearing System Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an China
- Institute of Design Science and Basic Components Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an China
- School of Mechanical Engineering Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an China
| | - Guangneng Dong
- Key Laboratory of Education Ministry for Modern Design and Rotor‐Bearing System Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an China
- Institute of Design Science and Basic Components Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an China
- School of Mechanical Engineering Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an China
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Bertsch P, Diba M, Mooney DJ, Leeuwenburgh SCG. Self-Healing Injectable Hydrogels for Tissue Regeneration. Chem Rev 2022; 123:834-873. [PMID: 35930422 PMCID: PMC9881015 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 92.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Biomaterials with the ability to self-heal and recover their structural integrity offer many advantages for applications in biomedicine. The past decade has witnessed the rapid emergence of a new class of self-healing biomaterials commonly termed injectable, or printable in the context of 3D printing. These self-healing injectable biomaterials, mostly hydrogels and other soft condensed matter based on reversible chemistry, are able to temporarily fluidize under shear stress and subsequently recover their original mechanical properties. Self-healing injectable hydrogels offer distinct advantages compared to traditional biomaterials. Most notably, they can be administered in a locally targeted and minimally invasive manner through a narrow syringe without the need for invasive surgery. Their moldability allows for a patient-specific intervention and shows great prospects for personalized medicine. Injected hydrogels can facilitate tissue regeneration in multiple ways owing to their viscoelastic and diffusive nature, ranging from simple mechanical support, spatiotemporally controlled delivery of cells or therapeutics, to local recruitment and modulation of host cells to promote tissue regeneration. Consequently, self-healing injectable hydrogels have been at the forefront of many cutting-edge tissue regeneration strategies. This study provides a critical review of the current state of self-healing injectable hydrogels for tissue regeneration. As key challenges toward further maturation of this exciting research field, we identify (i) the trade-off between the self-healing and injectability of hydrogels vs their physical stability, (ii) the lack of consensus on rheological characterization and quantitative benchmarks for self-healing injectable hydrogels, particularly regarding the capillary flow in syringes, and (iii) practical limitations regarding translation toward therapeutically effective formulations for regeneration of specific tissues. Hence, here we (i) review chemical and physical design strategies for self-healing injectable hydrogels, (ii) provide a practical guide for their rheological analysis, and (iii) showcase their applicability for regeneration of various tissues and 3D printing of complex tissues and organoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Bertsch
- Department
of Dentistry-Regenerative Biomaterials, Radboud Institute for Molecular
Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical
Center, 6525 EX Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Mani Diba
- Department
of Dentistry-Regenerative Biomaterials, Radboud Institute for Molecular
Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical
Center, 6525 EX Nijmegen, The Netherlands,John
A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States,Wyss
Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - David J. Mooney
- John
A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States,Wyss
Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Sander C. G. Leeuwenburgh
- Department
of Dentistry-Regenerative Biomaterials, Radboud Institute for Molecular
Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical
Center, 6525 EX Nijmegen, The Netherlands,
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Yang B, Liu T, Gao G, Zhang X, Wu B. Fabrication of 3D GelMA Scaffolds Using Agarose Microgel Embedded Printing. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:mi13030469. [PMID: 35334761 PMCID: PMC8948625 DOI: 10.3390/mi13030469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Photocrosslinked Gelatin–Methacryloyl (GelMA) has been widely used in the field of 3D bioprinting due to its excellent biological properties, but its properties are not yet optimized. With the advent of embedded printing, the balance between hydrogel printability and cell viability is expected to be achieved. Agarose microgel is a good support material because of its simple preparation, good biocompatibility, high melting point, and good rheology. In this study, aiming at realizing a GelMA/Agarose suspension printing system, the printing effect of the suspension process was explored, and a suitable process printing window was defined. The resulting scaffolds showed better water absorption and elasticity, but larger deformation during printing. This study explored some potential roles of suspension baths in embedded printing, paving the way for the preparation of good suspension structures that can be convenient for customized tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China; (B.Y.); (T.L.); (X.Z.)
| | - Tianqi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China; (B.Y.); (T.L.); (X.Z.)
| | - Ge Gao
- School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China;
| | - Xianglin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China; (B.Y.); (T.L.); (X.Z.)
| | - Bin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China; (B.Y.); (T.L.); (X.Z.)
- Correspondence:
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Wu Z, Jin Y, Li G, Zhang M, Du J. Strain Sensing Behavior of 3D Printable and Wearable Conductive Polymer Composites Filled with Silane-Modified MWCNTs. Macromol Rapid Commun 2021; 43:e2100663. [PMID: 34822206 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202100663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
3D printing of conductive polymers is an attractive technique for achieving high flexibility, wearability, and sensing characteristics without geometrical limitations. However, there is an urgent need to integrate printability, conductivity, and sensing capability. Herein, a conductive polymer ink for 3D printing that combines the desirable features of high electrical conductivity, flexible stretchability, and strain-sensing monitoring is prepared. The ink matrix is polydimethylsiloxane and synergistically enhanced by acetylene carbon black (ACB) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) (silane or un-silane-modified). The inks are screened step-by-step to explore their printability, rheology, mechanical properties, and electrical performance upon loading. The formation of an electrically conductive network, electrical properties upon tensile load, and strain sensing stability under cyclic stretching are investigated intensively. It is demonstrated that conductive polymers filled by ACB and silane-modified, MWCNTs (MWCNTs-MTES) possess superior printability, stretchability, conductivity, and strain sensing behaviors. Finally, a flexible wearable strain-sensing skin patch is printed, and it successfully records joint motion signals on human fingers, wrists, and elbows with good stability and repeatability. Those results show the extent of potential applications in healthcare and motion monitoring fields. This work provides an efficient and simple route to achieve comfortably wearable and high-performance strain sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Wu
- Smart Materials and Advanced Structure Laboratory, School of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Yuan Jin
- Smart Materials and Advanced Structure Laboratory, School of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Guangyong Li
- Smart Materials and Advanced Structure Laboratory, School of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Minghua Zhang
- Smart Materials and Advanced Structure Laboratory, School of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Jianke Du
- Smart Materials and Advanced Structure Laboratory, School of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
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Greenwood TE, Thomson SL. Embedded 3D printing of multi-layer, self-oscillating vocal fold models. J Biomech 2021; 121:110388. [PMID: 33873116 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2021.110388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The biomechanics of human voice production are commonly studied using benchtop silicone vocal fold models that mimic the vibration of their in vivo counterparts. These models often have multiple layers of differing stiffness that represent human vocal fold tissue layers and are fabricated using a multi-step casting process. The purpose of the present study is to introduce and demonstrate a process for fabricating functional multi-layer vocal fold models using an alternative approach, termed embedded 3D printing, that is a hybrid of casting and 3D printing. In this paper the fabrication process is described. Analysis of the resulting geometric and stiffness characteristics of the layers, including layer elastic modulus values ranging from less than 1 kPa to approximately 40 kPa, is presented. The results of tests demonstrating that the models are capable of sustained phonomimetic vibration are given. Capabilities and limitations of the embedded 3D printing process are discussed. It is concluded that the process has the potential to contribute to voice biomechanics research by facilitating prospective improvements in the fabrication, design, and functionality of multi-layer vocal fold models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor E Greenwood
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - Scott L Thomson
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA.
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