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Liu L, Tian X, Li W. Mechanistic study of the anti-excitatory amino acid toxicity of Bushen Zhichan decoction for Parkinson's disease based on the transcriptional regulation of EAAT1 by YY1. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 325:117857. [PMID: 38350506 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.117857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Bushen Zhichan decoction (BSZCF) is derived from Liuwei Dihuang Pill, a famous Chinese herbal formula recorded in the book Key to Therapeutics of Children's Diseases. It has been widely used as a basic prescription for nourishing and tonifying the liver and kidneys to treat Parkinson's disease (PD), but its mechanism remains to be explored. AIM OF THE STUDY BSZCF, a Chinese herbal formula comprising five herbs: Rehmannia glutinosa (Gaertn.) DC., Dioscorea oppositifolia L., Cornus officinalis Siebold & Zucc., Fallopia multiflora (Thunb.) Haraldson and Cistanche tubulosa (Schenk) Wight, is used clinically to treat PD. In vivo and in vitro experiments were designed to elucidate the mechanism of BSZCF in the protection of dopamine (DA) neurons and the treatment of PD. The toxicity of excitatory amino acids (EAA) may be attenuated by inhibiting the transcription factor Yin Yang 1 (YY1) and up-regulating the expression of excitatory amino acid transporter 1 (EAAT1). MATERIALS AND METHODS IN VIVO: After 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) was intraperitoneally injected into specific pathogen free (SPF) C57BL/6J mice, model mice were intragastrically given adamantane hydrochloride tablets (AHT) or different doses of BSZCF for 14 days. Both open field and pole-climbing tests were conducted to assess behavioral changes. In vitro: 1-Methyl-4-phe-nylpyridiniumiodide (MPP+)-injured human neuroblastoma cells (SH-SY5Y) were utilized to construct PD cell models. Primary astrocytes were transfected with EAAT1 and YY1 lentiviruses for EAAT1 gene knockout and YY1 gene knockout astrocytes, respectively. The high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) analysis of BSZCF was performed to control the quality of blood drugs. The optimal concentration and time of PD cell models treated by BSZCF were determined by the use of Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK8). Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used for measuring glutamate (Glu) in the peripheral blood and cells of each group. Western blotting (WB) and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) were used to detect tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), dopamine transporters (DAT), EAAT1 and YY1 protein and mRNA. After the blockade of EAAT1, immunofluorescence (IF) assay was used to detect the TH protein in each group. RESULTS In vivo research showed that BSZCF improved the behavioral symptoms of PD mice, and reduced the death of DA neurons and the level of Glu. The mechanism may be related to the decrease of YY1 expression and the increase of EAAT1 levels. In vitro experiments showed that the anti-excitatory amino acid toxicity of BSZCF was achieved by inhibiting YY1 expression and regulating EAAT1. CONCLUSIONS By inhibiting YY1 to increase the expression of EAAT1 and attenuating the toxicity of Glu, BSZCF exerts the effect of protecting DA neurons and treating PD-like symptoms in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leilei Liu
- Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China.
| | - Xinyun Tian
- Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China.
| | - Wentao Li
- Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China.
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Pradhan N, Singh C, Singh A. Coenzyme Q10 a mitochondrial restorer for various brain disorders. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2021; 394:2197-2222. [PMID: 34596729 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-021-02161-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Coenzyme Q10 (ubiquinone or CoQ10) is a lipid molecule that acts as an electron mobile carrier of the electron transport chain and also contains antioxidant properties. Supplementation of CoQ10 has been very useful to treat mitochondrial diseases. CoQ10 along with its synthetic analogue, idebenone, is used largely to treat various neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and Friedreich's ataxia and additional brain disease condition like autism, multiple sclerosis, epilepsy, depression, and bipolar disorder, which are related to mitochondrial impairment. In this article, we have reviewed numerous physiological functions of CoQ10 and the rationale for its use in clinical practice in different brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilima Pradhan
- Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, 142001, Punjab, India
- Affiliated to IK Gujral Punjab Technical University, Jalandhar, 144603, Punjab, India
| | - Charan Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, 142001, Punjab, India
- Affiliated to IK Gujral Punjab Technical University, Jalandhar, 144603, Punjab, India
| | - Arti Singh
- Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, 142001, Punjab, India.
- Affiliated to IK Gujral Punjab Technical University, Jalandhar, 144603, Punjab, India.
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Woo J, Cho H, Seol Y, Kim SH, Park C, Yousefian-Jazi A, Hyeon SJ, Lee J, Ryu H. Power Failure of Mitochondria and Oxidative Stress in Neurodegeneration and Its Computational Models. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:229. [PMID: 33546471 PMCID: PMC7913624 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10020229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The brain needs more energy than other organs in the body. Mitochondria are the generator of vital power in the living organism. Not only do mitochondria sense signals from the outside of a cell, but they also orchestrate the cascade of subcellular events by supplying adenosine-5'-triphosphate (ATP), the biochemical energy. It is known that impaired mitochondrial function and oxidative stress contribute or lead to neuronal damage and degeneration of the brain. This mini-review focuses on addressing how mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress are associated with the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Huntington's disease, and Parkinson's disease. In addition, we discuss state-of-the-art computational models of mitochondrial functions in relation to oxidative stress and neurodegeneration. Together, a better understanding of brain disease-specific mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress can pave the way to developing antioxidant therapeutic strategies to ameliorate neuronal activity and prevent neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- JunHyuk Woo
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Korea; (J.W.); (H.C.); (Y.S.); (S.H.K.); (C.P.); (A.Y.-J.); (S.J.H.)
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Center for Theoretical Physics, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Hyesun Cho
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Korea; (J.W.); (H.C.); (Y.S.); (S.H.K.); (C.P.); (A.Y.-J.); (S.J.H.)
| | - YunHee Seol
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Korea; (J.W.); (H.C.); (Y.S.); (S.H.K.); (C.P.); (A.Y.-J.); (S.J.H.)
| | - Soon Ho Kim
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Korea; (J.W.); (H.C.); (Y.S.); (S.H.K.); (C.P.); (A.Y.-J.); (S.J.H.)
| | - Chanhyeok Park
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Korea; (J.W.); (H.C.); (Y.S.); (S.H.K.); (C.P.); (A.Y.-J.); (S.J.H.)
| | - Ali Yousefian-Jazi
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Korea; (J.W.); (H.C.); (Y.S.); (S.H.K.); (C.P.); (A.Y.-J.); (S.J.H.)
| | - Seung Jae Hyeon
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Korea; (J.W.); (H.C.); (Y.S.); (S.H.K.); (C.P.); (A.Y.-J.); (S.J.H.)
| | - Junghee Lee
- Department of Neurology, Boston University Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA;
- VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA 02130, USA
| | - Hoon Ryu
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Korea; (J.W.); (H.C.); (Y.S.); (S.H.K.); (C.P.); (A.Y.-J.); (S.J.H.)
- Department of Neurology, Boston University Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA;
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Bagheri H, Ghasemi F, Barreto GE, Rafiee R, Sathyapalan T, Sahebkar A. Effects of curcumin on mitochondria in neurodegenerative diseases. Biofactors 2020; 46:5-20. [PMID: 31580521 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) result from progressive deterioration of selectively susceptible neuron populations in different central nervous system (CNS) regions. NDs are classified in accordance with the primary clinical manifestations (e.g., parkinsonism, dementia, or motor neuron disease), the anatomic basis of neurodegeneration (e.g., frontotemporal degenerations, extrapyramidal disorders, or spinocerebellar degenerations), and fundamental molecular abnormalities (e.g., mutations, mitochondrial dysfunction, and its related molecular alterations). NDs include the Alzheimer disease and Parkinson disease, among others. There is a growing evidence that mitochondrial dysfunction and its related mutations in the form of oxidative/nitrosative stress and neurotoxic compounds play major roles in the pathogenesis of various NDs. Curcumin, a polyphenol and nontoxic compound, obtained from turmeric, has been shown to have a therapeutic beneficial effect in various disorders especially on the CNS cells. It has been shown that curcumin has considerable neuro- and mitochondria-protective properties against broad-spectrum neurotoxic compounds and diseases/injury-associating NDs. In this article, we have reviewed the various effects of curcumin on mitochondrial dysfunction in NDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Bagheri
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Faezeh Ghasemi
- Blood Transfusion Research Center, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Tehran, Iran
| | - George E Barreto
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
- Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Rouhullah Rafiee
- Sciences and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Thozhukat Sathyapalan
- Department of Academic Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull, UK
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Halal Research Center of IRI, FDA, Tehran, Iran
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Karakahya RH, Özcan TŞ. Salvage of the retinal ganglion cells in transition phase in Alzheimer's disease with topical coenzyme Q10: is it possible? Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2019; 258:411-418. [PMID: 31781880 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-019-04544-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The evaluation of the short-term effect of topically applied coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) on retina and choroid in Alzheimer's disease (AD) was aimed in this study. METHODS Randomized controlled study included a total of 93 patients, 62 of whom with AD. Thirty (32.3%) AD patients received treatment (Group 1), 32 (34.4%) AD patients observed without treatment (Group 2), and Group 3 included 31 (33.3%) healthy controls (HC). Neurological and ophthalmological examinations including optical coherence tomography (OCT) were executed. RESULTS Retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness in all quadrants increased following CoQ10 treatment in Group 1; however significant rise yielded in average and temporal quadrant RNFL thickness. Average and superonasal sector ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer (GCIPL) thickness increased significantly following CoQ10 treatment. The correlation analysis between difference in pre- and posttreatment OCT values in Group 1 revealed that rise in average RNFL thickness was inversely correlated with duration of the disease and rise in average GCIPL thickness and superonasal sector thickness was inversely correlated with severity of the disease. CONCLUSION Short-term topical CoQ10 resulted in improvement in AD related retinal ganglion cell (RGC) loss which may reflect the salvage of some RGCs in the reversible transitional phase. More bioavailability through intravitreal route of administration and longer duration of effect with sustained release forms may possibly help enhalting the RGC loss, especially incipience of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tuba Şaziye Özcan
- Department of Neurology, Ordu University School of Medicine, Ordu, Turkey
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Przybyłowska M, Kowalski S, Dzierzbicka K, Inkielewicz-Stepniak I. Therapeutic Potential of Multifunctional Tacrine Analogues. Curr Neuropharmacol 2019; 17:472-490. [PMID: 29651948 PMCID: PMC6520589 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x16666180412091908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2018] [Revised: 03/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract: Tacrine is a potent inhibitor of cholinesterases (acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase) that shows limiting clinical application by liver toxicity. In spite of this, analogues of tacrine are considered as a model inhibitor of cholinesterases in the therapy of Alzheimer’s disease. The interest in these compounds is mainly related to a high variety of their structure and biological properties. In the present review, we have described the role of cholinergic transmission and treatment strategies in Alzheimer’s disease as well as the synthesis and biological activity of several recently developed classes of multifunctional tacrine analogues and hybrids, which consist of a new paradigm to treat Alzheimer’s disease. We have also reported potential of these analogues in the treatment of Alzheimer’s diseases in various experimental systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Przybyłowska
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, 11/12 G. Narutowicza Street, 80-233, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Szymon Kowalski
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, Debinki 1 Street, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Krystyna Dzierzbicka
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, 11/12 G. Narutowicza Street, 80-233, Gdansk, Poland
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Drummond‐Main CD, Rho JM. Electrophysiological characterization of a mitochondrial inner membrane chloride channel in rat brain. FEBS Lett 2018; 592:1545-1553. [DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D. Drummond‐Main
- Developmental Neurosciences Research Program University of Calgary Alberta Canada
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute University of Calgary Alberta Canada
| | - Jong M. Rho
- Developmental Neurosciences Research Program University of Calgary Alberta Canada
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute University of Calgary Alberta Canada
- Departments of Pediatrics Clinical Neurosciences, and Physiology & Pharmacology University of Calgary Alberta Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary Alberta Canada
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Short-Term Fructose Feeding Induces Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in the Hippocampus of Young and Adult Rats. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:2869-2883. [PMID: 28455700 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0518-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The drastic increase in the consumption of fructose encouraged the research to focus on its effects on brain physio-pathology. Although young and adults differ largely by their metabolic and physiological profiles, most of the previous studies investigated brain disturbances induced by long-term fructose feeding in adults. Therefore, we investigated whether a short-term consumption of fructose (2 weeks) produces early increase in specific markers of inflammation and oxidative stress in the hippocampus of young and adult rats. After the high-fructose diet, plasma lipopolysaccharide and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha were found significantly increased in parallel with hippocampus inflammation, evidenced by a significant rise in TNF-alpha and glial fibrillar acidic protein concentrations in both the young and adult groups. The fructose-induced inflammatory condition was associated with brain oxidative stress, as increased levels of lipid peroxidation and nitro-tyrosine were detected in the hippocampus. The degree of activation of the protein kinase B, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2, and insulin receptor substrate 1 pathways found in the hippocampus after fructose feeding indicates that the detrimental effects of the fructose-rich diet might largely depend on age. Mitochondrial function in the hippocampus, together with peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha content, was found significantly decreased in fructose-treated adult rats. In vitro studies with BV-2 microglial cells confirmed that fructose treatment induces TNF-alpha production as well as oxidative stress. In conclusion, these results suggest that unbalanced diet, rich in fructose, may be highly deleterious in young people as in adults and must be strongly discouraged for the prevention of diet-associated neuroinflammation and neurological diseases.
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Copy Number Variations in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: Piecing the Mosaic Tiles Together through a Systems Biology Approach. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:1299-1322. [PMID: 28120152 PMCID: PMC5820374 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0393-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a devastating and still untreatable motor neuron disease. Despite the molecular mechanisms underlying ALS pathogenesis that are still far from being understood, several studies have suggested the importance of a genetic contribution in both familial and sporadic forms of the disease. In addition to single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), which account for only a limited number of ALS cases, a consistent number of common and rare copy number variations (CNVs) have been associated to ALS. Most of the CNV-based association studies use a traditional candidate-gene approach that is inadequate for uncovering the genetic architectures of complex traits like ALS. The emergent paradigm of “systems biology” may offer a new perspective to better interpret the wide spectrum of CNVs in ALS, enabling the characterization of the complex network of gene products underlying ALS pathogenesis. In this review, we will explore the landscape of CNVs in ALS, putting specific emphasis on the functional impact of common CNV regions and genes consistently associated with increased risk of developing disease. In addition, we will discuss the potential contribution of multiple rare CNVs in ALS pathogenesis, focusing our attention on the complex mechanisms by which these proteins might impact, individually or in combination, the genetic susceptibility of ALS. The comprehensive detection and functional characterization of common and rare candidate risk CNVs in ALS susceptibility may bring new pieces into the intricate mosaic of ALS pathogenesis, providing interesting and important implications for a more precise molecular biomarker-assisted diagnosis and more effective and personalized treatments.
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Kwon HJ, Cha MY, Kim D, Kim DK, Soh M, Shin K, Hyeon T, Mook-Jung I. Mitochondria-Targeting Ceria Nanoparticles as Antioxidants for Alzheimer's Disease. ACS NANO 2016; 10:2860-70. [PMID: 26844592 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b08045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 394] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial oxidative stress is a key pathologic factor in neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease. Abnormal generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), resulting from mitochondrial dysfunction, can lead to neuronal cell death. Ceria (CeO2) nanoparticles are known to function as strong and recyclable ROS scavengers by shuttling between Ce(3+) and Ce(4+) oxidation states. Consequently, targeting ceria nanoparticles selectively to mitochondria might be a promising therapeutic approach for neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we report the design and synthesis of triphenylphosphonium-conjugated ceria nanoparticles that localize to mitochondria and suppress neuronal death in a 5XFAD transgenic Alzheimer's disease mouse model. The triphenylphosphonium-conjugated ceria nanoparticles mitigate reactive gliosis and morphological mitochondria damage observed in these mice. Altogether, our data indicate that the triphenylphosphonium-conjugated ceria nanoparticles are a potential therapeutic candidate for mitochondrial oxidative stress in Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyek Jin Kwon
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University , Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Moon-Yong Cha
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine , Seoul 110-799, Republic of Korea
| | - Dokyoon Kim
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Kyu Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine , Seoul 110-799, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Soh
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University , Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwangsoo Shin
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University , Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Taeghwan Hyeon
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University , Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Inhee Mook-Jung
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine , Seoul 110-799, Republic of Korea
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Zhou X, Li Y, Shi X, Ma C. An overview on therapeutics attenuating amyloid β level in Alzheimer's disease: targeting neurotransmission, inflammation, oxidative stress and enhanced cholesterol levels. Am J Transl Res 2016; 8:246-69. [PMID: 27158324 PMCID: PMC4846881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common underlying cause of dementia, and novel drugs for its treatment are needed. Of the different theories explaining the development and progression of AD, "amyloid hypothesis" is the most supported by experimental data. This hypothesis states that the cleavage of amyloid precursor protein (APP) leads to the formation of amyloid beta (Aβ) peptides that congregate with formation and deposition of Aβ plaques in the frontal cortex and hippocampus. Risk factors including neurotransmitter modulation, chronic inflammation, metal-induced oxidative stress and elevated cholesterol levels are key contributors to the disease progress. Current therapeutic strategies abating AD progression are primarily based on anti-acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors as cognitive enhancers. The AChE inhibitor, donepezil, is proven to strengthen cognitive functions and appears effective in treating moderate to severe AD patients. N-Methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist, memantine, is also useful, and its combination with donepezil demonstrated a strong stabilizing effect in clinical studies on AD. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs delayed the onset and progression of AD and attenuated cognitive dysfunction. Based upon epidemiological evidence and animal studies, antioxidants emerged as potential AD preventive agents; however, clinical trials revealed inconsistencies. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiling demonstrated pleiotropic functions of the hypolipidemic class of drugs, statins, potentially contributing towards the prevention of AD. In addition, targeting the APP processing pathways, stimulating neuroprotective signaling mechanisms, using the amyloid anti-aggregants and Aβ immunotherapy surfaced as well-tested strategies in reducing the AD-like pathology. Overall, this review covers mechanism of inducing the Aβ formation, key risk factors and major therapeutics prevalent in the AD treatment nowadays. It also delineates the need for novel screening approaches towards identifying drugs that may prevent or at least limit the progression of this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Zhou
- The Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine Changchun, China
| | - Yifei Li
- The Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine Changchun, China
| | - Xiaozhe Shi
- The Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine Changchun, China
| | - Chun Ma
- The Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine Changchun, China
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Couturier K, Hininger I, Poulet L, Anderson RA, Roussel AM, Canini F, Batandier C. Cinnamon intake alleviates the combined effects of dietary-induced insulin resistance and acute stress on brain mitochondria. J Nutr Biochem 2016; 28:183-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2015.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Revised: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Neuroprotective effects of 5-(4-hydroxy-3-dimethoxybenzylidene)-thiazolidinone in MPTP induced Parkinsonism model in mice. Neuropharmacology 2015; 93:209-18. [PMID: 25680233 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Revised: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurological disorder characterized by degeneration of nigrostriatal dopaminergic (DAergic) system. Present treatment targeting to DAergic system solely ameliorated the symptoms but failed to retard the DAergic neuron degeneration, therefore new therapeutic methods aiming at preventing or delaying the neurodegenerative process are urgently needed. In the present study, we found that 5-(4-hydroxy-3-dimethoxybenzylidene)-2-thioxo-4-thiazolidinone (RD-1), a compound derived from rhodanine, protected DAergicneurons from neurotoxicity of MPTP/MPP(+). Firstly, RD-1 significantly improved the locomotor ability in the MPTP mice model, and elevated the tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) positive cell numbers in substantianigra pars compacta (SNpc) and the integrated optical density (IOD) of TH-positive nerve fibers in striatum respectively. Since mitochondrial dysfunction plays an important role in pathogenesis of PD, thereby we investigated the molecular mechanisms of RD-1 against MPTP/MPP(+) neurotoxicity, focusing on its effects on the mitochondrial dysfunction. Immunoblotting analysis showed that RD-1 significantly elevated the Parkin and Miro2 expression levels in acute MPTP treated mice, and improved mitochondrial membrane potential and ATP synthesis in MPP(+)-treated Neuro-2a cells. Moreover, RD-1attenuated impaired mitochondrial transport and vesicle release dysfunction evoked by MPP(+) cytotoxicity in cultured primary mesencephalic neurons. Taken together, these results indicate that improving the mitochondrial dysfunction may be a good choice to delay the neurodegenerative progression commonly associated with PD.
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Aronica E, Baas F, Iyer A, ten Asbroek AL, Morello G, Cavallaro S. Molecular classification of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis by unsupervised clustering of gene expression in motor cortex. Neurobiol Dis 2015; 74:359-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2014.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Revised: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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Kumar A, Singh A, Ekavali. A review on Alzheimer's disease pathophysiology and its management: an update. Pharmacol Rep 2014; 67:195-203. [PMID: 25712639 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2014.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 967] [Impact Index Per Article: 96.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Revised: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease acknowledged as progressive multifarious neurodegenerative disorder, is the leading cause of dementia in late adult life. Pathologically it is characterized by intracellular neurofibrillary tangles and extracellular amyloidal protein deposits contributing to senile plaques. Over the last two decades, advances in the field of pathogenesis have inspired the researchers for the investigation of novel pharmacological therapeutics centered more towards the pathophysiological events of the disease. Currently available treatments i.e. acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (rivastigmine, galantamine, donepezil) and N-methyl d-aspartate receptor antagonist (memantine) contribute minimal impact on the disease and target late aspects of the disease. These drugs decelerate the progression of the disease, provide symptomatic relief but fail to achieve a definite cure. While the neuropathological features of Alzheimer's disease are recognized but the intricacies of the mechanism have not been clearly defined. This lack of understanding regarding the pathogenic process may be the likely reason for the non-availability of effective treatment which can prevent onset and progression of the disease. Owing to the important progress in the field of pathophysiology in the last couple of years, new therapeutic targets are available that should render the underlying disease process to be tackled directly. In this review, authors will discusses the different aspects of pathophysiological mechanisms behind Alzheimer's disease and its management through conventional drug therapy, including modern investigational therapeutic strategies, recently completed and ongoing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Kumar
- Pharmacology Division, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UGC Centre of Advanced Study, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India.
| | - Arti Singh
- Pharmacology Division, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UGC Centre of Advanced Study, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Ekavali
- Pharmacology Division, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UGC Centre of Advanced Study, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
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Garrido-Maraver J, Cordero MD, Oropesa-Ávila M, Fernández Vega A, de la Mata M, Delgado Pavón A, de Miguel M, Pérez Calero C, Villanueva Paz M, Cotán D, Sánchez-Alcázar JA. Coenzyme q10 therapy. Mol Syndromol 2014; 5:187-97. [PMID: 25126052 DOI: 10.1159/000360101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
For a number of years, coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) was known for its key role in mitochondrial bioenergetics; later studies demonstrated its presence in other subcellular fractions and in blood plasma, and extensively investigated its antioxidant role. These 2 functions constitute the basis for supporting the clinical use of CoQ10. Also, at the inner mitochondrial membrane level, CoQ10 is recognized as an obligatory cofactor for the function of uncoupling proteins and a modulator of the mitochondrial transition pore. Furthermore, recent data indicate that CoQ10 affects the expression of genes involved in human cell signaling, metabolism and transport, and some of the effects of CoQ10 supplementation may be due to this property. CoQ10 deficiencies are due to autosomal recessive mutations, mitochondrial diseases, aging-related oxidative stress and carcinogenesis processes, and also statin treatment. Many neurodegenerative disorders, diabetes, cancer, and muscular and cardiovascular diseases have been associated with low CoQ10 levels as well as different ataxias and encephalomyopathies. CoQ10 treatment does not cause serious adverse effects in humans and new formulations have been developed that increase CoQ10 absorption and tissue distribution. Oral administration of CoQ10 is a frequent antioxidant strategy in many diseases that may provide a significant symptomatic benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Garrido-Maraver
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD), Universidad Pablo de Olavide-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Mario D Cordero
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red: Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Universidad Pablo de Olavide-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Sevilla, Spain ; Departamento de Citología e Histología Normal y Patológica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Manuel Oropesa-Ávila
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD), Universidad Pablo de Olavide-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Alejandro Fernández Vega
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD), Universidad Pablo de Olavide-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Mario de la Mata
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD), Universidad Pablo de Olavide-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Ana Delgado Pavón
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD), Universidad Pablo de Olavide-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Manuel de Miguel
- Departamento de Citología e Histología Normal y Patológica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Carmen Pérez Calero
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD), Universidad Pablo de Olavide-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Marina Villanueva Paz
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD), Universidad Pablo de Olavide-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Sevilla, Spain
| | - David Cotán
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD), Universidad Pablo de Olavide-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Sevilla, Spain
| | - José A Sánchez-Alcázar
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD), Universidad Pablo de Olavide-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Sevilla, Spain ; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red: Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Universidad Pablo de Olavide-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Sevilla, Spain
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17
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Sokolova NV, Nenajdenko VG. Azidoisocyanides, New Bifunctional Reagents for Multicomponent Reactions and Biomolecule Modifications. Chem Nat Compd 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10600-014-0914-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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18
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Sokolova NV, Nenajdenko VG, Sokolov VB, Vinogradova DV, Shevtsova EF, Dubova LG, Bachurin SO. Synthesis and biological activity of N-substituted-tetrahydro-γ-carbolines containing peptide residues. Beilstein J Org Chem 2014; 10:155-62. [PMID: 24454569 PMCID: PMC3896248 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.10.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The synthesis of novel peptide conjugates of N-substituted-tetrahydro-γ-carbolines has been performed using the sequence of the Ugi multicomponent reaction and Cu(I)-catalyzed click chemistry. The effect of obtained γ-carboline-peptide conjugates on the rat liver mitochondria was evaluated. It was found that all compounds in the concentration of 30 µM did onot induce depolarization of mitochondria but possessed some inhibitory effect on the mitochondria permeability transition. The original N-substituted-tetrahydro-γ-carbolines containing an terminal alkyne group demonstrated a high prooxidant activity, whereas their conjugates with peptide fragments slightly inhibited both autooxidation and the t-BHP-induced lipid peroxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadezhda V Sokolova
- Department of Chemistry, Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1, Moscow, 119992, Russia
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Severny proezd 1, Chernogolovka, 142432, Russia
| | - Valentine G Nenajdenko
- Department of Chemistry, Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1, Moscow, 119992, Russia
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov str. 28, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Vladimir B Sokolov
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Severny proezd 1, Chernogolovka, 142432, Russia
| | - Daria V Vinogradova
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Severny proezd 1, Chernogolovka, 142432, Russia
| | - Elena F Shevtsova
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Severny proezd 1, Chernogolovka, 142432, Russia
| | - Ludmila G Dubova
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Severny proezd 1, Chernogolovka, 142432, Russia
| | - Sergey O Bachurin
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Severny proezd 1, Chernogolovka, 142432, Russia
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19
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Modification of gamma-carbolines with N-substituted propionamides as a new approach to mitoprotective agents. Russ Chem Bull 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-013-0110-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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20
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Dexpramipexole versus placebo for patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (EMPOWER): a randomised, double-blind, phase 3 trial. Lancet Neurol 2013; 12:1059-67. [DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(13)70221-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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21
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Olszewska A, Szewczyk A. Mitochondria as a pharmacological target: magnum overview. IUBMB Life 2013; 65:273-81. [PMID: 23441041 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2012] [Accepted: 12/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria, responsible for energy metabolism within the cell, act as signaling organelles. Mitochondrial dysfunction may lead to cell death and oxidative stress and may disturb calcium metabolism. Additionally, mitochondria play a pivotal role in cardioprotective phenomena and a variety of neurodegenerative disorders ranging from Parkinson's to Alzheimer's disease. Mitochondrial DNA mutations may lead to impaired respiration. Hence, targeting the mitochondria with drugs offers great potential for new therapeutic approaches. The purpose of this overview is to present the recent state of knowledge concerning the interactions of various substances with mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Olszewska
- Laboratory of Intracellular Ion Channels, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland.
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22
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Anand R, Gill KD, Mahdi AA. Therapeutics of Alzheimer's disease: Past, present and future. Neuropharmacology 2013; 76 Pt A:27-50. [PMID: 23891641 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 500] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2012] [Revised: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia worldwide. The etiology is multifactorial, and pathophysiology of the disease is complex. Data indicate an exponential rise in the number of cases of AD, emphasizing the need for developing an effective treatment. AD also imposes tremendous emotional and financial burden to the patient's family and community. The disease has been studied over a century, but acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and memantine are the only drugs currently approved for its management. These drugs provide symptomatic improvement alone but do less to modify the disease process. The extensive insight into the molecular and cellular pathomechanism in AD over the past few decades has provided us significant progress in the understanding of the disease. A number of novel strategies that seek to modify the disease process have been developed. The major developments in this direction are the amyloid and tau based therapeutics, which could hold the key to treatment of AD in the near future. Several putative drugs have been thoroughly investigated in preclinical studies, but many of them have failed to produce results in the clinical scenario; therefore it is only prudent that lessons be learnt from the past mistakes. The current rationales and targets evaluated for therapeutic benefit in AD are reviewed in this article. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'The Synaptic Basis of Neurodegenerative Disorders'.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Anand
- Department of Biochemistry, Christian Medical College, Vellore 632002, Tamilnadu, India.
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23
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Zhu X, Perry G, Smith MA, Wang X. Abnormal mitochondrial dynamics in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2013; 33 Suppl 1:S253-62. [PMID: 22531428 DOI: 10.3233/jad-2012-129005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is one of the most early and prominent features in vulnerable neurons in the brain of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. Recent studies suggest that mitochondria are highly dynamic organelles characterized by a delicate balance of fission and fusion, a concept that has revolutionized our basic understanding of the regulation of mitochondrial structure and function which has far-reaching significance in studies of health and disease. Tremendous progress has been made in studying changes in mitochondrial dynamics in AD brain and models and the potential underlying mechanisms. This review highlights the recent work demonstrating abnormal mitochondrial dynamics and distribution in AD models and discusses how these abnormalities may contribute to various aspects of mitochondrial dysfunction and the pathogenesis of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiongwei Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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24
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Nakase I, Okumura S, Katayama S, Hirose H, Pujals S, Yamaguchi H, Arakawa S, Shimizu S, Futaki S. Transformation of an antimicrobial peptide into a plasma membrane-permeable, mitochondria-targeted peptide via the substitution of lysine with arginine. Chem Commun (Camb) 2012; 48:11097-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cc35872g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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25
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Stone JG, Casadesus G, Gustaw-Rothenberg K, Siedlak SL, Wang X, Zhu X, Perry G, Castellani RJ, Smith MA. Frontiers in Alzheimer's disease therapeutics. Ther Adv Chronic Dis 2011; 2:9-23. [PMID: 21743833 DOI: 10.1177/2040622310382817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease which begins with insidious deterioration of higher cognition and progresses to severe dementia. Clinical symptoms typically involve impairment of memory and at least one other cognitive domain. Because of the exponential increase in the incidence of AD with age, the aging population across the world has seen a congruous increase AD, emphasizing the importance of disease altering therapy. Current therapeutics on the market, including cholinesterase inhibitors and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonists, provide symptomatic relief but do not alter progression of the disease. Therefore, progress in the areas of prevention and disease modification may be of critical interest. In this review, we summarize novel AD therapeutics that are currently being explored, and also mechanisms of action of specific drugs within the context of current knowledge of AD pathologic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy G Stone
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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26
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Smidansky ED, Arnold JJ, Reynolds SL, Cameron CE. Human mitochondrial RNA polymerase: evaluation of the single-nucleotide-addition cycle on synthetic RNA/DNA scaffolds. Biochemistry 2011; 50:5016-32. [PMID: 21548588 PMCID: PMC3698222 DOI: 10.1021/bi200350d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The human mitochondrial RNA polymerase (h-mtRNAP) serves as both the transcriptase for expression and the primase for replication of mitochondrial DNA. As such, the enzyme is of fundamental importance to cellular energy metabolism, and defects in its function may be related to human disease states. Here we describe in vitro analysis of the h-mtRNAP kinetic mechanism for single, correct nucleotide incorporation. This was made possible by the development of efficient methods for expression and purification of h-mtRNAP using a bacterial system and by utilization of assays that rely on simple, synthetic RNA/DNA scaffolds without the need for mitochondrial transcription accessory proteins. We find that h-mtRNAP accomplishes single-nucleotide incorporation by using the same core steps, including conformational change steps before and after chemistry, that are prototypical for most types of nucleic acid polymerases. The polymerase binds to scaffolds via a two-step mechanism consisting of a fast initial-encounter step followed by a much slower isomerization that leads to catalytic competence. A substantial solvent deuterium kinetic isotope effect was observed for the forward reaction, but none was detectable for the reverse reaction, suggesting that chemistry is at least partially rate-limiting in the forward direction but not in the reverse. h-mtRNAP appears to exercise much more stringent surveillance over base than over sugar in determining the correctness of a nucleotide. The utility of developing the robust in vitro assays described here and of establishing a baseline of kinetic performance for the wild-type enzyme is that biological questions concerning h-mtRNAP may now begin to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric D. Smidansky
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Jamie J. Arnold
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Shelley L. Reynolds
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Craig E. Cameron
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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27
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Rothenberg KG, Siedlak SL, Lee HG, Zhu X, Perry G, Smith MA. Neurodegenerative processes in Alzheimer’s disease: an overview of pathogenesis with strategic biomarker potential. FUTURE NEUROLOGY 2011. [DOI: 10.2217/fnl.10.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Since Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the leading cause of senile dementia in the USA, affecting 15% of people over the age of 65 years and almost 50% of those aged over 85 years, the need for an adequate and early diagnosis as well as preventative measure against disease onset and progression is increasing. Epidemiological and molecular studies suggest that AD has multiple etiologies, including genetic mutations, genetic variations affecting susceptibility and environmental factors. All these aspects can promote the formation and the accumulation of insoluble amyloid-β and hyperphosphorylated tau. Since the disease is multifactorial and clinical diagnosis is highly exclusive, the need for a sensitive, specific and reliable biomarker for the disease is crucial. While amyloid and amyloid-related compounds may be useful biomarkers in the early diagnosis of AD, the multitude of other characteristic features of AD presented in this article may be similarly appropriate. For example, genetic mutations play a role in a subset of AD patients (often with early disease onset and more severe disease progression), and genetic analysis could thus play a role in disease diagnosis. Similarly, oxidative damage to various proteins, nucleic acids and other cellular compounds, probably arising from mitochondrial abnormalities, is found early in the disease and may provide certain biochemical signatures of disease. Ultimately, specific assays for genetic, protein and oxidative profiles and mitochondrial abnormalities, as well as those for amyloid-β and its immunological response, may serve as a relevant group of biomarkers that could be informative to individuals regarding risk of disease, as well as for indicators of the progression of disease. Correspondingly, new developments in treatment options will probably be available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasia Gustaw Rothenberg
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Deptartment of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Institute of Agricultural Medicine, 2 Jaczewskiego Street, 20-095, Lublin, Poland
| | - Sandra L Siedlak
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, 2103 Cornell Road, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Hyoung-gon Lee
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, 2103 Cornell Road, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Xiongwei Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, 2103 Cornell Road, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - George Perry
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, 2103 Cornell Road, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Neurosciences Institute & Department of Biology, College of Sciences, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Mark A Smith
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, 2103 Cornell Road, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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Caviness JN, Lue L, Adler CH, Walker DG. Parkinson's disease dementia and potential therapeutic strategies. CNS Neurosci Ther 2011; 17:32-44. [PMID: 21199444 PMCID: PMC6493795 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-5949.2010.00216.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Dementia in Parkinson's disease (PD-D) has only been acknowledged in the recent three decades, but research in this field has accelerated. The purpose of this review was to discuss advances in PD-D regarding biomarker correlates and potential therapeutic targets. Attention and executive dysfunction, memory deficits that improve with cueing, and visual hallucinations are characteristic in PD-D. PD-D dramatically increases the disability and misery of the disease. Current treatment for PD-D is symptomatic, modest, and only transiently effective. There is wide agreement that more effective treatment is needed, but this will require more knowledge about PD-D pathophysiology. Advances in the pathogenesis of PD have focused on the substantia nigra, which is the location from where the pathophysiology of motor symptoms primarily arises in initial stages. In contradistinction, pathology studies have suggested that cognitive decline correlates with cortical and subcortical-cortical projection pathway abnormalities. There is evidence that substantia nigra mechanisms, including protein aggregation of α-synuclein (e.g., Lewy bodies) may also play a role in cortical neuron degeneration. Other different mechanisms, such as Alzheimer's disease pathology (e.g., Aβ aggregation) may be operant for PD-D. Biomarkers of various types are being proposed for the study of PD-D as well as for objective measures of PD-D prediction and progression. Therapeutic targets are currently derived mostly from general PD neurodegeneration research rather than cortical PD neurodegeneration per se. Protein aggregation, genes that are associated with PD, oxidative stress, inflammation, and trophic factors constitute the major classes of therapeutic targets for PD-D. More research is needed on the specific aspects of cortical dysfunction and degeneration that create PD-D.
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29
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Jensen KHR, Rekling JC. Development of a no-wash assay for mitochondrial membrane potential using the styryl dye DASPEI. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 15:1071-81. [PMID: 20713988 DOI: 10.1177/1087057110376834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is a hallmark of several diseases and may also result from drugs with unwanted side effects on mitochondrial biochemistry. The mitochondrial membrane potential is a good indicator of mitochondrial function. Here, the authors have developed a no-wash mitochondrial membrane potential assay using 2-(4-(dimethylamino)styryl)-N-ethylpyridinium iodide (DASPEI), a rarely used mitochondrial potentiometric probe, in a 96-well format using a fluorescent plate reader. The assay was validated using 2 protonophores (CCCP, DNP), which are known uncouplers, and the neuroleptic thioridazine, which is a suspected mitochondrial toxicant. CCCP and DNP have short-term depolarizing effects, and thioridazine has long-term hyperpolarizing effects on the mitochondrial membrane potential of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. The assay also detected changes of the mitochondrial membrane potential in CHO cells exposed to cobalt (mimicking hypoxia) and in PC12 cells exposed to amyloid β, demonstrating that the assay can be used in cellular models of hypoxia and Alzheimer's disease. The assay needs no washing steps, has a Z' value >0.5, can be used on standard fluorometers, has good post liquid-handling stability, and thus is suitable for large-scale screening efforts. In summary, the DASPEI assay is simple and rapid and may be of use in toxicological testing, drug target discovery, and mechanistic models of diseases involving mitochondrial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristian H R Jensen
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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30
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KimPak YM, Jeong JH. Mitochondria: The Secret Chamber of Therapeutic Targets for Age-Associated Degenerative Diseases. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2010. [DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2010.18.3.235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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31
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de Moura MB, dos Santos LS, Van Houten B. Mitochondrial dysfunction in neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2010; 51:391-405. [PMID: 20544881 DOI: 10.1002/em.20575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are important integrators of cellular function and therefore affect the homeostatic balance of the cell. Besides their important role in producing adenosine triphosphate through oxidative phosphorylation, mitochondria are involved in the control of cytosolic calcium concentration, metabolism of key cellular intermediates, and Fe/S cluster biogenesis and contributed to programmed cell death. Mitochondria are also one of the major cellular producers of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Several human pathologies, including neurodegenerative diseases and cancer, are associated with mitochondrial dysfunction and increased ROS damage. This article reviews how dysfunctional mitochondria contribute to Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and several human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Barbi de Moura
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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32
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Keeney PM, Bennett JP. ALS spinal neurons show varied and reduced mtDNA gene copy numbers and increased mtDNA gene deletions. Mol Neurodegener 2010; 5:21. [PMID: 20504367 PMCID: PMC2889994 DOI: 10.1186/1750-1326-5-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2010] [Accepted: 05/26/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Spinal cord neurons of ALS patients demonstrate reduced cytochrome oxidase histochemical activity, and ALS spinal cord tissues have increased mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) point mutations and depleted mtDNA levels. It is presently unknown whether mtDNA abnormalities are present in single human ALS neurons. Results Using laser capture microdissection (LCM) we isolated several hundred individual anterior spinal neurons from unfixed, frozen sections of 10 ALS and 7 age-matched CTL cervical spinal cords. DNA from each individual neuron was analyzed with multiplex qPCR for ND2, CO3, and ND4, three mitochondrial DNA genes encoding respiratory proteins. Scatterplots of individual spinal neuron results showed extensive heterogeneity of mtDNA gene levels across 4-5 orders of magnitude that were much more clustered in single Purkinje neurons isolated from CTL cerebella. Plots of ratios of ND4/ND2 and CO3/ND2 showed that many but not all ALS neurons from individuals contained low ratios of these mtDNA genes, implying greater abundances of mtDNA deletions in the major arc. Single CTL cerebellar Purkinje neurons did not contain high levels of apparent mtDNA deletions observed in anterior spinal neurons. Conclusions At the time of ALS subjects' deaths, many but not all surviving anterior neurons in their cervical spinal cords have reduced mtDNA gene levels and increased mtDNA deletion abundances that arise for unclear reasons. If these anterior spinal neuron mtDNA gene deficiencies contribute to bioenergetic impairments, reduced synaptic function and increased risk of degeneration, then introduction into mitochondria and expression of intact mtDNA, now available through use of recently developed recombinant human TFAM, may reverse the course of ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula M Keeney
- Department of Neurology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.
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Bonda DJ, Wang X, Perry G, Nunomura A, Tabaton M, Zhu X, Smith MA. Oxidative stress in Alzheimer disease: a possibility for prevention. Neuropharmacology 2010; 59:290-4. [PMID: 20394761 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2010.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 355] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2009] [Revised: 03/18/2010] [Accepted: 04/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is at the forefront of Alzheimer disease (AD) research. While its implications in the characteristic neurodegeneration of AD are vast, the most important aspect is that it seems increasingly apparent that oxidative stress is in fact a primary progenitor of the disease, and not merely an epiphenomenon. Moreover, evidence indicates that a long "dormant period" of gradual oxidative damage accumulation precedes and actually leads to the seemingly sudden appearance of clinical and pathological AD symptoms, including amyloid-beta deposition, neurofibrillary tangle formation, metabolic dysfunction, and cognitive decline. These findings provide important insights into the development of potential treatment regimens and even allude to the possibility of a preventative cure. In this review, we elaborate on the dynamic role of oxidative stress in AD and present corresponding treatment strategies that are currently under investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Bonda
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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Bonda DJ, Lee HP, Lee HG, Friedlich AL, Perry G, Zhu X, Smith MA. Novel therapeutics for Alzheimer's disease: an update. CURRENT OPINION IN DRUG DISCOVERY & DEVELOPMENT 2010; 13:235-246. [PMID: 20205057 PMCID: PMC2931269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
As the most prevalent form of dementia worldwide, Alzheimer's disease (AD) continues to be a burden for patients and their families. In addition, with the global population of aged individuals increasing exponentially, AD represents a significant economic burden to society. The development of an effective approach for the treatment of AD is thus of major importance, as current treatment strategies are limited to agents that attenuate disease symptomatology without addressing the causes of disease. A considerable need exists for the development of an effective therapy to prevent, or at least delay, the progression of AD. Current hypotheses for the pathogenesis of AD are discussed in this review, with a particular emphasis on the implications of these hypotheses with respect to treatment strategies and preventive measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Bonda
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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Bonda DJ, Wang X, Gustaw-Rothenberg KA, Perry G, Smith MA, Zhu X. Mitochondrial Drugs for Alzheimer Disease. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2009; 2:287-298. [PMID: 20657666 PMCID: PMC2909133 DOI: 10.3390/ph2030287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic strategies for Alzheimer disease (AD) have yet to offer a disease-modifying effect to stop the debilitating progression of neurodegeneration and cognitive decline. Rather, treatments thus far are limited to agents that slow disease progression without halting it, and although much work towards a cure is underway, a greater understanding of disease etiology is certainly necessary for any such achievement. Mitochondria, as the centers of cellular metabolic activity and the primary generators of reactive oxidative species in the cell, received particular attention especially given that mitochondrial defects are known to contribute to cellular damage. Furthermore, as oxidative stress has come to the forefront of AD as a causal theory, and as mitochondrial damage is known to precede much of the hallmark pathologies of AD, it seems increasingly apparent that this metabolic organelle is ultimately responsible for much, if not all of disease pathogenesis. In this review, we review the role of neuronal mitochondria in the pathogenesis of AD and critically assess treatment strategies that utilize this upstream access point as a method for disease prevention. We suspect that, with a revived focus on mitochondrial repair and protection, an effective and realistic therapeutic agent can be successfully developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J. Bonda
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Xinglong Wang
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Katarzyna A. Gustaw-Rothenberg
- Memory and Cognition Center, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Beachwood, OH 44122, USA
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Institute of Agricultural Medicine, Lublin, Poland
| | - George Perry
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- UTSA Neurosciences Institute and Department of Biology, College of Sciences, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
| | - Mark A. Smith
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Xiongwei Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; ; Tel.: +1-216-368-5903; Fax: +1-216-368-8964
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