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Zhou H, Guo Y, Fu T, Peng Y, Chen Z, Cui Y, Guo M, Zhang K, Chen C, Wang Y. Three-Dimensional Label-Free Observing of the Self-Assembled Nanoparticles inside a Single Cell at Nanoscale Resolution. ACS NANO 2024. [PMID: 39001860 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c06095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/15/2024]
Abstract
Understanding the intracellular behavior of nanoparticles (NPs) plays a key role in optimizing the self-assembly performance of nanomedicine. However, conducting the 3D, label-free, quantitative observation of self-assembled NPs within intact single cells remains a substantial challenge in complicated intracellular environments. Here, we propose a deep learning combined synchrotron radiation hard X-ray nanotomography approach to visualize the self-assembled ultrasmall iron oxide (USIO) NPs in a single cell. The method allows us to explore comprehensive information on NPs, such as their distribution, morphology, location, and interaction with cell organelles, and provides quantitative analysis of the heterogeneous size and morphologies of USIO NPs under diverse conditions. This label-free, in situ method provides a tool for precise characterization of intracellular self-assembled NPs to improve the evaluation and design of a bioresponsive nanomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huige Zhou
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Research Unit of Nanoscience and Technology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Yuecong Guo
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tianyu Fu
- Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yufeng Peng
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Ziwei Chen
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yanyan Cui
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Mixed Reality and Advanced Display, School of Optoelectronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Mengyu Guo
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chunying Chen
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Research Unit of Nanoscience and Technology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Yaling Wang
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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2
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Ma K, Chen KZ, Qiao SL. Advances of Layered Double Hydroxide-Based Materials for Tumor Imaging and Therapy. CHEM REC 2024; 24:e202400010. [PMID: 38501833 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202400010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Layered double hydroxides (LDH) are a class of functional anionic clays that typically consist of orthorhombic arrays of metal hydroxides with anions sandwiched between the layers. Due to their unique properties, including high chemical stability, good biocompatibility, controlled drug loading, and enhanced drug bioavailability, LDHs have many potential applications in the medical field. Especially in the fields of bioimaging and tumor therapy. This paper reviews the research progress of LDHs and their nanocomposites in the field of tumor imaging and therapy. First, the structure and advantages of LDH are discussed. Then, several commonly used methods for the preparation of LDH are presented, including co-precipitation, hydrothermal and ion exchange methods. Subsequently, recent advances in layered hydroxides and their nanocomposites for cancer imaging and therapy are highlighted. Finally, based on current research, we summaries the prospects and challenges of layered hydroxides and nanocomposites for cancer diagnosis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Ma
- Lab of Functional and Biomedical Nanomaterials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology (QUST), Qingdao, 266042, P. R. China
| | - Ke-Zheng Chen
- Lab of Functional and Biomedical Nanomaterials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology (QUST), Qingdao, 266042, P. R. China
| | - Sheng-Lin Qiao
- Lab of Functional and Biomedical Nanomaterials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology (QUST), Qingdao, 266042, P. R. China
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3
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Liu H, He L, Kuzmanović M, Huang Y, Zhang L, Zhang Y, Zhu Q, Ren Y, Dong Y, Cardon L, Gou M. Advanced Nanomaterials in Medical 3D Printing. SMALL METHODS 2024; 8:e2301121. [PMID: 38009766 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202301121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
3D printing is now recognized as a significant tool for medical research and clinical practice, leading to the emergence of medical 3D printing technology. It is essential to improve the properties of 3D-printed products to meet the demand for medical use. The core of generating qualified 3D printing products is to develop advanced materials and processes. Taking advantage of nanomaterials with tunable and distinct physical, chemical, and biological properties, integrating nanotechnology into 3D printing creates new opportunities for advancing medical 3D printing field. Recently, some attempts are made to improve medical 3D printing through nanotechnology, providing new insights into developing advanced medical 3D printing technology. With high-resolution 3D printing technology, nano-structures can be directly fabricated for medical applications. Incorporating nanomaterials into the 3D printing material system can improve the properties of the 3D-printed medical products. At the same time, nanomaterials can be used to expand novel medical 3D printing technologies. This review introduced the strategies and progresses of improving medical 3D printing through nanotechnology and discussed challenges in clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haofan Liu
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Liming He
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Maja Kuzmanović
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Yiting Huang
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Qi Zhu
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Ya Ren
- Huahang Microcreate Technology Co., Ltd, Chengdu, 610042, China
| | - Yinchu Dong
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Chengdu OrganoidMed Medical Laboratory, Chengdu, 610000, China
| | - Ludwig Cardon
- Centre for Polymer and Material Technologies, Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Ghent University, Ghent, 9159052, Belgium
| | - Maling Gou
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
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4
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Pan Y, Liu L, Mou X, Cai Y. Nanomedicine Strategies in Conquering and Utilizing the Cancer Hypoxia Environment. ACS NANO 2023; 17:20875-20924. [PMID: 37871328 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c07763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Cancer with a complex pathological process is a major disease to human welfare. Due to the imbalance between oxygen (O2) supply and consumption, hypoxia is a natural characteristic of most solid tumors and an important obstacle for cancer therapy, which is closely related to tumor proliferation, metastasis, and invasion. Various strategies to exploit the feature of tumor hypoxia have been developed in the past decade, which can be used to alleviate tumor hypoxia, or utilize the hypoxia for targeted delivery and diagnostic imaging. The strategies to alleviate tumor hypoxia include delivering O2, in situ O2 generation, reprogramming the tumor vascular system, decreasing O2 consumption, and inhibiting HIF-1 related pathways. On the other side, hypoxia can also be utilized for hypoxia-responsive chemical construction and hypoxia-active prodrug-based strategies. Taking advantage of hypoxia in the tumor region, a number of methods have been applied to identify and keep track of changes in tumor hypoxia. Herein, we thoroughly review the recent progress of nanomedicine strategies in both conquering and utilizing hypoxia to combat cancer and put forward the prospect of emerging nanomaterials for future clinical transformation, which hopes to provide perspectives in nanomaterials design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Pan
- Center for Rehabilitation Medicine, Rehabilitation & Sports Medicine Research Institute of Zhejiang Province, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital), Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China
- Clinical Research Institute, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital), Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China
| | - Longcai Liu
- Center for Rehabilitation Medicine, Rehabilitation & Sports Medicine Research Institute of Zhejiang Province, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital), Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China
- Clinical Research Institute, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital), Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China
| | - Xiaozhou Mou
- Center for Rehabilitation Medicine, Rehabilitation & Sports Medicine Research Institute of Zhejiang Province, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital), Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China
- Clinical Research Institute, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital), Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China
| | - Yu Cai
- Center for Rehabilitation Medicine, Rehabilitation & Sports Medicine Research Institute of Zhejiang Province, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital), Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China
- Clinical Research Institute, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital), Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China
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5
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Yang X, Nao SC, Lin C, Kong L, Wang J, Ko CN, Liu J, Ma DL, Leung CH, Wang W. A cell-impermeable luminogenic probe for near-infrared imaging of prostate-specific membrane antigen in prostate cancer microenvironments. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 259:115659. [PMID: 37499288 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) imaging probes are a promising tool for the diagnosis and image-guided surgery of prostate cancer (PCa). However, PSMA-specific luminescence probes for PCa detection and heterogeneity studies with high imaging contrast are lacking. Here, we report the first near-infrared (NIR) iridium(III) complex for the wash-free and specific imaging of PSMA in PCa cells and spheroids. The conjugation of a PSMA inhibitor, Lys-urea-Glu, to an iridium(III) complex synergizes the PSMA-specific affinity and biocompatibility of the inhibitor with the desirable photophysical properties of the iridium(III) complex, including NIR emission (670 nm), high photostability and a large Stokes shift. The cellular impermeability of the probe along with its strong binding affinity to PSMA enhances its specificity for PSMA, enabling the washing-free luminescent imaging of membrane PSMA with lower cytotoxicity. The probe was successfully applied for selectively visualizing PSMA-expressing cells and for the imaging of PSMA in a multicellular PCa model with good imaging penetration, indicating its potential use in complicated and heterogeneous tumor microenvironments. Furthermore, the probe showed good imaging performance in the PCa-bearing tumor mice via targeting PSMA in vivo. This work provides a novel strategy for the development of highly sensitive and specific NIR probes for PSMA in biological systems in vitro, which is of great significance for the precise diagnosis of PCa and for elucidating PCa heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xifang Yang
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710072, China; Chongqing Technology Innovation Center, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Chongqing, 400000, China
| | - Sang-Cuo Nao
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau
| | - Chuankai Lin
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710072, China; School of Metallurgy and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, 86 Hongqi Road, Ganzhou, China; Chongqing Technology Innovation Center, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Chongqing, 400000, China
| | - Lingtan Kong
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710072, China; Chongqing Technology Innovation Center, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Chongqing, 400000, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710072, China; Chongqing Technology Innovation Center, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Chongqing, 400000, China
| | - Chung-Nga Ko
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jinbiao Liu
- School of Metallurgy and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, 86 Hongqi Road, Ganzhou, China.
| | - Dik-Lung Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chung-Hang Leung
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau; Macao Centre for Research and Development in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau; MoE Frontiers Science Centre for Precision Oncology, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau.
| | - Wanhe Wang
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710072, China; Chongqing Technology Innovation Center, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Chongqing, 400000, China.
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6
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Liu YC, Liu GJ, Zhou W, Feng GL, Ma QY, Zhang Y, Xing GW. In Situ Self-Assembled J-Aggregate Nanofibers of Glycosylated Aza-BODIPY for Synergetic Cell Membrane Disruption and Type I Photodynamic Therapy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202309786. [PMID: 37581954 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202309786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
The in situ self-assembly of exogenous molecules is a powerful strategy for manipulating cellular behavior. However, the direct self-assembly of photochemically inert constituents into supramolecular nano-photosensitizers (PSs) within cancer cells for precise photodynamic therapy (PDT) remains a challenge. Herein, we developed a glycosylated Aza-BODIPY compound (LMBP) capable of self-assembling into J-aggregate nanofibers in situ for cell membrane destruction and type I PDT. LMBP selectively entered human hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells and subsequently self-assembled into intracellular J-aggregate nanovesicles and nanofibers through supramolecular interactions. Detailed studies revealed that these J-aggregate nanostructures generated superoxide radicals (O2 - ⋅) exclusively through photoinduced electron transfer, thus enabling effective PDT. Furthermore, the intracellular nanofibers exhibited an aggregation-induced retention effect, which resulted in selective toxicity to HepG2 cells by disrupting their cellular membranes and synergizing with PDT for powerful tumor suppression efficacy in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Chen Liu
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Guang-Jian Liu
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Gai-Li Feng
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Qing-Yu Ma
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Guo-Wen Xing
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
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7
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Ni Z, Zhang D, Zhen S, Liang X, Gong X, Zhao Z, Ding D, Feng G, Tang BZ. NIR light-driven pure organic Janus-like nanoparticles for thermophoresis-enhanced photothermal therapy. Biomaterials 2023; 301:122261. [PMID: 37531775 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2023.122261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Photothermal therapy (PTT) represents a promising noninvasive tumor therapeutic modality, but the current strategies for enhancing photothermal effect have been mainly based on promoting thermal relaxation or suppressing radiative dissipation process of excited energy, leaving little room for further improvement in photothermal effect. Herein, as a proof of concept, we report the thermophoresis-enhanced photothermal effect with pure organic Janus-like nanoparticles (Janus-like NPs) for PTT. The Janus-like NPs are eccentrically loaded with compactly J-aggregated photothermal molecules (DMA-BDTO), which show red-shifted absorption wavelength and inhibited radiative decay as compared to individual molecules. Under NIR irradiation, the asymmetric heat generation at particle surface endows Janus-like NPs the active thermophoresis, which further increases collisions and converts kinetic energy into thermal energy, and Janus-like NPs exhibit significantly elevated temperature as compared to conventional NPs with homogenously distributed DMA-BDTO. Both in vitro and in vivo results confirm such thermophoresis-enhanced photothermal effect for improved PTT. Our new strategy of thermophoresis-enhanced photothermal effect shall open new insights for improving photothermal-related tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates, School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Di Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates, School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Shijie Zhen
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magneto-chemical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541006, China
| | - Xiao Liang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates, School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Xiangjun Gong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates, School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Zujin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates, School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Dan Ding
- Frontiers Science Center for Cell Responses, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, and College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Guangxue Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates, School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
| | - Ben Zhong Tang
- Shenzhen Institute of Aggregate Science and Technology, School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 2001 Longxiang Boulevard, Longgang District, Shenzhen City, Guangdong, 518172, China
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8
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Duan QJ, Zhao ZY, Zhang YJ, Fu L, Yuan YY, Du JZ, Wang J. Activatable fluorescent probes for real-time imaging-guided tumor therapy. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2023; 196:114793. [PMID: 36963569 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2023.114793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2023]
Abstract
Surgery and drug therapy are the two principal options for cancer treatment. However, their clinical benefits are hindered by the difficulty of accurate location of the tumors and timely monitoring of the treatment efficacy of drugs, respectively. Rapid development of imaging techniques provides promising tools to address these challenges. Compared with conventional imaging techniques such as magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography etc., fluorescence imaging exhibits high spatial resolution, real-time imaging capability, and relatively low costs devices. The advancements in fluorescent probes further accelerate the implementation of fluorescence imaging in tumor diagnosis and treatment monitoring. In particular, the emergence of site-specifically activatable fluorescent probes fits the demands of tumor delineation and real-time feedback of the treatment efficacy. A variety of small molecule probes or nanoparticle-based probes have been developed and explored for the above-mentioned applications. This review will discuss recent advances in fluorescent probes with a special focus on activatable nanoprobes and highlight the potential implementation of activatable nanoprobes in fluorescence imaging-guided surgery as well as imaging-guided drug therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Jia Duan
- School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zhong-Yi Zhao
- School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yao-Jun Zhang
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Liangbing Fu
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, Guangzhou International Campus, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 511442, China
| | - You-Yong Yuan
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, Guangzhou International Campus, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 511442, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, and Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jin-Zhi Du
- School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, and Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Jun Wang
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, Guangzhou International Campus, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 511442, China; National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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9
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Cheng Z, Ma J, Yin L, Yu L, Yuan Z, Zhang B, Tian J, Du Y. Non-invasive molecular imaging for precision diagnosis of metastatic lymph nodes: opportunities from preclinical to clinical applications. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2023; 50:1111-1133. [PMID: 36443568 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-022-06056-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Lymph node metastasis is an indicator of the invasiveness and aggressiveness of cancer. It is a vital prognostic factor in clinical staging of the disease and therapeutic decision-making. Patients with positive metastatic lymph nodes are likely to develop recurrent disease, distant metastasis, and succumb to death in the coming few years. Lymph node dissection and histological analysis are needed to detect whether regional lymph nodes have been infiltrated by cancer cells and determine the likely outcome of treatment and the patient's chances of survival. However, these procedures are invasive, and tissue biopsies are prone to sampling error. In recent years, advanced molecular imaging with novel imaging probes has provided new technologies that are contributing to comprehensive management of cancer, including non-invasive investigation of lymphatic drainage from tumors, identifying metastatic lymph nodes, and guiding surgeons to operate efficiently in patients with complex lesions. In this review, first, we outline the current status of different molecular imaging modalities applied for lymph node metastasis management. Second, we summarize the multi-functional imaging probes applied with the different imaging modalities as well as applications of cancer lymph node metastasis from preclinical studies to clinical translations. Third, we describe the limitations that must be considered in the field of molecular imaging for improved detection of lymph node metastasis. Finally, we propose future directions for molecular imaging technology that will allow more personalized treatment plans for patients with lymph node metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongquan Cheng
- Department of General Surgery, Capital Medical University, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Beijing, 100050, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Jiaojiao Ma
- Department of Medical Ultrasonics, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Yinghua East Road 2#, ChaoYang Dist., Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Lin Yin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100080, China
| | - Leyi Yu
- Department of General Surgery, Capital Medical University, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Zhu Yuan
- Department of General Surgery, Capital Medical University, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Beijing, 100050, China.
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Medical Ultrasonics, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Yinghua East Road 2#, ChaoYang Dist., Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Jie Tian
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China. .,Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data-Based Precision Medicine, School of Medicine Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China.
| | - Yang Du
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100080, China.
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10
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Gao Z, Jia S, Ou H, Hong Y, Shan K, Kong X, Wang Z, Feng G, Ding D. An Activatable Near-Infrared Afterglow Theranostic Prodrug with Self-Sustainable Magnification Effect of Immunogenic Cell Death. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202209793. [PMID: 35916871 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202209793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we report an activatable near-infrared (NIR) afterglow theranostic prodrug that circumvents high background noise interference caused by external light excitation. The prodrug can release hydroxycamptothecin (HCPT) in response to the high intratumoral peroxynitrite level associated with immunogenic cell death (ICD), and synchronously activate afterglow signal to monitor the drug release process and cold-to-hot tumor transformation. The prodrug itself is an ICD inducer achieved by photodynamic therapy (PDT). PDT initiates ICD and recruits first-arrived neutrophils to secrete peroxynitrite to trigger HCPT release. Intriguingly, we demonstrate that HCPT can significantly amplify PDT-mediated ICD process. The prodrug thus shows a self-sustainable ICD magnification effect by establishing an "ICD-HCPT release-amplified ICD" cycling loop. In vivo studies demonstrate that the prodrug can eradicate existing tumors and prevent further tumor recurrence through antitumor immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Gao
- Frontiers Science Center for Cell Responses, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Shaorui Jia
- Frontiers Science Center for Cell Responses, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Hanlin Ou
- Frontiers Science Center for Cell Responses, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Yuning Hong
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Ke Shan
- Shandong Artificial intelligence Institute and Shandong Computer Science Center, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, 250353, China
| | - Xianglong Kong
- Shandong Artificial intelligence Institute and Shandong Computer Science Center, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, 250353, China
| | - Zhiming Wang
- AIE Institute, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates, School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Guangxue Feng
- AIE Institute, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates, School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Dan Ding
- Frontiers Science Center for Cell Responses, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
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11
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Gao G, Sun X, Liu X, Tang R, Wang M, Zhan W, Zheng J, Liang G. FAP-α-Instructed Coumarin Excimer Formation for High Contrast Fluorescence Imaging of Tumor. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:6782-6786. [PMID: 35943287 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c02540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Emissive excimers, which are formed by planar polycyclic aromatic fluorophores (e.g., coumarin), enable high contrast tumor imaging. However, it is still challenging to "turn on" excimer fluorescence in physiological dilute solutions. The biocompatible CBT-Cys click condensation reaction enables both intra- and intermolecular aggregations of the as-loaded fluorophores on the probe molecules, which may promote the generation of emissive excimers in a synergistic manner. As a proof-of-concept, we herein design a fluorescence probe Cbz-Gly-Pro-Cys(StBu)-Lys(coumarin)-CBT (Cbz-GPC(StBu)K(Cou)-CBT), which can be activated by FAP-α under tumor-inherent reduction conditions, undergo a CBT-Cys click reaction, and self-assemble into coumarin nanoparticle Cou-CBT-NP to "turn on" the excimer fluorescence. In vitro and in vivo studies validate that this "smart" probe realizes efficient excimer fluorescence imaging of FAP-α-overexpressed tumor cells with high contrast and enhanced accumulation, respectively. We anticipate that this probe can be applied for diagnosis of FAP-α-related diseases in the clinic in near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
- Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221002, China
| | - Xianbao Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Xiaoyang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Runqun Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Manli Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Wenjun Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Junnian Zheng
- Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221002, China
| | - Gaolin Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
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12
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Gao Z, Jia S, Ou H, Hong Y, Shan K, Kong X, Wang Z, Feng G, Ding D. An Activatable Near‐Infrared Afterglow Theranostic Prodrug with Self‐Sustainable Magnification Effect of Immunogenic Cell Death. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202209793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Gao
- Nankai University College of Life Sciences CHINA
| | - Shaorui Jia
- Nankai University College of Life Sciences CHINA
| | - Hanlin Ou
- Nankai University College of Life Sciences CHINA
| | - Yuning Hong
- La Trobe University Department of Chemistry and Physics AUSTRALIA
| | - Ke Shan
- Qilu University of Technology Shandong Artificial Intelligence Institute CHINA
| | - Xianglong Kong
- Qilu University of Technology Shandong Artificial Intelligence Institute CHINA
| | - Zhiming Wang
- South China University of Technology School of Materials Science and Engineering CHINA
| | - Guangxue Feng
- South China University of Technology School of Materials Science and Engineering CHINA
| | - Dan Ding
- Nankai University College of Life Sciences 94 Weijin Road 300071 Tianjin CHINA
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13
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Gan Y, Yin G, Wang J, Yin P. A novel AIE fluorescent probe for the monitoring of aluminum ions in living cells and zebrafish. Analyst 2022; 147:2828-2833. [PMID: 35621131 DOI: 10.1039/d2an00543c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
A novel fluorescent probe BTD with aggregation induced emission (AIE) characteristics for the monitoring of Al3+ was developed. This fluorescent probe could be used to detect Al3+ in aqueous solution under mild conditions, along with high sensitivity and high selectivity. The detection limit of the probe BTD for Al3+ is as low as 3.25 nM, which is below the WHO recommendation concentration (7.41 μM) for drinking water. Furthermore, this probe was successfully applied to the sensing of Al3+ in living cells and zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yabing Gan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China.
| | - Guoxing Yin
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China.
| | - Jianhua Wang
- Changsha Hospital of Hunan Normal University, The Fourth Hospital of Changsha, Changsha 410081, China.
| | - Peng Yin
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China.
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14
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Abstract
Lymph node mapping for tumor micrometastasis is of great significance for the prevention, prognosis, and treatment of cancer. Currently, the traditional clinical detection methods (computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, or positron emission tomography/computed tomography) in clinical lymph node mapping still have some inherent disadvantages, which have prompted the development of various fluorescent probes for lymph node mapping. However, the conventional fluorescent probes such as indocyanine green or methylene blue in lymph node mapping are still accompanied by several problems such as impaired surgical field vision due to dye staining or less accumulation and shorter retention time in the lymph node. In a recent achievement, newly designed nanoparticles are prepared with novel properties that could be attractive for lymph node mapping. In this review, we will provide details on the progress of various nanoparticles for lymph node mapping and emphasize other multivariant properties in different nanoparticles, including strong tumor-targeting affinity and specificity, self-luminescence, and even with the function to kill metastatic cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Han
- Queen Mary School, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province 330006, P.R. China
| | - Ruirui Kang
- The Department of Ultrasound, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province 330006, P.R. China
| | - Chunquan Zhang
- The Department of Ultrasound, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province 330006, P.R. China
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15
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Tang M, Song Y, Lu YL, Zhang YM, Yu Z, Xu X, Liu Y. Cyclodextrin-Activated Porphyrin Photosensitization for Boosting Self-Cleavable Drug Release. J Med Chem 2022; 65:6764-6774. [PMID: 35485832 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Supramolecular prodrugs that combine the merits of stimuli-responsiveness and targeting ability in a controllable manner have shown appealing prospects in disease diagnostics and therapeutics. Herein, we report that a new theranostic agent with the host-guest-binding-activated photosensitization has been fabricated by a binary supramolecular assembly consisting of the permethyl-β-cyclodextrin-grafted hyaluronic acid and a combretastatin A-4-appended porphyrin derivative. Illuminated by a red-light source, the production efficiency of singlet oxygen (1O2) pronouncedly increases by ∼60-fold once the porphyrin core is encapsulated by cyclodextrins. Consequently, the cell-selective fluorescence emission is dramatically enhanced, the microtubule-targeted drug is rapidly and completely released, and the 1O2-involved combinational treatment is simultaneously achieved both in vitro and in vivo. To be envisaged, this complexation-boosted light-activatable photosensitizing prodrug delivery system with improved photophysical performance and remarkable phototheranostic outcomes will make a significant contribution to the creation of more advanced stimulus-based biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mian Tang
- College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yanqiu Song
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yi-Lin Lu
- College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Ying-Ming Zhang
- College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Zhilin Yu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xiufang Xu
- College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yu Liu
- College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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16
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Zhou Y, Liu R, Shevtsov M, Gao H. When imaging meets size-transformable nanosystems. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 183:114176. [PMID: 35227872 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Imaging techniques, including magnetic, optical, acoustic and nuclear imaging, are gaining popularity as a research tool and clinical diagnostics. The advent of imaging agents-incorporated nanosystems (NSs), with sufficient contrast and high resolution, facilitates better monitoring of disease progression, targeted delivery and therapeutic process. Of note, the size of NSs remarkably affects imaging performance, while both large and small NSs enjoy respective features and superiority for imaging aspect, including penetration depth, signal-to-background ratio and spatiotemporal resolution. In this review, after a systematic summary of the basic knowledge of imaging techniques and its relation with size-tunable strategies, we further provide insights into the opportunities and challenges facing size-transformable NSs of the future for bio-imaging application and clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, PR China
| | - Rui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, PR China
| | - Maxim Shevtsov
- Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), St. Petersburg 194064, Russia
| | - Huile Gao
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, PR China.
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17
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Zhang H, Zhang M, Zhang Y, Wang H, Zhao L, Xu H. Activatable fluorescence molecular imaging and anti-tumor effects investigation of GSH-sensitive BRD4 ligands. Bioorg Chem 2022; 120:105636. [PMID: 35123163 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2022.105636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Overexpression of bromodomain 4 (BRD4) is closely correlated with a variety of human cancers by regulating the histone post-translational modifications, which renders BRD4 a promising target for pharmacological discoveries of novel therapeutic agents for cancer therapy. We herein present the design, chemical synthesis, cellular imaging and biological assessment of a novel tumor-sensitive BRD4 ligand (compound 4) by introducing anticancer BRD4 inhibitor into naphthalimide moiety (fluorescent reporter) via a sulfonamide unit as glutathione (GSH)-specific cleavable linker. Upon reaction with abundant intramolecular GSH in cancer cells or free GSH in aqueous solution (pH = 7.4), sulfonamide cleavage of 4 occurs, leading to the release of BRD4 inhibitor and concomitant fluorescence-on. This activatable fluorescence molecular imaging was demonstrated to preferentially occur in tumor cells. Moreover, towards cancer cell lines MGC-803 cells and THP-1, compound 4 was identified to show better antitumor efficacy than net BRD4 inhibitor. Collectively, this study presents a drug delivery strategy, wherein the drug release can be directly monitored in the cellular content by fluorescence imaging, and provides a valuable compound 4 as a potential antitumor agent. Compound 4 may represent a useful tool for explorative studies of BRD4 inhibition, such as an improved understanding of BRD4 inhibitor release-related information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Henan Province for New Drug R&D and Preclinical Safety, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Mingliang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Henan Province for New Drug R&D and Preclinical Safety, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Yujie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Henan Province for New Drug R&D and Preclinical Safety, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Han Wang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Henan Province for New Drug R&D and Preclinical Safety, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Linnan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Henan Province for New Drug R&D and Preclinical Safety, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Haiwei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Henan Province for New Drug R&D and Preclinical Safety, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China.
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18
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Liu Y, Yang H, Liu Q, Pan M, Wang D, Pan S, Zhang W, Wei J, Zhao X, Ji J. Selenocystine-Derived Label-Free Fluorescent Schiff Base Nanocomplex for siRNA Delivery Synergistically Kills Cancer Cells. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27041302. [PMID: 35209090 PMCID: PMC8878402 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27041302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Chemo and siRNA synergic treatments for tumors is a promising new therapeutic trend. Selenocystine, a selenium analog of cysteine, has been considered a potential antitumor agent due to its redox perturbing role. In this study, we developed a nanocarrier for siRNA based on a selenocystine analog engineered polyetherimide and achieved traceable siRNA delivery and the synergic killing of tumor cells. Notably, we applied the label-free Schiff base fluorescence mechanism, which enabled us to trace the siRNA delivery and to monitor the selenocystine analogs’ local performance. A novel selenocystine-derived fluorescent Schiff base linker was used to crosslink the polyetherimide, thereby generating a traceable siRNA delivery vehicle with green fluorescence. Moreover, we found that this compound induced tumor cells to undergo senescence. Together with the delivery of a siRNA targeting the anti-apoptotic BCL-xl/w genes in senescent cells, it achieved a synergistic inhibition function by inducing both senescence and apoptosis of tumor cells. Therefore, this study provides insights into the development of label-free probes, prodrugs, and materials towards the synergic strategies for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Center of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China;
| | - Haoying Yang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Brain Targeted Bio-Nanomedicine, School of Life Sciences & School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China; (H.Y.); (Q.L.); (M.P.); (S.P.); (W.Z.)
| | - Qian Liu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Brain Targeted Bio-Nanomedicine, School of Life Sciences & School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China; (H.Y.); (Q.L.); (M.P.); (S.P.); (W.Z.)
| | - Mingming Pan
- Henan Key Laboratory of Brain Targeted Bio-Nanomedicine, School of Life Sciences & School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China; (H.Y.); (Q.L.); (M.P.); (S.P.); (W.Z.)
| | - Danli Wang
- Zhoushan Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Zhoushan 316004, China;
| | - Shiyuan Pan
- Henan Key Laboratory of Brain Targeted Bio-Nanomedicine, School of Life Sciences & School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China; (H.Y.); (Q.L.); (M.P.); (S.P.); (W.Z.)
| | - Weiran Zhang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Brain Targeted Bio-Nanomedicine, School of Life Sciences & School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China; (H.Y.); (Q.L.); (M.P.); (S.P.); (W.Z.)
| | - Jinfeng Wei
- Henan Key Laboratory of Brain Targeted Bio-Nanomedicine, School of Life Sciences & School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China; (H.Y.); (Q.L.); (M.P.); (S.P.); (W.Z.)
- Correspondence: (J.W.); (X.Z.); (J.J.)
| | - Xiaowei Zhao
- Henan Key Laboratory of Brain Targeted Bio-Nanomedicine, School of Life Sciences & School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China; (H.Y.); (Q.L.); (M.P.); (S.P.); (W.Z.)
- Correspondence: (J.W.); (X.Z.); (J.J.)
| | - Junfeng Ji
- Center of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China;
- Correspondence: (J.W.); (X.Z.); (J.J.)
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19
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Luo J, Guan Z, Gao W, Wang C, Xu Z, Meng C, Liu Y, Zhang Y, Guo Q, Ling Y. A "Double-Locked" and Enzyme/pH-Activated Theranostic Agent for Accurate Tumor Imaging and Therapy. Molecules 2022; 27:425. [PMID: 35056740 PMCID: PMC8779152 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27020425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Theranostic agents for concurrent cancer therapy and diagnosis have begun attracting attention as a promising modality. However, accurate imaging and identification remains a great challenge for theranostic agents. Here, we designed and synthesized a novel theranostic agent H6M based on the "double-locked" strategy by introducing an electron-withdrawing nitro group into 1-position of a pH-responsive 3-amino-β-carboline and further covalently linking the hydroxamic acid group, a zinc-binding group (ZBG), to the 3-position of β-carboline to obtain histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitory effect for combined HDAC-targeted therapy. We found that H6M can be specifically reduced under overexpressed nitroreductase (NTR) to produce H6AQ, which emits bright fluorescence at low pH. Notably, H6M demonstrated a selective fluorescence imaging via successive reactions with NTR (first "key") and pH (second "key"), and precisely identified tumor margins with a high S/N ratio to guide tumor resection. Finally, H6M exerted robust HDAC1/cancer cell inhibitory activities compared with a known HDAC inhibitor SAHA. Therefore, the NTR/pH-activated theranostic agent provided a novel tool for precise diagnosis and efficient tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Luo
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China;
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China; (W.G.); (C.W.); (Z.X.); (C.M.); (Y.L.)
| | - Zongyu Guan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China;
| | - Weijie Gao
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China; (W.G.); (C.W.); (Z.X.); (C.M.); (Y.L.)
| | - Chen Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China; (W.G.); (C.W.); (Z.X.); (C.M.); (Y.L.)
| | - Zhongyuan Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China; (W.G.); (C.W.); (Z.X.); (C.M.); (Y.L.)
| | - Chi Meng
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China; (W.G.); (C.W.); (Z.X.); (C.M.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yun Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China; (W.G.); (C.W.); (Z.X.); (C.M.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yuquan Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China;
| | - Qingsong Guo
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Yong Ling
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China;
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China; (W.G.); (C.W.); (Z.X.); (C.M.); (Y.L.)
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20
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Zhang Y, Zhang G, Zeng Z, Pu K. Activatable molecular probes for fluorescence-guided surgery, endoscopy and tissue biopsy. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 51:566-593. [PMID: 34928283 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00525a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The real-time, dynamic optical visualization of lesions and margins ensures not only complete resection of the malignant tissues but also better preservation of the vital organs/tissues during surgical procedures. Most imaging probes with an "always-on" signal encounter high background noise due to their non-specific accumulation in normal tissues. By contrast, activatable molecular probes only "turn on" their signals upon reaction with the targeted biomolecules that are overexpressed in malignant cells, offering high target-to-background ratios with high specificity and sensitivity. This review summarizes the recent progress of activatable molecular probes in surgical imaging and diagnosis. The design principle and mechanism of activatable molecular probes are discussed, followed by specific emphasis on applications ranging from fluorescence-guided surgery to endoscopy and tissue biopsy. Finally, potential challenges and perspectives in the field of activatable molecular probe-enabled surgical imaging are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- National Engineering Research Centre for Nanomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry and Materia Medical, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Guopeng Zhang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, P. R. China
| | - Ziling Zeng
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 70 Nanyang Drive, 637457, Singapore
| | - Kanyi Pu
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 70 Nanyang Drive, 637457, Singapore
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21
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An activated excretion-retarded tumor imaging strategy towards metabolic organs. Bioact Mater 2021; 14:110-119. [PMID: 35310363 PMCID: PMC8892090 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2021.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Intraoperative fluorescence-based tumor imaging plays a crucial role in performing the oncological safe tumor resection with the advantage of differentiating tumor from normal tissues. However, the application of these fluorescence contrast agents in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) was dramatically hammered as a result of lacking active targeting and poor retention time in tumor, which limited the Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) and narrowed the imaging window for complicated surgery. Herein, we reported an activated excretion-retarded tumor imaging (AERTI) strategy, which could be in situ activated with MMP-2 and self-assembled on the surface of tumor cells, thereby resulting in a promoted excretion-retarded effect with an extended tumor retention time and enhanced SNR. Briefly, the AERTI strategy could selectively recognize the Integrin αvβ3. Afterwards, the AERTI strategy would be activated and in situ assembled into nanofibrillar structure after specifically cleaved by MMP-2 upregulated in a variety of human tumors. We demonstrated that the AERTI strategy was successfully accumulated at the tumor sites in the 786-O and HepG2 xenograft models. More importantly, the modified modular design strategy obviously enhanced the SNR of AERTI strategy in the imaging of orthotopic RCC and HCC. Taken together, the results presented here undoubtedly confirmed the design and advantage of this AERTI strategy for the imaging of tumors in metabolic organs. Fluorescence-based tumor imaging plays a crucial role in performing the oncological safe tumor resection. Self-assembled peptide possesses the advantage of active targeting and long-term retention time in tumor. The activated excretion-retarded tumor imaging strategy extended the tumor retention time and enhanced SNR. Assembly-mediated peptide probe successfully achieved the accurate identification of tumor boundaries and detection of minimal tumors (<2 mm).
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22
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Walter ERH, Cooper SM, Boyle JJ, Long NJ. Enzyme-activated probes in optical imaging: a focus on atherosclerosis. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:14486-14497. [PMID: 34605500 PMCID: PMC8546924 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt02198b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Enzyme-activated probes enable complex biological processes to be studied in real-time. A wide range of enzymes are modulated in diseases, including cancer, inflammatory diseases and cardiovascular disease, and have the potential to act as vital diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers to monitor and report on disease progression. In this perspective article, we discuss suitable design characteristics of enzyme-activated fluorescent probes for ex vivo and in vivo optical imaging applications. With a particular focus on atherosclerosis imaging, we highlight recent approaches to report on the activity of cathepsins (K and B), matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-2 and MMP-9), thrombin, heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and myeloperoxidase (MPO).
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward R H Walter
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, White City Campus, Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, UK.
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Saul M Cooper
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, White City Campus, Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, UK.
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Joseph J Boyle
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Nicholas J Long
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, White City Campus, Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, UK.
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23
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Zhou H, Qi Z, Pei P, Shen W, Zhang Y, Yang K, Sun L, Liu T. Biocompatible nanomicelles for sensitive detection and photodynamic therapy of early-stage cancer. Biomater Sci 2021; 9:6227-6235. [PMID: 34365494 DOI: 10.1039/d1bm00847a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The lack of sensitive detection techniques and agents for early-stage tumors, which are characterized by small size, juvenile blood vessels and scarce secreted markers, has hampered timely cancer therapy and human well-being. Herein, the natural product pyropheophorbide-a (PPa) and FDA-approved Pluronic F127 are organized to develop F127-PPa nanomicelles with favorable size, red-shifted fluorescence and decent biocompatibility. After intravenous (i.v.) injection, the F127-PPa nanomicelles could not only accurately identify early-stage xenografted tumors, but also sensitively detect cancer metastasis in lungs through near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence imaging. The fluorescence signals are consistent with radionuclide imaging, photoacoustic (PA) imaging and bioluminescence imaging of tumors, consolidating the reliability of using F127-PPa nanomicelles for sensitive cancer diagnosis in a non-invasive and low-cost manner. Moreover, the fluorescence intensity of small tumors is linearly correlated with the tumoral mass ranging from 10 to 120 mg with a fluorescence coefficient of 4.5 × 107 mg-1. Under the guidance of multimodal imaging, the tumors could be thoroughly eradicated by F127-PPa under laser irradiation due to efficient reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. These findings may provide clinically translatable agents and strategies for sensitive diagnosis of early-stage tumors and timely cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection & School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Zhongyuan Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection & School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Pei Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection & School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Wenhao Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection & School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Yanxiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection & School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Kai Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection & School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Liang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection & School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Teng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection & School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China.
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24
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Recent advances in FRET-Based biosensors for biomedical applications. Anal Biochem 2021; 630:114323. [PMID: 34339665 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2021.114323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based biosensors are effective analytical tools extensively used in fields of biomedicine, pharmacology, toxicology, and food sciences. Ratiometric imaging of substantial cellular processes, molecular components, and biological interactions is widely performed by these biosensors. A variety of FRET-based biosensors have provided comprehensive insights into underlying mechanisms of pathological conditions in live cells, tissues, and organisms. Moreover, integration of FRET-based biosensors with the current bioanalytical techniques allows for accurate, rapid, and sensitive diagnosis and proposes the advanced strategies for treatment. Precise analysis of ligand-receptor interactions by FRET-based biosensors has presented a basis for determination of novel therapeutic agents. Therefore, this study was designed to review the recent developments in FRET-based biosensors and their biomedical applications. In addition, characteristics, challenges, and outlooks of these biosensors were discussed.
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25
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Yang G, Liu Y, Zhao CX. Quantitative comparison of different fluorescent dye-loaded nanoparticles. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2021; 206:111923. [PMID: 34146992 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2021.111923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Labeling nanoparticles with fluorescent dyes is a common approach to investigate their cell uptake and biodistribution, providing valuable information for the preclinical assessment of nanoparticles for drug delivery. However, the underlying assumption that the fluorescence intensity of dye-labeled nanoparticles correlates positively with the amount of nanoparticles taken up by cells might not be valid under some conditions, as it can be affected by many factors including dye dispersion, dye quenching, and material shading. Here we demonstrated that both nanoparticles with hydrophobic dyes encapsulated inside and nanoparticles with hydrophilic dyes conjugated on the particle surface suffer from different degrees of dye quenching, making it challenging for quantitative comparison of cell uptake of different nanoparticles. To address this challenge, we proposed a possible solution for direct comparative studies of dye-labeled nanoparticles. This work provides valuable information for designing and evaluating different nanoparticles for drug delivery applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangze Yang
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Yun Liu
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Chun-Xia Zhao
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia.
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26
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Höltke C, Grewer M, Stölting M, Geyer C, Wildgruber M, Helfen A. Exploring the Influence of Different Albumin Binders on Molecular Imaging Probe Distribution. Mol Pharm 2021; 18:2574-2585. [PMID: 34048242 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.1c00064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The biodistribution of molecular imaging probes or tracers mainly depends on the chemical nature of the probe and the preferred metabolization and excretion routes. Small molecules have rather short half-lives while antibodies reside inside the organism for a longer period of time. An excretion via kidneys and bladder is faster than a mainly hepatobiliary elimination. To manipulate the biodistribution behavior of probes, different strategies have been pursued, including utilizing serum albumin as an inherent transport mechanism for small molecules. Here, we modified an existing small molecular fluorescent probe targeted to the endothelin-A receptor (ETAR) with three different albumin-binding moieties to search for an optimal modification strategy. A diphenylcyclohexyl (DPCH) group, a p-iodophenyl butyric acid (IPBA), and a fatty acid (FA) group were attached via amino acid linkers. All three modifications result in transient albumin binding of the developed compounds, as concluded from gel electrophoresis investigations. Spectrophotometric measurements applying variable amounts of bovine, murine, and human serum albumin (BSA, MSA, and HSA) reveal distinct variations of absorption and emission intensities and shifts of their maximum wavelengths. Binding to MSA results in the weakest effects, while binding to HSA leads to the strongest. Cell-based in vitro investigations utilizing ETAR-positive HT-1080 fibrosarcoma and ETAR-negative BT-20 breast adenocarcinoma cells support a retained specific target-binding capacity of the modified compounds and different degrees of unspecific binding. In vivo analysis of a HT-1080 xenograft model in nude mice over the course of 1 week by fluorescence reflectance imaging illustrates noticeable differences between the four examined probes. While the IPBA-modified probe shows the highest absolute signal intensity values, the FA-modified probe exhibits the most favorable tumor-to-organ ratios. In summary, reversible binding to albumin enhances the biological half-life of the designed probes substantially and enables near infrared optical imaging of subcutaneous tumors for several days in vivo. Because the unmodified probe already exhibits reasonable results, the attachment of albumin-binding moieties does not lead to a substantially improved imaging outcome in terms of target-to-background ratios. On the other hand, because the implemented transient albumin binding results in an overall higher amount of probe inside tumor lesions, this strategy might be adaptable for theranostic or therapeutic approaches in a future clinical routine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Höltke
- Clinic for Radiology, University Hospital Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Martin Grewer
- Clinic for Radiology, University Hospital Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Miriam Stölting
- Clinic for Radiology, University Hospital Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Christiane Geyer
- Clinic for Radiology, University Hospital Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Moritz Wildgruber
- Clinic for Radiology, University Hospital Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany.,Department of Radiology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Anne Helfen
- Clinic for Radiology, University Hospital Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
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27
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Atkinson KM, Morsby JJ, Kommidi SSR, Smith BD. Generalizable synthesis of bioresponsive near-infrared fluorescent probes: sulfonated heptamethine cyanine prototype for imaging cell hypoxia. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:4100-4106. [PMID: 33978049 PMCID: PMC8121178 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob00426c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Continued advancement in bioresponsive fluorescence imaging requires new classes of activatable fluorescent probes that emit near-infrared fluorescence with wavelengths above 740 nm. Heptamethine cyanine dyes (Cy7) have suitable fluorescence properties but it is challenging to create activatable probes because Cy7 dyes have a propensity for self-aggregation and fluorescence quenching. A new synthetic strategy is employed to create a generalizable class of hydrophilic bioresponsive near-infrared fluorescent probes with appended sulfonates that provide excellent physiochemical properties. A prototype version is triggered by nitroreductase enzyme to undergo self-immolative cleavage with a large enhancement in fluorescence signal at 780 nm and the probe enables microscopic imaging of cell hypoxia with "turn on" fluorescence. Near-infrared fluorescence imaging of hypoxia is potentially useful in many different areas of biomedical research and clinical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirk M Atkinson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 251 Nieuwland Science Hall, University of Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
| | - Janeala J Morsby
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 251 Nieuwland Science Hall, University of Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
| | - Sai Shradha Reddy Kommidi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 251 Nieuwland Science Hall, University of Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
| | - Bradley D Smith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 251 Nieuwland Science Hall, University of Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
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28
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Jenni S, Ponsot F, Baroux P, Collard L, Ikeno T, Hanaoka K, Quesneau V, Renault K, Romieu A. Design, synthesis and evaluation of enzyme-responsive fluorogenic probes based on pyridine-flanked diketopyrrolopyrrole dyes. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2021; 248:119179. [PMID: 33248891 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2020.119179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The ever-growing demand for fluorogenic dyes usable in the rapid construction of analyte-responsive fluorescent probes, has recently contributed to a revival of interest in the chemistry of diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP) pigments. In this context, we have explored the potential of symmetrical and unsymmetrical DPP derivatives bearing two or one 4-pyridyl substituents acting as optically tunable group(s). The unique fluorogenic behavior of these molecules, closely linked to N-substitution/charge state of their pyridine unit (i.e., neutral pyridine or cationic pyridinium), has been used to design DPP-based fluorescent probes for detection of hypoxia-related redox enzymes and penicillin G acylase (PGA). In this paper, we describe synthesis, spectral characterization and bioanalytical validations of these probes. Dramatic differences in terms of aqueous stability and enzymatic fluorescence activation were observed. This systematic study enables to delineate the scope of application of pyridine-flanked DPP fluorophores in the field of enzyme biosensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Jenni
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Université de Bourgogne, UMR 6302, CNRS, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 9, Avenue Alain Savary, 21000 Dijon, France.
| | - Flavien Ponsot
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Université de Bourgogne, UMR 6302, CNRS, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 9, Avenue Alain Savary, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Pierre Baroux
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Université de Bourgogne, UMR 6302, CNRS, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 9, Avenue Alain Savary, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Lucile Collard
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Université de Bourgogne, UMR 6302, CNRS, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 9, Avenue Alain Savary, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Takayuki Ikeno
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Kenjiro Hanaoka
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Valentin Quesneau
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Université de Bourgogne, UMR 6302, CNRS, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 9, Avenue Alain Savary, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Kévin Renault
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Université de Bourgogne, UMR 6302, CNRS, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 9, Avenue Alain Savary, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Anthony Romieu
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Université de Bourgogne, UMR 6302, CNRS, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 9, Avenue Alain Savary, 21000 Dijon, France.
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29
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Zhong Y, Zhan J, Xu G, Chen Y, Qin Q, Liao X, Ma S, Yang Z, Cai Y. Enzyme‐Instructed Self‐Assembly Enabled Monomer–Excimer Transition to Construct Higher Ordered Luminescent Supramolecular Assembly for Activity‐based Bioimaging. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:8121-8129. [PMID: 33410570 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202014278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanzhi Zhong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Southern Medical University Guangzhou 510515 China
- Guangdong Provincial Biomedical Engineering Technology Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases Department of Cardiology and Laboratory of Heart Center Zhujiang Hospital Southern Medical University Guangzhou 510280 China
| | - Jie Zhan
- Shunde Hospital (The First People's Hospital of Shunde, Foshan) Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering Southern Medical University Guangzhou 510515 China
| | - Guanghui Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Southern Medical University Guangzhou 510515 China
- Guangdong Provincial Biomedical Engineering Technology Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases Department of Cardiology and Laboratory of Heart Center Zhujiang Hospital Southern Medical University Guangzhou 510280 China
| | - Yumiao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials Ministry of Education State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology College of Life Sciences Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Qin Qin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Southern Medical University Guangzhou 510515 China
- Guangdong Provincial Biomedical Engineering Technology Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases Department of Cardiology and Laboratory of Heart Center Zhujiang Hospital Southern Medical University Guangzhou 510280 China
| | - Xu Liao
- Guangdong Provincial Biomedical Engineering Technology Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases Department of Cardiology and Laboratory of Heart Center Zhujiang Hospital Southern Medical University Guangzhou 510280 China
| | - Shaodan Ma
- Guangdong Provincial Biomedical Engineering Technology Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases Department of Cardiology and Laboratory of Heart Center Zhujiang Hospital Southern Medical University Guangzhou 510280 China
| | - Zhimou Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Southern Medical University Guangzhou 510515 China
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials Ministry of Education State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology College of Life Sciences Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Yanbin Cai
- Guangdong Provincial Biomedical Engineering Technology Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases Department of Cardiology and Laboratory of Heart Center Zhujiang Hospital Southern Medical University Guangzhou 510280 China
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30
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Zhong Y, Zhan J, Xu G, Chen Y, Qin Q, Liao X, Ma S, Yang Z, Cai Y. Enzyme‐Instructed Self‐Assembly Enabled Monomer–Excimer Transition to Construct Higher Ordered Luminescent Supramolecular Assembly for Activity‐based Bioimaging. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202014278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanzhi Zhong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Southern Medical University Guangzhou 510515 China
- Guangdong Provincial Biomedical Engineering Technology Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases Department of Cardiology and Laboratory of Heart Center Zhujiang Hospital Southern Medical University Guangzhou 510280 China
| | - Jie Zhan
- Shunde Hospital (The First People's Hospital of Shunde, Foshan) Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering Southern Medical University Guangzhou 510515 China
| | - Guanghui Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Southern Medical University Guangzhou 510515 China
- Guangdong Provincial Biomedical Engineering Technology Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases Department of Cardiology and Laboratory of Heart Center Zhujiang Hospital Southern Medical University Guangzhou 510280 China
| | - Yumiao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials Ministry of Education State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology College of Life Sciences Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Qin Qin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Southern Medical University Guangzhou 510515 China
- Guangdong Provincial Biomedical Engineering Technology Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases Department of Cardiology and Laboratory of Heart Center Zhujiang Hospital Southern Medical University Guangzhou 510280 China
| | - Xu Liao
- Guangdong Provincial Biomedical Engineering Technology Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases Department of Cardiology and Laboratory of Heart Center Zhujiang Hospital Southern Medical University Guangzhou 510280 China
| | - Shaodan Ma
- Guangdong Provincial Biomedical Engineering Technology Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases Department of Cardiology and Laboratory of Heart Center Zhujiang Hospital Southern Medical University Guangzhou 510280 China
| | - Zhimou Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Southern Medical University Guangzhou 510515 China
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials Ministry of Education State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology College of Life Sciences Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Yanbin Cai
- Guangdong Provincial Biomedical Engineering Technology Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases Department of Cardiology and Laboratory of Heart Center Zhujiang Hospital Southern Medical University Guangzhou 510280 China
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31
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He S, Cheng Z. Near-Infrared II Optical Imaging. Mol Imaging 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-816386-3.00025-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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32
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Cheng MHY, Mo Y, Zheng G. Nano versus Molecular: Optical Imaging Approaches to Detect and Monitor Tumor Hypoxia. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2001549. [PMID: 33241672 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202001549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia is a ubiquitous feature of solid tumors, which plays a key role in tumor angiogenesis and resistance development. Conventional hypoxia detection methods lack continuous functional detection and are generally less suitable for dynamic hypoxia measurement. Optical sensors hereby provide a unique opportunity to noninvasively image hypoxia with high spatiotemporal resolution and enable real-time detection. Therefore, these approaches can provide a valuable tool for personalized treatment planning against this hallmark of aggressive cancers. Many small optical molecular probes can enable analyte triggered response and their photophysical properties can also be fine-tuned through structural modification. On the other hand, optical nanoprobes can acquire unique intrinsic optical properties through nanoconfinement as well as enable simultaneous multimodal imaging and drug delivery. Furthermore, nanoprobes provide biological advantages such as improving bioavailability and systemic delivery of the sensor to enhance bioavailability. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the physical, chemical, and biological analytes for cancer hypoxia detection and focuses on discussing the latest nano- and molecular developments in various optical imaging approaches (fluorescence, phosphorescence, and photoacoustic) in vivo. Finally, this review concludes with a perspective toward the potentials of these optical imaging approaches in hypoxia detection and the challenges with molecular and nanotechnology design strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miffy Hok Yan Cheng
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre University Health Network 101 College Street, PMCRT 5–354 Toronto Ontario M5G 1L7 Canada
| | - Yulin Mo
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre University Health Network 101 College Street, PMCRT 5–354 Toronto Ontario M5G 1L7 Canada
- Institute of Medical Science University of Toronto 101 College Street Toronto Ontario M5G 1L7 Canada
| | - Gang Zheng
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre University Health Network 101 College Street, PMCRT 5–354 Toronto Ontario M5G 1L7 Canada
- Institute of Medical Science University of Toronto 101 College Street Toronto Ontario M5G 1L7 Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics University of Toronto 101 College Street Toronto Ontario M5G 1L7 Canada
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33
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Ottobrini L, Martelli C, Lucignani G. Optical Imaging Agents. Mol Imaging 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-816386-3.00035-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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34
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Lang W, Yuan C, Zhu L, Du S, Qian L, Ge J, Yao SQ. Recent advances in construction of small molecule-based fluorophore-drug conjugates. J Pharm Anal 2020; 10:434-443. [PMID: 33133727 PMCID: PMC7591808 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2020.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
As a powerful tool to advance drug discovery, molecular imaging may provide new insights into the process of drug effect and therapy at cellular and molecular levels. When compared with other detection methods, fluorescence-based strategies are highly attractive and can be used to illuminate pathways of drugs' transport, with multi-color capacity, high specificity and good sensitivity. The conjugates of fluorescent molecules and therapeutic agents create exciting avenues for real-time monitoring of drug delivery and distribution, both in vitro and in vivo. In this short review, we discuss recent developments of small molecule-based fluorophore-drug conjugates, including non-cleavable and cleavable ones, that are capable of visualizing drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Lang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, PR China
| | - Chaonan Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, PR China
| | - Liquan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, PR China
| | - Shubo Du
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Linghui Qian
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jingyan Ge
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, PR China
| | - Shao Q. Yao
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
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35
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Zhang Y, Fang F, Li L, Zhang J. Self-Assembled Organic Nanomaterials for Drug Delivery, Bioimaging, and Cancer Therapy. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2020; 6:4816-4833. [PMID: 33455214 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.0c00883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Over the past few decades, tremendous progress has been made in the development of engineering nanomaterials, which opened new horizons in the field of diagnosis and treatment of various diseases. In particular, self-assembled organic nanomaterials with intriguing features including delicate structure tailoring, facile processability, low cost, and excellent biocompatibility have shown outstanding potential in biomedical applications because of the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect and multifunctional properties. In this review, we briefly introduce distinctive merits of self-assembled organic nanomaterials for biomedical applications. The main focus will be placed on summarizing recent advances in self-assembled organic nanomedicine for drug delivery, bioimaging, and cancer phototherapy, followed by highlighting a critical perspective on further development of self-assembled organic nanomaterials for future clinical translation. We believe that the above themes will appeal to researchers from different fields, including material, chemical, and biological sciences, as well as pharmaceutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinfeng Zhang
- International Medical Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, P. R. China
| | - Fang Fang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, School of Life Sciences, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100811, P. R. China
| | - Li Li
- International Medical Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, P. R. China
| | - Jinfeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, School of Life Sciences, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100811, P. R. China
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36
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering Southeast University Nanjing China
| | - Xiaoyang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering Southeast University Nanjing China
| | - Yuxin Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering Southeast University Nanjing China
| | - Fu‐Gen Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering Southeast University Nanjing China
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Mendive‐Tapia L, Wang J, Vendrell M. Fluorescent cyclic peptides for cell imaging. Pept Sci (Hoboken) 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pep2.24181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jinling Wang
- Centre for Inflammation Research The University of Edinburgh Edinburgh UK
| | - Marc Vendrell
- Centre for Inflammation Research The University of Edinburgh Edinburgh UK
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38
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Heitz M, Zamolo S, Javor S, Reymond JL. Fluorescent Peptide Dendrimers for siRNA Transfection: Tracking pH Responsive Aggregation, siRNA Binding, and Cell Penetration. Bioconjug Chem 2020; 31:1671-1684. [PMID: 32421327 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.0c00231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Transfecting nucleic acids into various cells is a key procedure in biological research also envisioned for therapeutic applications. In our effort to obtain simple reagents that would be readily accessible from commercial building blocks, we recently reported peptide dendrimers as single component siRNA transfection reagents accessible in pure form by solid-phase peptide synthesis. Here, we extend our studies of these dendrimers by identifying analogs bearing a coumarin or BODIPY fluorescent label in their core and displaying comparable siRNA transfection efficiencies, pH dependent aggregation, siRNA binding, and secondary structures. Fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) studies show that the dendrimers are tightly associated with siRNA within the formed nanoparticles at pH 7.4 but are released into solution at pH 5.0 and can participate in endosome escape by destabilizing the membrane at this pH value. Colocalization studies furthermore suggest that peptide dendrimers and siRNA remain tightly associated throughout the transfection process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Heitz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Susanna Zamolo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sacha Javor
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Louis Reymond
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
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39
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Liu TT, Xu J, Liu CG, Zeng S, Xing ZY, Sun XJ, Li JL. A novel dual-function probe for recognition and differentiation of Zn2+ and Al3+ and its application. J Mol Liq 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2019.112250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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40
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Chen C, Tian R, Zeng Y, Chu C, Liu G. Activatable Fluorescence Probes for “Turn-On” and Ratiometric Biosensing and Bioimaging: From NIR-I to NIR-II. Bioconjug Chem 2020; 31:276-292. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.9b00734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, Fujian 361023, China
| | - Rui Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics & Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Yun Zeng
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, Fujian 361023, China
| | - Chengchao Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics & Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Gang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics & Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
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41
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Feng G, Zhang GQ, Ding D. Design of superior phototheranostic agents guided by Jablonski diagrams. Chem Soc Rev 2020; 49:8179-8234. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00671h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes how Jablonski diagrams guide the design of advanced organic optical agents and improvement of disease phototheranostic efficacies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangxue Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates
- AIE Institute
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- South China University of Technology
| | - Guo-Qiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials
- Ministry of Education, and College of Life Sciences
- Nankai University
- Tianjin 300071
| | - Dan Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials
- Ministry of Education, and College of Life Sciences
- Nankai University
- Tianjin 300071
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42
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Ko YJ, Lee JW, Yang EJ, Jang N, Park J, Jeon YK, Yu JW, Cho NH, Kim HS, Chan Kwon I. Non-invasive in vivo imaging of caspase-1 activation enables rapid and spatiotemporal detection of acute and chronic inflammatory disorders. Biomaterials 2020; 226:119543. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2019.119543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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43
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Celikbas E, Balaban S, Evran S, Coskunol H, Timur S. A Bottom-Up Approach for Developing Aptasensors for Abused Drugs: Biosensors in Forensics. BIOSENSORS-BASEL 2019; 9:bios9040118. [PMID: 31581533 PMCID: PMC6955935 DOI: 10.3390/bios9040118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Aptamer-based point-of-care (POC) diagnostics platforms may be of substantial benefit in forensic analysis as they provide rapid, sensitive, user-friendly, and selective analysis tools for detection. Aptasensors have not yet been adapted commercially. However, the significance of the applications of aptasensors in the literature exceeded their potential. Herein, in this review, a bottom-up approach is followed to describe the aptasensor development and application procedure, starting from the synthesis of the corresponding aptamer sequence for the selected analyte to creating a smart surface for the sensitive detection of the molecule of interest. Optical and electrochemical biosensing platforms, which are designed with aptamers as recognition molecules, detecting abused drugs are critically reviewed, and existing and possible applications of different designs are discussed. Several potential disciplines in which aptamer-based biosensing technology can be of greatest value, including forensic drug analysis and biological evidence, are then highlighted to encourage researchers to focus on developing aptasensors in these specific areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eda Celikbas
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Natural and Applied Sciences, Ege University, 35100 Bornova, Izmir, Turkey;
- Correspondence: (E.A.); (S.E.); (S.T.)
| | - Simge Balaban
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Natural and Applied Sciences, Ege University, 35100 Bornova, Izmir, Turkey;
| | - Serap Evran
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Natural and Applied Sciences, Ege University, 35100 Bornova, Izmir, Turkey;
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Ege University, 35100 Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
- Correspondence: (E.A.); (S.E.); (S.T.)
| | - Hakan Coskunol
- Department of Mental Health and Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, 35100 Bornova, Izmir, Turkey;
| | - Suna Timur
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Natural and Applied Sciences, Ege University, 35100 Bornova, Izmir, Turkey;
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Ege University, 35100 Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
- Central Research Testing and Analysis Laboratory Research and Application Center, Ege University, 35100 Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
- Correspondence: (E.A.); (S.E.); (S.T.)
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44
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Renault K, Debieu S, Richard JA, Romieu A. Deeper insight into protease-sensitive "covalent-assembly" fluorescent probes for practical biosensing applications. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:8918-8932. [PMID: 31560014 DOI: 10.1039/c9ob01773a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
We report a rational and systematic study devoted to the structural optimisation of a novel class of protease-sensitive fluorescent probes that we recently reported (S. Debieu and A. Romieu, Org. Biomol. Chem., 2017, 15, 2575-2584), based on the "covalent-assembly" strategy and using the targeted enzyme penicillin G acylase as a model protease to build a fluorescent pyronin dye by triggering a biocompatible domino cyclisation-aromatisation reaction. The aim is to identify ad hoc probe candidate(s) that might combine fast/reliable fluorogenic "turn-on" response, full stability in complex biological media and ability to release a second molecule of interest (drug or second fluorescent reporter), for applications in disease diagnosis and therapy. We base our strategy on screening a set of active methylene compounds (C-nucleophiles) to convert the parent probe to various pyronin caged precursors bearing Michael acceptor moieties of differing reactivities. In vitro stability and fluorescent enzymatic assays combined with HPLC-fluorescence analyses provide data useful for defining the most appropriate structural features for these fluorogenic scaffolds depending on the specifications inherent to biological application (from biosensing to theranostics) for which they will be used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kévin Renault
- ICMUB, UMR 6302, CNRS, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 9, Avenue Alain Savary, 21000 Dijon, France.
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45
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Fluorescence Characteristics of Aqueous Synthesized Tin Oxide Quantum Dots for the Detection of Heavy Metal Ions in Contaminated Water. NANOMATERIALS 2019; 9:nano9091294. [PMID: 31510076 PMCID: PMC6781020 DOI: 10.3390/nano9091294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Tin oxide quantum dots were synthesized in aqueous solution via a simple hydrolysis and oxidation process. The morphology observation showed that the quantum dots had an average grain size of 2.23 nm. The rutile phase SnO2 was confirmed by the structural and compositional characterization. The fluorescence spectroscopy of quantum dots was used to detect the heavy metal ions of Cd2+, Fe3+, Ni2+ and Pb2+, which caused the quenching effect of photoluminescence. The quantum dots showed the response of 2.48 to 100 ppm Ni2+. The prepared SnO2 quantum dots exhibited prospective in the detection of heavy metal ions in contaminated water, including deionized water, deionized water with Fe3+, reclaimed water and sea water. The limit of detection was as low as 0.01 ppm for Ni2+ detection. The first principle calculation based on the density function theory demonstrated the dependence of fluorescence response on the adsorption energy of heavy metal ions as well as ion radius. The mechanism of fluorescence response was discussed based on the interaction between Sn vacancies and Ni2+ ions. A linear correlation of fluorescence emission intensity against Ni2+ concentration was obtained in the logarithmic coordinates. The density of active Sn vacancies was the crucial factor that determined fluorescence response of SnO2 QDs to heavy metal ions.
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46
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FÖrster resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based biosensors for biological applications. Biosens Bioelectron 2019; 138:111314. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2019.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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47
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He S, Xie C, Jiang Y, Pu K. An Organic Afterglow Protheranostic Nanoassembly. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1902672. [PMID: 31206855 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201902672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Cancer theranostics holds potential promise for precision medicine; however, most existing theranostic nanoagents are simply developed by doping both therapeutic agents and imaging agent into one particle entity, and thus have an "always-on" pharmaceutical effect and imaging signals regardless of their in vivo location. Herein, the development of an organic afterglow protheranostic nanoassembly (APtN) that specifically activates both the pharmaceutical effect and diagnostic signals in response to a tumor-associated chemical mediator (hydrogen peroxide, H2 O2 ) is reported. APtN comprises an amphiphilic macromolecule and a near-infrared (NIR) dye acting as the H2 O2 -responsive afterglow prodrug and the afterglow initiator, respectively. Such a molecular architecture allows APtN to passively target tumors in living mice, specifically release the anticancer drug in the tumor, and spontaneously generate the uncaged afterglow substrate. Upon NIR light preirradiation, the afterglow initiator generates singlet oxygen to react and subsequently transform the uncaged afterglow substrate into an active self-luminescent form. Thus, the intensity of generated afterglow luminescence is correlated with the drug release status, permitting real-time in vivo monitoring of prodrug activation. This study proposes a background-free design strategy toward activatable cancer theranostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shasha He
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 70 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637457, Singapore
| | - Chen Xie
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 70 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637457, Singapore
| | - Yuyan Jiang
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 70 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637457, Singapore
| | - Kanyi Pu
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 70 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637457, Singapore
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48
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Kawatani M, Yamamoto K, Yamada D, Kamiya M, Miyakawa J, Miyama Y, Kojima R, Morikawa T, Kume H, Urano Y. Fluorescence Detection of Prostate Cancer by an Activatable Fluorescence Probe for PSMA Carboxypeptidase Activity. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:10409-10416. [PMID: 31244179 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b04412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is a common malignant tumor among adult males, and convenient intraoperative detection of PCa would reduce the risk of leaving positive surgical margins, especially during nerve-sparing procedures. To achieve rapid, fluorescence-based visualization of PCa, we focused on the glutamate carboxypeptidase (CP) activity of prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA), a type II transmembrane glycoprotein that is attracting attention as a PCa biomarker. Based on our finding that aryl glutamate conjugates with an azoformyl linker are recognized by PSMA and have a sufficiently low LUMO (lowest unoccupied molecular orbital) energy level to quench the fluorophore through photoinduced electron transfer, we designed and synthesized a first-in-class activatable fluorescence probe for CP activity of PSMA. The developed probe allowed us to visualize the CP activity of PSMA in living cells and in clinical specimens from PCa patients and is expected to be useful for rapid intraoperative detection and diagnosis of PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Daisuke Yamada
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine , The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1 Hongo , Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655 , Japan
| | - Mako Kamiya
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency , 4-1-8 Honcho , Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012 , Japan
| | - Jimpei Miyakawa
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine , The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1 Hongo , Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655 , Japan
| | - Yu Miyama
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine , The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1 Hongo , Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655 , Japan
| | - Ryosuke Kojima
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency , 4-1-8 Honcho , Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012 , Japan
| | - Teppei Morikawa
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine , The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1 Hongo , Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655 , Japan
| | - Haruki Kume
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine , The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1 Hongo , Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655 , Japan
| | - Yasuteru Urano
- AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development , 1-7-1 Otemachi , Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo , 100-0004 , Japan
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49
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Li Y, Yang S, Guo L, Xiao Y, Luo J, Li Y, Wong MS, Yang R. Differentiation of Intracellular Hyaluronidase Isoform by Degradable Nanoassembly Coupled with RNA-Binding Fluorescence Amplification. Anal Chem 2019; 91:6887-6893. [PMID: 30990018 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b01242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Hyaluronidase has two cruical isoforms, hyaluronidase-1 (Hyal-1) and hyaluronidase-2 (Hyal-2), which are essential for cellular hyaluronic acid (HA) catabolism to generate different-sized oligosaccharide fragments for performing different physiological functions. In particular, Hyal-1 is the major tumor-derived hyaluronidase. Thus, specific detection of one hyaluronidase isoform, especially Hyal-1, in live cells is of scientific significance but remains challenging. Herein, by use of differentiated tolerance capability of an amphiphilic HA-based nanoassembly to Hyal-1 and Hyal-2, we rationally design a Hyal-1 specific nanosensor, consisting of cholesterylamine-modified HA nanoassembly (CHA) and RNA-binding fluorophores (RBF). The RBF molecules were entrapped in CHA to switch off their fluorescence via aggregation caused quenching. However, CHA can be disassembled by Hyal-1 to release RBF, resulting in fluorescence activation. Moreover, the fluorescence of the released RBF is further enhanced by cytoplasm RNA. Owing to this cascade signal amplification, this nanosensor RBF@CHA displays a significant change of signal-to-background-noise ratio (120-fold) toward 16 μg/mL Hyal-1 in cellular lysates. In contrast, it is resistant to Hyal-2. By virtue of its selective and sensitive characteristics under a complicated matrix, RBF@CHA had been successfully applied for specifically visualizing Hyal-1 over Hyal-2 inside live cells for the first time, detecting a low level of intracellular Hyal-1 and distinguishing normal and cancer cells with different expressions of Hyal-1. This approach would be useful to better understand biological functions and related diseases of intracellular Hyal-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Hunan University , Changsha 410082 , People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng Yang
- School of Chemistry and Food Engineering , Changsha University of Science and Technology , Changsha 410114 , People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Guo
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Molecular Functional Materials , Hong Kong Baptist University , Kowloon Tong , Hong Kong SAR , People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Hunan University , Changsha 410082 , People's Republic of China
| | - Jinqiu Luo
- School of Chemistry and Food Engineering , Changsha University of Science and Technology , Changsha 410114 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yinhui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Hunan University , Changsha 410082 , People's Republic of China
| | - Man Shing Wong
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Molecular Functional Materials , Hong Kong Baptist University , Kowloon Tong , Hong Kong SAR , People's Republic of China
| | - Ronghua Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Hunan University , Changsha 410082 , People's Republic of China.,School of Chemistry and Food Engineering , Changsha University of Science and Technology , Changsha 410114 , People's Republic of China
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50
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Harmatys KM, Overchuk M, Zheng G. Rational Design of Photosynthesis-Inspired Nanomedicines. Acc Chem Res 2019; 52:1265-1274. [PMID: 31021599 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.9b00104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The sun is the most abundant source of energy on earth. Phototrophs have discovered clever strategies to harvest this light energy and convert it to chemical energy for biomass production. This is achieved in light-harvesting complexes, or antennas, that funnel the exciton energy into the reaction centers. Antennas contain an array of chlorophylls, linear tetrapyrroles, and carotenoid pigments spatially controlled by neighboring proteins. This fine-tuned regulation of protein-pigment arrangements is crucial for survival in the conditions of both excess and extreme light deficit. Photomedicine and photodiagnosis have long been utilizing naturally derived and synthetic monomer dyes for imaging, photodynamic and photothermal therapy; however, the precise regulation of damage inflicted by these therapies requires more complex architectures. In this Account, we discuss how two mechanisms found in photosynthetic systems, photoprotection and light harvesting, have inspired scientists to create nanomedicines for more effective and precise phototherapies. Researchers have been recapitulating natural photoprotection mechanisms by utilizing carotenoids and other quencher molecules toward the design of photodynamic molecular beacons (PDT beacons) for disease-specific photoactivation. We highlight the seminal studies describing peptide-linked porphyrin-carotenoid PDT beacons, which are locally activated by a disease-specific enzyme. Examples of more advanced constructs include tumor-specific mRNA-activatable and polyionic cell-penetrating PDT beacons. An alternative approach toward harnessing photosynthetic processes for biomedical applications includes the design of various nanostructures. This Account will primarily focus on organic lipid-based micro- and nanoparticles. The phenomenon of nonphotochemical quenching, or excess energy release in the form of heat, has been widely explored in the context of porphyrin-containing nanomedicines. These quenched nanostructures can be implemented toward photoacoustic imaging and photothermal therapy. Upon nanostructure disruption, as a result of tissue accumulation and subsequent cell uptake, activatable fluorescence imaging and photodynamic therapy can be achieved. Alternatively, processes found in nature for light harvesting under dim conditions, such as in the deep sea, can be harnessed to maximize light absorption within the tissue. Specifically, high-ordered dye aggregation that results in a bathochromic shift and increased absorption has been exploited for the collection of more light with longer wavelengths, characterized by maximum tissue penetration. Overall, the profound understanding of photosynthetic systems combined with rapid development of nanotechnology has yielded a unique field of nature-inspired photomedicine, which holds promise toward more precise and effective phototherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara M. Harmatys
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Marta Overchuk
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 164 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Gang Zheng
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 164 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
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