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Mosaddeghi P, Farahmandnejad M, Zarshenas MM. The role of transposable elements in aging and cancer. Biogerontology 2023:10.1007/s10522-023-10028-z. [PMID: 37017895 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-023-10028-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2023]
Abstract
Transposable elements (TEs) constitute a large portion of the human genome. Various mechanisms at the transcription and post-transcription levels developed to suppress TE activity in healthy conditions. However, a growing body of evidence suggests that TE dysregulation is involved in various human diseases, including age-related diseases and cancer. In this review, we explained how sensing TEs by the immune system could induce innate immune responses, chronic inflammation, and following age-related diseases. We also noted that inflammageing and exogenous carcinogens could trigger the upregulation of TEs in precancerous cells. Increased inflammation could enhance epigenetic plasticity and upregulation of early developmental TEs, which rewires the transcriptional networks and gift the survival advantage to the precancerous cells. In addition, upregulated TEs could induce genome instability, activation of oncogenes, or inhibition of tumor suppressors and consequent cancer initiation and progression. So, we suggest that TEs could be considered therapeutic targets in aging and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pouria Mosaddeghi
- Medicinal Plants Processing Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Science, Shiraz, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mitra Farahmandnejad
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Quality Control of Drug Products Department, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad M Zarshenas
- Department of Phytopharmaceuticals (Traditional Pharmacy), School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
- Epilepsy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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2
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Fan N, Chen K, Zhu R, Zhang Z, Huang H, Qin S, Zheng Q, He Z, He X, Xiao W, Zhang Y, Gu Y, Zhao C, Liu Y, Jiang X, Li S, Wei Y, Song X. Manganese-coordinated mRNA vaccines with enhanced mRNA expression and immunogenicity induce robust immune responses against SARS-CoV-2 variants. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabq3500. [PMID: 36563159 PMCID: PMC9788765 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abq3500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
It is urgent to develop more effective mRNA vaccines against the emerging severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants owing to the immune escape. Here, we constructed a novel mRNA delivery system [IC8/Mn lipid nanoparticles (IC8/Mn LNPs)]with high immunogenicity, via introducing a stimulator of interferon genes (STING) agonist [manganese (Mn)] based on a newly synthesized ionizable lipid (IC8). It was found that Mn can not only promote maturation of antigen-presenting cells via activating STING pathway but also improve mRNA expression by facilitating lysosomal escape for the first time. Subsequently, IC8/Mn LNPs loaded with mRNA encoding the Spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 Delta or Omicron variant (IC8/Mn@D or IC8/Mn@O) were prepared. Both mRNA vaccines induced substantial specific immunoglobulin G responses against Delta or Omicron. IC8/Mn@D displayed strong pseudovirus neutralization ability, T helper 1-biased immune responses, and good safety. It can be concluded that IC8/Mn LNPs have great potential for developing Mn-coordinated mRNA vaccines with robust immunogenicity and good safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Fan
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Kepan Chen
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Rong Zhu
- WestChina-Frontier PharmaTech Co. Ltd., Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhongwei Zhang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Hai Huang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Shugang Qin
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Qian Zheng
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhongshan He
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xi He
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Wen Xiao
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yupei Zhang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yongjun Gu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Changchun Zhao
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yongmei Liu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xin Jiang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Shuaicheng Li
- Department of Computer Science, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Ave., Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yuquan Wei
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiangrong Song
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Corresponding author.
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3
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Musella M, Galassi C, Manduca N, Sistigu A. The Yin and Yang of Type I IFNs in Cancer Promotion and Immune Activation. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10090856. [PMID: 34571733 PMCID: PMC8467547 DOI: 10.3390/biology10090856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary The crucial immune stimulatory functions exerted by Type I Interferons (IFNs) in cancer settings have been not only widely demonstrated during the last fifty years but also recently harnessed for therapy. However, depending on the dose and timing, and the downstream induced signatures, Type I IFNs can and do foster cancer progression and immune evasion. Dysregulations of Type I IFN signaling cascade are more and more frequently found in the tumor microenvironment, representing critical determinants of therapeutic innate and adaptive resistance to several anticancer treatments. Understanding when and through which genetic signatures Type I IFNs control or promote cancer growth is extremely urgent in order to prevent and by-pass the deleterious clinical effects and develop optimized innovative (combinatorial) strategies for an effective cancer management. Abstract Type I Interferons (IFNs) are key regulators of natural and therapy-induced host defense against viral infection and cancer. Several years of remarkable progress in the field of oncoimmunology have revealed the dual nature of these cytokines. Hence, Type I IFNs may trigger anti-tumoral responses, while leading immune dysfunction and disease progression. This dichotomy relies on the duration and intensity of the transduced signaling, the nature of the unleashed IFN stimulated genes, and the subset of responding cells. Here, we discuss the role of Type I IFNs in the evolving relationship between the host immune system and cancer, as we offer a view of the therapeutic strategies that exploit and require an intact Type I IFN signaling, and the role of these cytokines in inducing adaptive resistance. A deep understanding of the complex, yet highly regulated, network of Type I IFN triggered molecular pathways will help find a timely and immune“logical” way to exploit these cytokines for anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Musella
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy; (C.G.); (N.M.)
- Correspondence: (M.M.); (A.S.); Tel.: +39-0649904452 (M.M.); +39-0649904457 (A.S.)
| | - Claudia Galassi
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy; (C.G.); (N.M.)
| | - Nicoletta Manduca
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy; (C.G.); (N.M.)
| | - Antonella Sistigu
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy; (C.G.); (N.M.)
- Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy Unit, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, 00144 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: (M.M.); (A.S.); Tel.: +39-0649904452 (M.M.); +39-0649904457 (A.S.)
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4
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Zhong Z, Chen W, Gao H, Che N, Xu M, Yang L, Zhang Y, Ye M. Fecal Microbiota Transplantation Exerts a Protective Role in MPTP-Induced Parkinson's Disease via the TLR4/PI3K/AKT/NF-κB Pathway Stimulated by α-Synuclein. Neurochem Res 2021; 46:3050-3058. [PMID: 34347266 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-021-03411-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Gut microbiota is closely related to the Parkinson's disease (PD) pathogenesis. Additionally, aggregation of α-synuclein (α-syn) is central to PD pathogenesis. Here we identified the further mechanisms of gut microbiota in PD. A mouse model with PD was established via injection of MPTP. Normal or MPTP-induced PD like animals were treated with FMT from healthy normal mice. Pole test and traction test were performed to examine the effects of FMT on motor function of PD mice. Fecal SCFAs were assessed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The α-syn level in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SN) of mice was measured using western blot. Dopaminergic neurons and microglial activation in the SN were analyzed by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and immunofluorescence (IF) staining. FMT alleviated physical impairment, decreased fecal SCFAs in a mouse model of PD. Additionally, FMT decreased the expression of α-syn, as well as inhibited the activation of microglia in the SN, and blocked the TLR4/PI3K/AKT/NF-κB signaling in the SN and striatum. FMT could protect mice against PD via suppressing α-syn expression and inactivating the TLR4/PI3K/AKT/NF-κB signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Zhong
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated BenQ Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 71, Hexi Street, Jianye District, 210019, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Weijie Chen
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated BenQ Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 71, Hexi Street, Jianye District, 210019, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Huan Gao
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated BenQ Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 71, Hexi Street, Jianye District, 210019, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ningning Che
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated BenQ Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 71, Hexi Street, Jianye District, 210019, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Min Xu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated BenQ Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 71, Hexi Street, Jianye District, 210019, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lanqing Yang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated BenQ Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 71, Hexi Street, Jianye District, 210019, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yingfang Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated BenQ Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 71, Hexi Street, Jianye District, 210019, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Min Ye
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated BenQ Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 71, Hexi Street, Jianye District, 210019, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
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5
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf P Brandes
- Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Germany (R.P.B., F.R.).,DZHK - German Center for Cardiovascular Research, Partner site Rhine-Main (R.P.B., F.R.)
| | - Flávia Rezende
- Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Germany (R.P.B., F.R.).,DZHK - German Center for Cardiovascular Research, Partner site Rhine-Main (R.P.B., F.R.)
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6
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Lu GF, Chen SC, Xia YP, Ye ZM, Cao F, Hu B. Synergistic inflammatory signaling by cGAS may be involved in the development of atherosclerosis. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:5650-5673. [PMID: 33589571 PMCID: PMC7950297 DOI: 10.18632/aging.202491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Inappropriate activation or overactivation of cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) by double-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid (dsDNA) initiates a regulatory signaling cascade triggering a variety of inflammatory responses, which are a great threat to human health. This study focused on identifying the role of cGAS in atherosclerosis and its potential mechanisms. The relationship between cGAS and atherosclerosis was identified in an ApoE -/- mouse model. Meanwhile, RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis of the underlying mechanisms of atherosclerosis in RAW264.7 macrophages treated with cGAS inhibition was conducted. Results showed that cGAS was positively correlated with atherosclerotic plaque area, and was mainly distributed in macrophages. RNA-seq analysis revealed that inflammatory response, immune response and cytokine–cytokine receptor interaction may play important roles in the development of atherosclerosis. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) results showed that the expression of the pro-inflammatory factors, signal transducer and activator of transcription (Stat), interferon regulatory factor (Irf), toll-like receptors (Tlrs), and type I interferons (Ifns) were synergistically reduced when cGAS was inhibited. Furthermore, cGAS inhibition significantly inhibited RAW264.7 macrophage M1 polarization. These results demonstrate that cGAS may contribute to the development of atherosclerosis through synergistic inflammatory signaling of TLRs, STAT/IRF as well as IFNs, leading to macrophage M1 polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guan-Feng Lu
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Sheng-Cai Chen
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Yuan-Peng Xia
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Zi-Ming Ye
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.,Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Fei Cao
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Bo Hu
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
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7
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Hu J, Hodgkinson CP, Pratt RE, Lee J, Sullenger BA, Dzau VJ. Enhancing cardiac reprogramming via synthetic RNA oligonucleotides. MOLECULAR THERAPY-NUCLEIC ACIDS 2020; 23:55-62. [PMID: 33335792 PMCID: PMC7723775 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2020.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Reprogramming scar fibroblasts into new heart muscle cells has the potential to restore function to the injured heart. However, the effectiveness of reprogramming is notably low. We have recently demonstrated that the effectiveness of reprogramming fibroblasts into heart muscle cells (cardiomyocytes) is increased by the addition of RNA-sensing receptor ligands. Clinical use of these ligands is problematic due to their ability to induce adverse inflammatory events. To overcome this issue, we sought to determine whether synthetic analogs of natural RNA-sensing receptor ligands, which avoid generating inflammatory insults and are nuclease resistant, would similarly enhance fibroblast reprogramming into cardiomyocytes. Indeed, one such stabilized RNA, ICR2, increased the expression of cardiomyocyte-specific mRNAs in reprogrammed fibroblasts. Moreover, ICR2 enhanced the ability of reprogramming factors to produce cardiomyocytes with mature sarcomeres. Knockdown assays indicated that the effects of ICR2 were mediated by the RNA-sensing receptors Rig-I and TLR3. In addition, ICR2 reduced the effective dose and number of reprogramming factors needed for efficient reprogramming. In summary, the synthetic RNA oligonucleotide ICR2 is a potential therapeutic agent to enhance cardiac reprogramming efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiabiao Hu
- Mandel Center for Heart and Vascular Research, and the Duke Cardiovascular Research Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Conrad P Hodgkinson
- Mandel Center for Heart and Vascular Research, and the Duke Cardiovascular Research Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Richard E Pratt
- Mandel Center for Heart and Vascular Research, and the Duke Cardiovascular Research Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - JaeWoo Lee
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | | | - Victor J Dzau
- Mandel Center for Heart and Vascular Research, and the Duke Cardiovascular Research Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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8
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Gao S, Wang Y, Li D, Guo Y, Zhu M, Xu S, Mao J, Fan G. TanshinoneIIA Alleviates Inflammatory Response and Directs Macrophage Polarization in Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated RAW264.7 Cells. Inflammation 2019; 42:264-275. [PMID: 30218320 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-018-0891-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
TanshinoneIIA (TanIIA) has been demonstrated to possess numerous biological effects. However, the specific effect of TanIIA on macrophage polarization has not been reported. In this study, it was revealed that TanIIA might play a pivotal role in macrophage polarization. As our results indicated, cell morphology was changed in RAW264.7 cells which were treated with LPS or LPS/TanIIA (0.1 μM, 1 μM, 10 μM). Subsequently, pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α and anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 were measured by ELISA kits. Furthermore, TanIIA enhanced the expression of M2 macrophage markers (Arg1 and FIZZ1) and decreased the expression of markers associated with M1 macrophage polarization (iNOS and IL-1β). Increased expression of CD206 was also detected by flow cytometry in TanIIA-treated groups. Mechanistically, it was revealed that TanIIA modulated macrophage polarization by ameliorating mitochondrial function and regulating TLR4-HMGB1/CEBP-β pathway. In addition, increased expression of miR-155 was observed in RAW264.7 cells incubated with LPS and were effectively inhibited by TanIIA. Taken together, it was suggested that TanIIA inhibits inflammatory response and promotes macrophage polarization toward an M2 phenotype, which provides new evidence for the anti-inflammation activity of TanIIA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Gao
- Medical Experiment Center, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 314 An Shan Xi Road, Nan Kai District, Tianjin, 300193, China
| | - Yili Wang
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 312 An Shan Xi Road, Nan Kai District, Tianjin, 300193, China
| | - Dan Li
- Medical Experiment Center, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 314 An Shan Xi Road, Nan Kai District, Tianjin, 300193, China
| | - Yuying Guo
- Medical Experiment Center, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 314 An Shan Xi Road, Nan Kai District, Tianjin, 300193, China
| | - Meifeng Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Shixin Xu
- Medical Experiment Center, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 314 An Shan Xi Road, Nan Kai District, Tianjin, 300193, China
| | - Jingyuan Mao
- Medical Experiment Center, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 314 An Shan Xi Road, Nan Kai District, Tianjin, 300193, China
| | - Guanwei Fan
- Medical Experiment Center, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 314 An Shan Xi Road, Nan Kai District, Tianjin, 300193, China.
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9
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Shao QH, Yan WF, Zhang Z, Ma KL, Peng SY, Cao YL, Yuan YH, Chen NH. Nurr1: A vital participant in the TLR4-NF-κB signal pathway stimulated by α-synuclein in BV-2 cells. Neuropharmacology 2019; 144:388-399. [PMID: 29634982 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a multi-factorial neurodegenerative disease. Abnormal α-synuclein protein aggregate and sustained microglia activation contribute to the pathogenic processes of PD. However, the relationship between α-synuclein and microglia-mediated neuroinflammation remains unclear. We purified α-synuclein after overexpression in Escherichia coli and then used it to stimulate BV-2 cells or primary microglia cells from wild type or toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-defective mice. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and real-time PCR results confirmed that α-synuclein could enhance the production of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) through TLR4 activation. Western blotting results confirmed the involvement of the TLR4/PI3K/AKT/GSK3β signal pathway in the inflammatory response. Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) could translocate to the nucleus, promoting the expression of TNF-α when stimulated by α-synuclein in BV-2 cells. Nurr1 suppressed the production of TNF-α via interaction with NF-κB/p65 and inhibiting its nuclear translocation. In addition, both NF-κB and Nurr1 appeared to be regulated by the TLR4-mediated signal pathway. Our work demonstrated that TLR4 recognized α-synuclein and activated downstream signaling mechanisms leading to the release of pro-inflammatory mediators that are contra-balanced by Nurr1 expression. In conclusion, Nurr1 is a novel participant in the neuroinflammation stimulated by α-synuclein, thus the regulation of Nurr1 may be a novel neuroprotective target for PD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian-Hang Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Wen-Fen Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Zhao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Kai-Li Ma
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, China
| | - Shan-Ying Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Ying-Li Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yu-He Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Nai-Hong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China; College of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208, China.
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10
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Meng S, Chanda P, Thandavarayan RA, Cooke JP. Transflammation: How Innate Immune Activation and Free Radicals Drive Nuclear Reprogramming. Antioxid Redox Signal 2018; 29:205-218. [PMID: 29634341 PMCID: PMC6003401 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2017.7364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Yamanaka and colleagues galvanized the field of stem cell biology and regenerative medicine by their generation of induced pluripotent stem cells. Evidence is emerging that activation of innate immune signaling is critical for efficient reprogramming to pluripotency and for the nuclear reprogramming occurring in transdifferentiation. Recent Advances: We have shown that innate immune signaling triggers a global change in the expression of epigenetic modifiers to enhance DNA accessibility. In this state of epigenetic plasticity, overexpression of lineage determination factors, and/or environmental cues and paracrine factors, can induce pluripotency, or can direct transdifferentiation to another somatic cell lineage. Accumulating evidence reveals that innate immune activation triggers the generation of reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species, and that these free radicals are required for nuclear reprogramming to pluripotency or for transdifferentiation. CRITICAL ISSUES We have discovered a limb of innate immune signaling that regulates DNA accessibility, in part, by the action of free radicals to induce post-translational modification of epigenetic modifiers. FUTURE DIRECTIONS It is of scientific interest and clinical relevance to understand the mechanisms by which free radicals influence epigenetic plasticity, and how these mechanisms may be therapeutically modulated. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 00, 000-000.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Meng
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Center for Cardiovascular Regeneration, Houston Methodist Research Institute , Houston, Texas
| | - Palas Chanda
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Center for Cardiovascular Regeneration, Houston Methodist Research Institute , Houston, Texas
| | - Rajarajan A Thandavarayan
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Center for Cardiovascular Regeneration, Houston Methodist Research Institute , Houston, Texas
| | - John P Cooke
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Center for Cardiovascular Regeneration, Houston Methodist Research Institute , Houston, Texas
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11
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Diverse mechanisms for endogenous regeneration and repair in mammalian organs. Nature 2018; 557:322-328. [PMID: 29769669 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0073-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian organs comprise an extraordinary diversity of cell and tissue types. Regenerative organs, such as the skin and gastrointestinal tract, use resident stem cells to maintain tissue function. Organs with a lower cellular turnover, such as the liver and lungs, mostly rely on proliferation of committed progenitor cells. In many organs, injury reveals the plasticity of both resident stem cells and differentiated cells. The ability of resident cells to maintain and repair organs diminishes with age, whereas, paradoxically, the risk of cancer increases. New therapeutic approaches aim to harness cell plasticity for tissue repair and regeneration while avoiding the risk of malignant transformation of cells.
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