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Guo Q, Qian ZM. Macrophage based drug delivery: Key challenges and strategies. Bioact Mater 2024; 38:55-72. [PMID: 38699242 PMCID: PMC11061709 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2024.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
As a natural immune cell and antigen presenting cell, macrophages have been studied and engineered to treat human diseases. Macrophages are well-suited for use as drug carriers because of their biological characteristics, such as excellent biocompatibility, long circulation, intrinsic inflammatory homing and phagocytosis. Meanwhile, macrophages' uniquely high plasticity and easy re-education polarization facilitates their use as part of efficacious therapeutics for the treatment of inflammatory diseases or tumors. Although recent studies have demonstrated promising advances in macrophage-based drug delivery, several challenges currently hinder further improvement of therapeutic effect and clinical application. This article focuses on the main challenges of utilizing macrophage-based drug delivery, from the selection of macrophage sources, drug loading, and maintenance of macrophage phenotypes, to drug migration and release at target sites. In addition, corresponding strategies and insights related to these challenges are described. Finally, we also provide perspective on shortcomings on the road to clinical translation and production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Guo
- Laboratory of Drug Delivery, School of Medicine, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Zhong-Ming Qian
- Institute of Translational and Precision Medicine, Nantong University, 19 Qi Xiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226019, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine of Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
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2
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He W, Zhang J, Ju J, Wu Y, Zhang Y, Zhan L, Li C, Wang Y. Preparation, characterization, and evaluation of the antitumor effect of kaempferol nanosuspensions. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2023; 13:2885-2902. [PMID: 37149557 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-023-01357-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Kaempferol (KAE) is a naturally occurring flavonoid compound with antitumor activity. However, the low aqueous solubility, poor chemical stability, and suboptimal bioavailability greatly restrict its clinical application in cancer therapy. To address the aforementioned limitations and augment the antitumor efficacy of KAE, we developed a kaempferol nanosuspensions (KAE-NSps) utilizing D-α-tocopherol polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (TPGS) as a stabilizing agent, screened the optimal preparation process, and conducted a comprehensive investigation of their fundamental properties as well as the antitumor effects in the study. The findings indicated that the particle size was 186.6 ± 2.6 nm of the TPGS-KAE-NSps optimized, the shape of which was fusiform under the transmission electron microscope. The 2% (w/v) glucose was used as the cryoprotectant for TPGS-KAE-NSps, whose drug loading content was 70.31 ± 2.11%, and the solubility was prominently improved compared to KAE. The stability and biocompatibility of TPGS-KAE-NSps were favorable and had a certain sustained release effect. Moreover, TPGS-KAE-NSps clearly seen to be taken in the cytoplasm exhibited a stronger cytotoxicity and suppression of cell migration, along with increased intracellular ROS production and higher apoptosis rates compared to KAE in vitro cell experiments. In addition, TPGS-KAE-NSps had a longer duration of action in mice, significantly improved bioavailability, and showed a stronger inhibition of tumor growth (the tumor inhibition rate of high dose intravenous injection group was 68.9 ± 1.46%) than KAE with no obvious toxicity in 4T1 tumor-bearing mice. Overall, TPGS-KAE-NSps prepared notably improved the defect and the antitumor effects of KAE, making it a promising nanodrug delivery system for KAE with potential applications as a clinical antitumor drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen He
- Institution of Nanochemistry and Nanobiology, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Junfeng Zhang
- Institution of Nanochemistry and Nanobiology, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Jiale Ju
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Yinghua Wu
- Institution of Nanochemistry and Nanobiology, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Yuxi Zhang
- Institution of Nanochemistry and Nanobiology, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Lin Zhan
- Institution of Nanochemistry and Nanobiology, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Chenchen Li
- Institution of Nanochemistry and Nanobiology, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China.
| | - Yanli Wang
- Institution of Nanochemistry and Nanobiology, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China.
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China.
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translation Medicine of Ministry of Education, Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Tropical Herbs, School of Pharmacy, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 571199, China.
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3
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Song Y, He Y, Rong L, Wang Z, Ma Y, Zhang N, Wang B. "Platelet-coated bullets" biomimetic nanoparticles to ameliorate experimental colitis by targeting endothelial cells. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2023; 148:213378. [PMID: 36963342 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2023.213378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal vascular impairment is critical to the recovery of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and targeting vascular endothelial cells is a promising emerging therapeutic option. Considering the natural homing properties of platelets to activated vascular endothelium, platelet membrane-mimetic nanoparticles are expected to achieve precise treatment of IBD. Patchouli alcohol (PA) has proven efficacy in experimental colitis, yet its pharmacochemical properties require improvement to enhance efficacy. The rationale for targeting vascular lesions in IBD was analyzed by network pharmacology, and PA-affecting pathways were predicted. PA-encapsulated bio-nanoparticles (PNPs) were constructed to investigate the efficacy of agents on mouse intestinal microvascular endothelial cells (MIMVEC) inflammation model and dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced acute mouse colitis model. PNPs were endocytosed by MIMVEC in vitro and efficiently enriched in inflamed colon. PNPs significantly alleviated the symptoms of experimental colitis and improved neutrophil infiltration. PNPs down-regulated LPS-induced aberrant elevation of il1β, tnfα and il6 mRNAs and reduced p65 phosphorylation in MIMVEC. Intracellular calcium expression, mitochondrial respiration and reactive oxygen species expression were also downregulated by PNPs. PNPs amplified the potency of PA as a calcium antagonist, restrained intracellular Ca2+ perturbations to prevent endothelial activation, which may block leukocyte recruitment in vivo to improve colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijie Song
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China; Experiment Center for Science and Technology, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yihao He
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China; Center for Pharmaceutics Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Lan Rong
- Department of Digestive Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Zhicheng Wang
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Yueming Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Ning Zhang
- Experiment Center for Science and Technology, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Bing Wang
- Center for Pharmaceutics Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.
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Li X, Hu L, Tan C, Wang X, Ran Q, Chen L, Li Z. Platelet-promoting drug delivery efficiency for inhibition of tumor growth, metastasis, and recurrence. Front Oncol 2022; 12:983874. [PMID: 36276066 PMCID: PMC9582853 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.983874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanomedicines are considered one of the promising strategies for anticancer therapy; however, the low targeting efficiency of nanomedicines in vivo is a great obstacle to their clinical applications. Camouflaging nanomedicines with either platelet membrane (PM) or platelet would significantly prolong the retention time of nanomedicines in the bloodstream, enhance the targeting ability of nanomedicines to tumor cells, and reduce the off-target effect of nanomedicines in major organs during the anticancer treatment. In the current review, the advantages of using PM or platelet as smart carriers for delivering nanomedicines to inhibit tumor growth, metastasis, and recurrence were summarized. The opportunities and challenges of this camouflaging strategy for anticancer treatment were also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoliang Li
- Laboratory of Radiation Biology, Laboratory Medicine Center, Department of Blood Transfusion, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lanyue Hu
- Laboratory of Radiation Biology, Laboratory Medicine Center, Department of Blood Transfusion, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chengning Tan
- Laboratory of Radiation Biology, Laboratory Medicine Center, Department of Blood Transfusion, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaojie Wang
- Laboratory of Radiation Biology, Laboratory Medicine Center, Department of Blood Transfusion, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qian Ran
- Laboratory of Radiation Biology, Laboratory Medicine Center, Department of Blood Transfusion, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Li Chen
- Laboratory of Radiation Biology, Laboratory Medicine Center, Department of Blood Transfusion, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Li Chen, ; Zhongjun Li,
| | - Zhongjun Li
- Laboratory of Radiation Biology, Laboratory Medicine Center, Department of Blood Transfusion, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injuries, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Li Chen, ; Zhongjun Li,
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Huang X, Qiu M, Wang T, Li B, Zhang S, Zhang T, Liu P, Wang Q, Qian ZR, Zhu C, Wu M, Zhao J. Carrier-free multifunctional nanomedicine for intraperitoneal disseminated ovarian cancer therapy. J Nanobiotechnology 2022; 20:93. [PMID: 35193583 PMCID: PMC8864853 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-022-01300-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ovarian cancer is the most lethal gynecological cancer which is characterized by extensive peritoneal implantation metastasis and malignant ascites. Despite advances in diagnosis and treatment in recent years, the five-year survival rate is only 25–30%. Therefore, developing multifunctional nanomedicine with abilities of promoting apoptosis and inhibiting migration on tumor cells would be a promising strategy to improve the antitumor effect. Methods and results In this study, we developed a novel ACaT nanomedicine composed of alendronate, calcium ions and cyclin-dependent kinase 7 (CDK7) inhibitor THZ1. With the average size of 164 nm and zeta potential of 12.4 mV, the spherical ACaT nanoparticles were selectively internalized by tumor cells and effectively accumulated in the tumor site. Results of RNA-sequencing and in vitro experiments showed that ACaT promoted tumor cell apoptosis and inhibited tumor cell migration by arresting the cell cycle, increasing ROS and affecting calcium homeostasis. Weekly intraperitoneally administered of ACaT for 8 cycles significantly inhibited the growth of tumor and prolonged the survival of intraperitoneal xenograft mice. Conclusion In summary, this study presents a new self-assembly nanomedicine with favorable tumor targeting, antitumor activity and good biocompatibility, providing a novel therapeutic strategy for advanced ovarian cancer. Graphical Abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12951-022-01300-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuyu Huang
- The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Miaojuan Qiu
- The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianqi Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Binbin Li
- The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiqiang Zhang
- The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianzhi Zhang
- The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Liu
- The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Wang
- The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi Rong Qian
- The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengming Zhu
- The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
| | - Meiying Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jing Zhao
- The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
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Du C, Liu X, Li M, Zhao Y, Li J, Wen Z, Liu M, Yang M, Fu B, Wei M. Analysis of 5-Methylcytosine Regulators and DNA Methylation-Driven Genes in Colon Cancer. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 9:657092. [PMID: 35174154 PMCID: PMC8842075 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.657092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Epigenetic-driven events are important molecular mechanisms of carcinogenesis. The 5-methylcytosine (5mC) regulators play important roles in the methylation-driven gene expression. However, the effect of the 5mC regulators on the oncogenic pathways in colon cancer (CC) remains unclear. Also, the clinical value of such epigenetic-driven events needs further research. Methods: The transcriptome and matching epigenetic data were obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas dataset. The gene set variation analysis identified the oncogenic pathways adjusted by 5mC regulators. The “edgeR” and “methylmix” package identified the differential expression genes of DNA methylation-driven genes. The correlation between 5mC regulators or transcription factors and shortlisted genes was investigated by calculating the Spearman's rank correlation coefficient. Among them, the genes related to diagnosis were screened out based on differential gene expression in extracellular vesicles (EVs) by the “limma” package and histology by immunohistochemistry. Then, a risk signature was constructed by fitting the generalized linear model and validated by the receiver operating characteristic curve. Results: MYC targets pathway and phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase–AKT–mammalian target of rapamycin signaling pathway were identified as the hallmark-related pathways associated with 5mC regulators. Also, the P53 pathway was subject to the influence of regulators' expression. A five methylation-driven gene signature (FIRRE, MYBL2, TGFBI, AXIN2, and SLC35D3) was developed as the biomarker for CC diagnosis. Meanwhile, those genes positively related to 5mC regulators and interacted with their relevant or transcription factors. Conclusion: In general, 5mC regulators are positively related to each other and DNA methylation-driven genes, with the relationship of multiple active and inhibitory pathways related to cancer. Meanwhile, the signature (FIRRE, MYBL2, TGFBI, AXIN2, and SLC35D3) can prefigure prospective diagnosis in CC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Du
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Liaoning Key Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Anti-Tumor Drug Development and Evaluation, Liaoning Cancer Immune Peptide Drug Engineering Technology Research Center, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Tumors, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - XinLi Liu
- Department of Digestive Oncology, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Mingwei Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Liaoning Key Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Anti-Tumor Drug Development and Evaluation, Liaoning Cancer Immune Peptide Drug Engineering Technology Research Center, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Tumors, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yi Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Liaoning Key Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Anti-Tumor Drug Development and Evaluation, Liaoning Cancer Immune Peptide Drug Engineering Technology Research Center, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Tumors, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Liaoning Key Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Anti-Tumor Drug Development and Evaluation, Liaoning Cancer Immune Peptide Drug Engineering Technology Research Center, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Tumors, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhikang Wen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Liaoning Key Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Anti-Tumor Drug Development and Evaluation, Liaoning Cancer Immune Peptide Drug Engineering Technology Research Center, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Tumors, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Min Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Liaoning Key Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Anti-Tumor Drug Development and Evaluation, Liaoning Cancer Immune Peptide Drug Engineering Technology Research Center, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Tumors, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Meina Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Liaoning Key Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Anti-Tumor Drug Development and Evaluation, Liaoning Cancer Immune Peptide Drug Engineering Technology Research Center, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Tumors, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Boshi Fu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Liaoning Key Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Anti-Tumor Drug Development and Evaluation, Liaoning Cancer Immune Peptide Drug Engineering Technology Research Center, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Tumors, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Minjie Wei
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Liaoning Key Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Anti-Tumor Drug Development and Evaluation, Liaoning Cancer Immune Peptide Drug Engineering Technology Research Center, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Tumors, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Li S, Wu Y, Liu S, Wu T, Liu G, Li T, Chen Z. A multifunctional platinum(IV) and cyanine dye-based polyprodrug for trimodal imaging-guided chemo-phototherapy. J Mater Chem B 2022; 10:1031-1041. [PMID: 35080231 DOI: 10.1039/d1tb02682h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Imaging-guided chemo-phototherapy based on a single nanoplatform has a great significance to improve the efficiency of cancer therapy and diagnosis. However, high drug content, no burst release and real-time tracking of nanodrugs are the three main challenges for this kind of multifunctional nanotheranostics. In this work, we developed an innovative theranostic nanoplatform based on a Pt(IV) prodrug and a near-infrared (NIR) photosensitizer. A Pt(IV) prodrug and a cyanine dye (HOCyOH, Cy) were copolymerized and incorporated into the main chain of a polyprodrug (PCPP), which self-assembled into nanoparticles (NPs) with ∼27.61% Cy loading and ∼9.37% Pt loading, respectively. PCPP NPs enabled reduction-triggered backbone cleavage of polyprodrugs and bioactive Pt(II) release; Cy could be activated under 808 nm laser irradiation to produce local hyperthermia and reactive oxygen species (ROS) for phototherapy. Moreover, PCPP NPs with extremely high Cy and Pt heavy metal contents in the backbone of the polyprodrug could directly track the nanodrugs themselves via near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF) imaging, photothermal imaging, and computed tomography (CT) imaging in vitro and in vivo. As revealed by trimodal imaging, PCPP NPs were found to exhibit excellent tumor accumulation and antitumor efficiency after intravenous injection into H22-tumor-bearing mice. The dual-drug backboned polyprodrug nanoplatform exhibited great potential for bioimaging and combined chemo-phototherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuying Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China.
| | - Yanjuan Wu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China.
| | - Siyuan Liu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China.
| | - Ting Wu
- Institute of Food Safety and Environment Monitoring, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, P. R. China.
| | - Guozheng Liu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China.
| | - Tianduo Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China.
| | - Zhaowei Chen
- Institute of Food Safety and Environment Monitoring, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, P. R. China. .,College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P. R. China.
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