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Li Z, Xiong L, Li J, Yao S, Dong Y, Li Y, Chen X, Ye M, Zhang Y, Xie X, You M, Yuchi Z, Liu Y, You S. Enhanced resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1Ac toxin mediated by the activation of prophenoloxidase in a cosmopolitan pest. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 242:124678. [PMID: 37141972 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Plutella xylostella has evolved resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1Ac toxin over a long evolutionary period. Enhanced immune response is an important factor in insect resistance to a variety of insecticides, and whether phenoloxidase (PO), an immune protein, is involved in resistance to Cry1Ac toxin in P. xylostella remains unclear. Here, spatial and temporal expression patterns showed that prophenoloxidase (PxPPO1 and PxPPO2) in the Cry1S1000-resistant strain was more highly expressed in eggs, 4th instar, head, and hemolymph than those in G88-susceptible strain. The results of PO activity analysis showed that after treatment with Cry1Ac toxin PO activity was about 3 times higher than that before treatment. Furthermore, knockout of PxPPO1 and PxPPO2 significantly increased the susceptibility to Cry1Ac toxin. These findings were further supported by the knockdown of Clip-SPH2, a negative regulator of PO, which resulted in increased PxPPO1 and PxPPO2 expression and Cry1Ac susceptibility in the Cry1S1000-resistant strain. Finally, the synergistic effect of quercetin showed that larval survival decreased from 100 % to <20 % compared to the control group. This study will provide a theoretical basis for the analysis of immune-related genes (PO) genes involved in the resistance mechanism and pest control of P. xylostella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeyun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Control in Fujian and Taiwan, Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; International Joint Research Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management for Fujian-Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Fuzhou 350002, China; Key Laboratory of Green Control of Insect Pests, Fujian Province University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Lei Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Control in Fujian and Taiwan, Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; International Joint Research Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management for Fujian-Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Fuzhou 350002, China; Key Laboratory of Green Control of Insect Pests, Fujian Province University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Jingge Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Control in Fujian and Taiwan, Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; International Joint Research Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management for Fujian-Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Fuzhou 350002, China; Key Laboratory of Green Control of Insect Pests, Fujian Province University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Shuyuan Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Control in Fujian and Taiwan, Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; International Joint Research Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management for Fujian-Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Fuzhou 350002, China; Key Laboratory of Green Control of Insect Pests, Fujian Province University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Yi Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Control in Fujian and Taiwan, Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; International Joint Research Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management for Fujian-Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Fuzhou 350002, China; Key Laboratory of Green Control of Insect Pests, Fujian Province University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Yongbin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Control in Fujian and Taiwan, Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; International Joint Research Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management for Fujian-Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Fuzhou 350002, China; Key Laboratory of Green Control of Insect Pests, Fujian Province University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Xuanhao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Control in Fujian and Taiwan, Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; International Joint Research Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management for Fujian-Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Fuzhou 350002, China; Key Laboratory of Green Control of Insect Pests, Fujian Province University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Min Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Control in Fujian and Taiwan, Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; International Joint Research Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management for Fujian-Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Fuzhou 350002, China; Key Laboratory of Green Control of Insect Pests, Fujian Province University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | | | - Xuefeng Xie
- BGI-Sanya, BGI-Shenzhen, Sanya 572025, China.
| | - Minsheng You
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Control in Fujian and Taiwan, Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; International Joint Research Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management for Fujian-Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Fuzhou 350002, China; Key Laboratory of Green Control of Insect Pests, Fujian Province University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Zhiguang Yuchi
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Yuanyuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Control in Fujian and Taiwan, Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; BGI-Sanya, BGI-Shenzhen, Sanya 572025, China; Basic Forestry and Proteomics Center, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Shijun You
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Control in Fujian and Taiwan, Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; International Joint Research Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management for Fujian-Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Fuzhou 350002, China; Key Laboratory of Green Control of Insect Pests, Fujian Province University, Fuzhou 350002, China; BGI-Sanya, BGI-Shenzhen, Sanya 572025, China.
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Yee-Rendon A, Torres-Pacheco I, Trujillo-Lopez AS, Romero-Bringas KP, Millan-Almaraz JR. Analysis of New RGB Vegetation Indices for PHYVV and TMV Identification in Jalapeño Pepper ( Capsicum annuum) Leaves Using CNNs-Based Model. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:1977. [PMID: 34685786 PMCID: PMC8540942 DOI: 10.3390/plants10101977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Recently, deep-learning techniques have become the foundations for many breakthroughs in the automated identification of plant diseases. In the agricultural sector, many recent visual-computer approaches use deep-learning models. In this approach, a novel predictive analytics methodology to identify Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV) and Pepper Huasteco Yellow Vein Virus (PHYVV) visual symptoms on Jalapeño pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) leaves by using image-processing and deep-learning classification models is presented. The proposed image-processing approach is based on the utilization of Normalized Red-Blue Vegetation Index (NRBVI) and Normalized Green-Blue Vegetation Index (NGBVI) as new RGB-based vegetation indices, and its subsequent Jet pallet colored version NRBVI-Jet NGBVI-Jet as pre-processing algorithms. Furthermore, four standard pre-trained deep-learning architectures, Visual Geometry Group-16 (VGG-16), Xception, Inception v3, and MobileNet v2, were implemented for classification purposes. The objective of this methodology was to find the most accurate combination of vegetation index pre-processing algorithms and pre-trained deep- learning classification models. Transfer learning was applied to fine tune the pre-trained deep- learning models and data augmentation was also applied to prevent the models from overfitting. The performance of the models was evaluated using Top-1 accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score using test data. The results showed that the best model was an Xception-based model that uses the NGBVI dataset. This model reached an average Top-1 test accuracy of 98.3%. A complete analysis of the different vegetation index representations using models based on deep-learning architectures is presented along with the study of the learning curves of these deep-learning models during the training phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Yee-Rendon
- Facultad de Informática Culiacán, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Culiacán 80013, Mexico; (A.Y.-R.); (A.S.T.-L.); (K.P.R.-B.)
| | - Irineo Torres-Pacheco
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Santiago de Querétaro 76010, Mexico;
| | - Angelica Sarahy Trujillo-Lopez
- Facultad de Informática Culiacán, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Culiacán 80013, Mexico; (A.Y.-R.); (A.S.T.-L.); (K.P.R.-B.)
| | - Karen Paola Romero-Bringas
- Facultad de Informática Culiacán, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Culiacán 80013, Mexico; (A.Y.-R.); (A.S.T.-L.); (K.P.R.-B.)
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Bažok R, Lemić D, Chiarini F, Furlan L. Western Corn Rootworm ( Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte) in Europe: Current Status and Sustainable Pest Management. INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12030195. [PMID: 33668906 PMCID: PMC7996541 DOI: 10.3390/insects12030195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Diabrotica virgifera virgifera, also known as western corn rootworm (WCR), is a maize-specific pest that has been a serious threat in Europe since the mid-1990s. Between 1995 and 2010, European countries were involved in international projects to plan pest control strategies. However, since 2011, collaborative efforts have declined and the overview of knowledge on WCR is in great need of updating. Therefore, a review of scientific papers published between 2008 and 2020, in addition to direct interviews with experts responsible for WCR management in several European countries, was conducted to (1) summarize the research conducted over the last 12 years and (2) describe the current WCR distribution and population in the EU, and the management strategies implemented. A considerable amount of new knowledge has been gained over the last 12 years, which has contributed to the development of pest management strategies applicable in EU agricultural systems. There is no EU country reporting economic damage on a large scale. In many countries, solutions based on crop rotation are regularly implemented, avoiding insecticide use. Therefore, WCR has not become as serious a pest as was expected when it was discovered in much of Europe. Abstract Western corn rootworm (WCR), or Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte, became a very serious quarantine maize pest in Europe in the mid-1990s. Between 1995 and 2010, European countries were involved in international projects to share information and plan common research for integrated pest management (IPM) implementation. Since 2011, however, common efforts have declined, and an overview of WCR population spread, density, and research is in serious need of update. Therefore, we retained that it was necessary to (1) summarize the research activities carried out in the last 12 years in various countries and the research topics addressed, and analyze how these activities have contributed to IPM for WCR and (2) present the current distribution of WCR in the EU and analyze the current population levels in different European countries, focusing on different management strategies. A review of scientific papers published from 2008 to 2020, in addition to direct interviews with experts in charge of WCR management in a range of European countries, was conducted. Over the past 12 years, scientists in Europe have continued their research activities to investigate various aspects of WCR management by implementing several approaches to WCR control. A considerable amount of new knowledge has been produced, contributing to the development of pest management strategies applicable in EU farming systems. Among the 10 EU countries analyzed, there is no country reporting economic damage on a large scale. Thanks to intensive research leading to specific agricultural practices and the EU Common Agricultural Policy, there are crop-rotation-based solutions that can adequately control this pest avoiding insecticide use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Bažok
- Department for Agricultural Zoology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, Svetosimunska 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (R.B.); (D.L.)
| | - Darija Lemić
- Department for Agricultural Zoology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, Svetosimunska 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (R.B.); (D.L.)
| | - Francesca Chiarini
- Veneto Agricoltura, Agricultural Research Department, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy;
| | - Lorenzo Furlan
- Veneto Agricoltura, Agricultural Research Department, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-049-829-3879
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