Deadly association of cardiogenic shock and chronic total occlusion in acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction

The Presence of Chronic Total Occlusion in Noninfarct-Related Arteries Is Associated With Higher Mortality and Worse Patient Outcomes Following Percutaneous Coronary Intervention for STEMI: A Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis and Meta-Regression

Reperfusion therapy with percutaneous coronary intervention improves outcomes in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction. We conducted a meta-analysis to assess the impact of chronic total occlusion (CTO) in noninfarct-related artery on the outcomes of these patients. Comprehensive searches were performed using PubMed, Google Scholar, and EMBASE. The primary endpoint was the 30-day mortality rate, with secondary endpoints including all-cause mortality, repeat myocardial infarction, and stroke. Forest plots were created for the pooled analysis of the results, with statistical significance set at P < 0.05. A total of 19 studies were included in this meta-analysis, with 23,989 patients (3589 in CTO group and 20,400 in no-CTO group). The presence of CTO was associated with significantly higher odds of 30-day mortality [18.38% vs 5.74%; relative risk (RR), 3.69; 95% confidence intervals (CI), 2.68-5.07; P < 0.00001], all-cause mortality (31.00% vs 13.40%; RR, 2.79; 95% CI, 2.31-3.37; P < 0.00001), cardiovascular-related deaths (12.61% vs 4.1%; RR, 2.61; 95% CI, 1.99-3.44; P < 0.00001), and major adverse cardiovascular events (13.64% vs 9.88%; RR, 2.08; 95% CI, 1.52-2.86; P < 0.00001) than the non-CTO group. No significant differences in repeated myocardial infarction or stroke were observed between the CTO and non-CTO groups. Our findings underscore the need for further research on the benefits and risks of performing staged or simultaneous percutaneous coronary intervention for CTO in the noninfarct-related artery in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction.

The impact of chronic total occlusion in non-infarct related arteries on patient outcomes following percutaneous coronary intervention for STEMI superimposed with cardiogenic shock: A pilot systematic review and meta-analysis

INTRODUCTION

Chronic total occlusion (CTO) is defined as a near-total blockage of a coronary artery and often occurs in arteries that are not directly responsible for the event, known as non-infarct-related arteries (NIRA). Cardiogenic shock (CS) is a complication of ST-elevated myocardial infarction (STEMI) that carries significant mortality. We performed a meta-analysis to find an association between mortality in patients undergoing PCI for STEMI that have superimposed CS, with the presence of CTO in the NIRA.

MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY

A comprehensive literature search was conducted using PubMed, EMBASE, Google Scholar and clinicaltrials.gov from inception till October 2023 to retrieve studies that compare the presence of CTO with the absence of CTO in NIRA in STEMI with CS patients undergoing PCI. The primary endpoint was 30-day mortality and the secondary endpoints were risk of all-cause mortality (ACM) and repeat myocardial infarction (MI). Forest plots were generated using the random effects model by pooling odds ratios (ORs) with a 95 % confidence interval. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05.

RESULTS

5 observational studies with a total of 5186 patients (1031 with CTO in NIRA and 4155 with no CTO in NIRA) were included. The presence of CTO in NIRA was associated with higher odds of 30-day mortality [OR: 3.10; 95 % CI: 1.52, 6.32; p < 0.002], and ACM [OR: 2.37; 95 % CI: 1.83, 3.08; p < 0.00001]. The odds of repeat MI were comparable between the two groups [OR: 1.61, 95 % CI: 0.03, 74.36, p = 0.81].

CONCLUSIONS

The presence of CTO in the NIRA serves as an independent indicator of unfavorable clinical outcomes including increased risk of 30-day mortality and all-cause mortality. The risk of repeat MI was comparable between the two groups. Large-scale, multicenter trials are warranted to identify the most effective management approach for these patients.

ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction Complicated by Cardiogenic Shock: Systematic Review of Survival Predictors

Background

Cardiogenic shock complicating acute myocardial infarction is associated with reduced survival despite advancements in the treatment of acute coronary syndromes. Characterizing predictors of morbidity and mortality in this setting is crucial to improving risk stratification and management. Notwithstanding, the interplay of factors determining survival in this condition remains poorly studied.

Methods

Embase, MEDLINE, and CINAHL databases were searched for original studies evaluating predictors of short-term (30-day or in-hospital) survival in ST elevation myocardial infarction with cardiogenic shock (STEMI-CS). Included studies were analyzed by way of vote counting, identifying variables that predicted mortality or survival.

Results

Twenty-four studies, consisting of 14,735 patients (5649 nonsurvivors and 9086 survivors) were included. All studies were observational by design (17 retrospective and 7 prospective) with clinical and statistical heterogeneity. Unsuccessful revascularization, reduced left ventricular ejection fraction, renal impairment, and other variables were identified as key independent predictors of mortality.

Conclusion

Several key variables have been shown to independently increase mortality in STEMI-CS populations. Future prospective studies examining the prognostic role of multivariate scoring systems incorporating these domains are required.

Laboratory Predictors of Prognosis in Cardiogenic Shock Complicating Acute Myocardial Infarction

Cardiogenic shock is a state of reduced cardiac output leading to hypotension, pulmonary congestion, and hypoperfusion of tissues and vital organs. Despite the advances in intensive care over the last years, the morbidity and mortality of patients remain high. The available studies of patients with cardiogenic shock suggest a connection between clinical variables, the level of biomarkers, the results of imaging investigations, strategies of management and the outcome of this group of patients. The management of patients with cardiogenic shock initially complicating acute myocardial infarction is challenging, and the number of studies in this area is growing fast. The purpose of this review is to summarize the currently available evidence on cardiogenic shock initially complicating acute myocardial infarction with particular attention to predictors of prognosis, focusing on laboratory variables (established and new), and to discuss the practical implementation. Currently available scoring systems developed during the past few decades predict the clinical outcome of this group of patients using some of the established biomarkers among other variables. With the new laboratory biomarkers that have shown their predictive value in cardiogenic shock outcomes, a new design of scoring systems would be of interest. Identifying high-risk patients offers the opportunity for early decision-making.

Comparison of Outcomes of Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction Between Chronic Total Occlusion Versus 90-99% Stenosis in Non-Culprit Arteries

Patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) with chronic total occlusion (CTO) in nonculprit arteries had worse prognosis than patients with AMI without CTO in nonculprit arteries. However, the reason was not clearly explained. This retrospective study aimed to compare the clinical outcomes between patients with AMI with CTO versus those with severe stenosis (90% to 99% stenosis) in nonculprit arteries, which would help to elucidate the role of CTO in nonculprit arteries. We included 643 patients with AMI and divided those into the CTO group (n = 188) and 90% to 99% stenosis group (n = 455). The primary end point was the major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) defined as the composite of all-cause death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, and readmission for heart failure. During the median follow-up duration of 431 days (Q1:178 days to Q3:950 days), a total of 189 MACE was observed. The Kaplan-Meier curves showed that MACE was more frequently observed in the CTO group than in the 90% to 99% stenosis group (p <0.001). The multivariate Cox hazard analysis revealed that CTO in nonculprit arteries (vs 90% to 99% stenosis) was significantly associated with MACE (hazard ratio 1.410, 95% confidence interval 1.042 to 1.907; p = 0.026) after controlling known confounding factors. In conclusion, patients with AMI with CTO in nonculprit arteries had worse clinical outcomes than those with 90% to 99% stenosis in nonculprit arteries. Patients with AMI with CTO could be recognized as a high-risk group rather than those with 90% to 99% stenosis and should be carefully managed to prevent cardiovascular events.

Impact of chronic total occlusion and revascularization strategy in patients with infarct-related cardiogenic shock: A subanalysis of the culprit-shock trial

BACKGROUND

The impact of coronary artery chronic total occlusion (CTO) and its management with percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in the setting of myocardial infarction (MI) related cardiogenic shock (CS) remains unclear.

METHODS

This is a pre-specified analysis from the culprit-lesion-only PCI vs multivessel PCI in CS (CULPRIT-SHOCK) trial which randomized patients presenting with MI and multivessel disease complicated by CS to a culprit-lesion-only or immediate multivessel PCI strategy. CTO was defined by central core-laboratory evaluation. The independent associations between the presence of CTO and adverse outcomes at 30 days and 1 year were assessed using multivariate logistics models.

RESULTS

A noninfarct related CTO was present in 157 of 667 (23.5%) analyzed patients. Patients presenting with CTO had more frequent diabetes mellitus or prior PCI but less frequently presented with ST segment elevation MI as index event. The presence of CTO was associated with higher rate of death at 30 days (adjusted Odds ratio 1.63; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.01-2.60). Rate of death at 1 year was also increased but did not reach statistical significance (adjusted Odds ratio 1.62; 95%CI 0.99-2.66). Compare to immediate multivessel PCI, a strategy of culprit-lesion-only PCI was associated with lower rates of death or renal replacement therapy at 30 days in patients with and without CTO (Odds ratio 0.79 95%CI 0.42-1.49 and Odds ratio 0.67 95%CI 0.48-0.96, respectively), without significant interaction (P = .68).

CONCLUSIONS

In patients with MI-related CS and multivessel disease, the presence of CTO is associated with adverse outcomes while a strategy of culprit-lesion-only PCI seems beneficial regardless of the presence of CTO.

Prognostic Impact of Percutaneous Coronary Intervention of Chronic Total Occlusion in Acute and Periprocedural Myocardial Infarction

Coronary chronic total occlusion (CTO) has gained increasing clinical attention as the most advanced form of coronary artery disease. Prior studies already indicated a clear association of CTO with adverse clinical outcomes, especially in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and concomitant CTO of the non-infarct-related coronary artery (non-IRA). Nevertheless, the prognostic impact of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) of CTO in the acute setting during AMI is still controversial. Due to the complexity of the CTO lesion, CTO-PCI leads to an increased risk of complications compared to non-occlusive coronary lesions. Therefore, this review outlines the prognostic impact of CTO-PCI in patients with AMI. In addition, the prognostic impact of periprocedural myocardial infarction caused by CTO-PCI will be discussed.

Outcomes of Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Versus Optimal Medical Treatment for Chronic Total Occlusion: A Comprehensive Meta-analysis

The presence of concurrent chronic total occlusion (CTO) is a strong predictor for both short-term and long-term mortality. Successful percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) of CTO has been associated with clinical benefit. We sought to perform a meta-analysis comparing CTO-PCI versus optimal medical therapy. PubMed, ClinicalTrials.gov, Google scholar and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were searched for studies published from 2006 to 2019. A total of 16 studies, with 11,314 patients were included. We analyzed data on mortality, cardiac deaths, myocardial re-infarction, major adverse cardiac events, stroke, and repeat CTO-PCI using random-effects models. The odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) were computed and P < 0.05 was considered as a level of significance. Compared with medical therapy alone, CTO-PCI was associated with lower mortality (OR: 0.45, CI: 0.32-0.63, P < 0.00001) and cardiac deaths (OR: 0.58, CI: 0.38-0.89, P = 0.01). These results were primarily driven by observational studies with no difference observed in randomized controlled trials. There was no significant difference in the incidence of major adverse cardiac events (OR: 0.71, CI: 0.48-1.05, P = 0.54), myocardial re-infarction (OR: 0.71, CI: 0.48-1.05, P = 0.54), stroke (OR: 0.61, CI: 0.32-1.17, P = 0.14, and repeat PCI (OR: 1.28, CI: 0.91-1.78, P = 0.16). This meta-analysis shows lower long-term mortality and cardiac deaths in CTO-PCI group as compared to OMT driven by observational studies with no difference observed in randomized controlled trials. Further randomized trials are needed to confirm these findings and evaluate long term results.

Predictors of Outcomes in Myocardial Infarction and Cardiogenic Shock

Myocardial infarction (MI) complicated by cardiogenic shock (MI-CS) is a major cause of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Predictors of outcomes in MI-CS include clinical, laboratory, radiologic variables, and management strategies. This article reviews the existing literature on short- and long-term predictors and risk stratification in MI complicated by CS.

Chronic Total Occlusion Coronary Intervention: In Search of a Definitive Benefit

Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) of chronic coronary total occlusion is the latest frontier in percutaneous intervention. There are vast improvements in the initial success and safety of the procedure as well as a better understanding of appropriateness and benefits. Advances in technology and skill allow for increased utilization of PCI in cases of chronic coronary total occlusion, with benefits regarding symptoms and quality of life. Percutaneous coronary intervention for chronic coronary total occlusion can correct ischemia and achieve complete revascularization while avoiding traditional coronary bypass grafting, although survival benefits remain unclear.

Prognostic impact of non-culprit chronic total occlusions in infarct-related cardiogenic shock: results of the randomised IABP-SHOCK II trial

AIMS

The aim of the current study was to investigate the impact of a chronic total occlusion (CTO) in a non-infarct-related coronary artery (non-IRA) on one-year mortality and occurrence of cardiac arrhythmia in patients with cardiogenic shock (CS) complicating acute myocardial infarction (AMI).

METHODS AND RESULTS

In a retrospective sub-analysis of the Intraaortic Balloon Pump in Cardiogenic Shock II trial (IABP-SHOCK II) and its accompanying registry, 201 (26%) of 761 patients had a CTO in a non-IR major coronary artery. Mortality was significantly higher in the CTO group at day of admission (19% vs. 11%; p=0.005), 30 days (53% vs. 41%, p=0.002), and 12 months (63% vs. 51%, p=0.002). In the adjusted multivariate Cox regression analysis, a CTO in a non-IRA was an independent predictor of mortality at 12 months (hazard ratio 1.30, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.02-1.67, p=0.03). At 30-day follow-up, ventricular arrhythmias requiring defibrillation occurred more frequently in patients with non-IRA CTO in the univariate analysis (33% vs. 21%, odds ratio 1.83, 95% CI: 1.28-2.62, p=0.002).

CONCLUSIONS

In patients with CS complicating AMI, the presence of CTO in a non-IRA is associated with a higher incidence of ventricular arrhythmias and is an independent predictor of mortality at 12-month follow-up.

Prognostic value of the age, creatinine, and ejection fraction score for non-infarct-related chronic total occlusion revascularization after primary percutaneous intervention in acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction patients: A retrospective study

OBJECTIVE

It is not known if ACEF scores could evaluate the prognosis of recanalization of non-infarct-related coronary arteries (non-IRA) with chronic total occlusions (CTO) in patients who successfully underwent primary PCI. The objective of the current study was to assess the prognostic value of ACEF scores in acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients with non-IRA CTO after successful primary PCI.

METHODS

There were 2952 STEMI patients who underwent successful primary PCI from January 2006 to December 2014 in our hospital, among them 377 patients had a non-IRA CTO lesion. The patients were divided into successful CTO-PCI group (n = 221) and failed/non-attempted CTO-PCI group (n = 156). Patients were stratified based on the ACEF tertiles. Primary end points measured in the current study were major adverse cardiac events (MACE) defined as the composite of all-cause death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, ischemia-driven coronary revascularization and hospitalization for heart failure at 1 year.

RESULTS

The incidence of MACE, all-cause death and cardiac death were higher in the failed/non-attempted CTO-PCI group (P < 0.001). In the successful CTO-PCI group, the cumulative 1-year incidences of MACE and all-cause death were decreased compared to those in the failed/non-attempted CTO-PCI group (log-rank P < 0.001). The risk for MACE was reduced in the successful CTO-PCI group compared to the failed/non-attempted CTO-PCI group in patients with low and intermediate ACEF scores (log-rank P = 0.02).

CONCLUSIONS

Successfully staged CTO-PCI could gain advantageous clinical outcomes in those patients with low or intermediate ACEF scores.

Percutaneous coronary interventions of chronic total -occlusions; a review of clinical indications, treatment strategy and current practice

Chronic total occlusions (CTOs) are commonly encountered in patients undergoing coronary angiography, but percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for CTO is currently infrequently performed owing to the perception of limited clinical benefit, high complexity and cost of intervention, and perceived risk of complications. Numerous observational studies have demonstrated that successful CTO revascularization is associated with better cardiovascular outcomes and enhanced quality of life (QOL). However, in the absence of randomized trials, its prognostic benefit remains debated. Nevertheless, over the past decade the interest in CTO-PCI has exponentially grown due to important developments in dedicated equipment and techniques, resulting in high success and low complication rates. A number of factors must be taken into consideration in selecting patients for CTO-PCI, including presence of symptoms attributable to the CTO, extent of ischaemia distal to the occlusion, and degree of myocardial viability. In this review, we focus on the impact of CTO revascularization on clinical outcomes and QOL and on appropriate patient selection. Data regarding efficacy and safety of recent advances in PCI-CTO techniques will be discussed. Steps involved in setting up a dedicated CTO program will be outlined and the current CTO landscape in Belgium will be briefly highlighted. The overall aim of this review is to promote a more balanced approach to management of patients with a CTO.

Collateral filling efficiency of comorbid chronic total occlusion segment on short-term mortality in ST-elevation myocardial infarction

BACKGROUND

Collateral filling of chronic total occlusion (CTO) segments is considered to affect hemodynamic stability in primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) with CTO, however its value as a prognostic indicator for mortality is uncertain. The present study examined the relationship between collateral filling of CTO segments and short-term mortality in patients with STEMI with a comorbid CTO lesion.

METHODS

Among 829 STEMI patients who underwent primary PCI, 74 patients with CTO were identified. Collateral filling of their CTO segment was assessed by Rentrop grade (0; n=10, 1; n=13, 2; n=31, 3; n=20) in their initial angiogram and whether the origin of the feeding collateral donor artery was infarct-related artery (IRA) was evaluated using their final angiogram in primary PCI; IRA (n=26) and non-IRA group (n=48). The relationship between these classifications and 30-day all-cause mortality was examined retrospectively.

RESULTS

The 30-day mortalities were 4.5% in single-vessel disease, 18.3% in multi-vessel disease (MVD) without CTO and 25.7% in MVD with CTO. Mortality of MVD with CTO reduced with increasing Rentrop grade from 0 to 3 (80.0%, 30.8%, 19.4%, and 5.0%, respectively). IRA was associated with a significant higher mortality than those of non-IRA (50.0% vs. 12.5%, P=0.0004). Low Rentrop grade 0 or 1 was extracted as an independent predictor of 30-day death (HR 3.28, 95% CI 1.20-9.96, P=0.0203).

CONCLUSIONS

Poor collateral filling of the CTO segment assessed by Rentrop grade was an independent angiographic predictor for 30-day death in patients with STEMI combined with CTO.

Impact of the origin of the collateral feeding donor artery on short-term mortality in ST-elevation myocardial infarction with comorbid chronic total occlusion

BACKGROUND

Patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and multi-vessel disease (MVD) have higher mortality, especially with comorbid chronic total occlusion (CTO). The origin of collateral flow to the CTO segment has not been studied in regard to short-term mortality. This study examined the impact of collateral feeding donor arteries from an infarct-related artery (IRA) or non-IRA to the comorbid CTO segment in regard to STEMI short-term mortality.

METHODS

Data from 760 consecutive STEMI patients who underwent primary percutaneous coronary intervention were obtained retrospectively from medical records. The number of vessels involved and origin of the collateral feeding donor artery were evaluated using angiograms from the primary percutaneous coronary intervention. The study population was divided into patients with: single-vessel disease (SVD) (n=483), MVD without CTO (n=208), and MVD with CTO (n=64). All CTO segments had collateral flow from an IRA (n=23) or non-IRA (n=46). All-cause mortality (30-day) was analyzed.

RESULTS

Compared to SVD and MVD without CTO, MVD with comorbid CTO had a higher mortality (5.4% vs. 15.9% vs. 24.6%, P<0.0001, respectively). Of patients with CTO, those with collateral flow from the IRA had significantly higher mortality than the non-IRA group (52.2% vs. 10.9%, P<0.0001). Collateral flow from the IRA was extracted as an independent predictor associated with 30-day all-cause mortality using a multivariate Cox proportional hazards model (hazard ratio 4.71, 95% confidence interval 1.60-14.2, P=0.0005).

CONCLUSIONS

The origin of the collateral donor artery from the IRA had an impact on short-term mortality in STEMI patients with comorbid CTO lesions.

The evidence base for revascularisation of chronic total occlusions

When patients with ischaemic heart disease are considered for revascularisation the Heart Team's aim is to choose a therapy that will provide complete relief of angina for an acceptable procedural risk. Complete functional revascularisation of ischaemic myocardium is thus the goal and for this reason the presence of a chronic total occlusion (CTO) - which remain the most technically challenging lesions to revascularise percutaneously - is the most common reason for selecting coronary artery bypass surgery. From the behaviour of Heart Teams it is clear that physicians believe that CTOs are important. Yet when faced with patients with CTOs for whom surgery appears excessive (e.g. nonproximal LAD) or too high risk, there remains a reluctance to undertake CTO PCI, despite significant recent advances in procedural success and safety and a considerable body of evidence supporting a survival benefit following successful CTO PCI. This article reviews the relationship between CTOs, symptoms of angina, ischaemia and left ventricular dysfunction and further explores the evidence relating their treatment to improved quality of life and prognosis in patients with these features.

Meta-Analysis of the Impact on Mortality of Noninfarct-Related Artery Coronary Chronic Total Occlusion in Patients Presenting With ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction

Several observational studies have compared clinical outcome in patients with a co-existing noninfarct-related artery chronic total occlusion (n-IRA CTO) versus those without, suggesting increased all-cause mortality. The goal of this study was to provide a systematic review and meta-analysis evaluating the impact of the presence of an n-IRA CTO on short- and long-term mortality after primary percutaneous coronary intervention. Studies published from January 1980 to January 2014 that compared the incidence of all-cause mortality in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction with co-existing n-IRA CTO versus those without were identified using an electronic search and reviewed using meta-analytical techniques. Seven studies (5 observational studies and 2 observational analyses of randomized controlled trials) comprising 14,117 patients and 1,554 patients (11.7%) with n-IRA CTO were included. The presence of n-IRA CTO was associated with increased incidence of all-cause mortality at a median follow-up of 25.2 months (interquartile range 24 to 60) compared with no CTO (absolute risk 23.5% vs 9.0%; odds ratio [OR] 2.90, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.09 to 4.01; p <0.0001). This finding was consistent in the analysis of studies reporting 30-day follow-up (absolute risk 17.2% vs 4.7%; OR 3.79, 95% CI 3.13 to 4.59; p <0.0001). Co-existing n-IRA CTO was also associated with increased mortality in a subanalysis of patients with multivessel disease only (absolute risk 24.2% vs 11.3%; OR 2.23, 95% CI 1.90 to 2.63; p <0.0001). In conclusion, coronary CTO in the nonculprit artery in patients presenting with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction is associated with increased short- and long-term all-cause mortality.

Interaction of chronic total occlusion and chronic kidney disease in patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention for acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction

Chronic total occlusion (CTO) in a non-infarct-related artery and chronic kidney failure (CKD) are associated with worse outcomes after primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). The aim of this study was to investigate the interaction of CTO and CKD in patients who underwent primary PCI for acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Patients with STEMIs with or without CKD, defined as an estimated glomerular filtration rate <60 ml/min/1.73 m(2), were categorized into those with single-vessel disease and those with multivessel disease with or without CTO. The primary outcomes were the incidence of 30-day and 1-year mortality. Among 1,873 consecutive patients with STEMIs included between 2006 and 2011, 336 (18%) had CKD. The prevalence of CTO in a non-infarct-related artery was 13% in patients with CKD compared with 7% in those without CKD (p = 0.0003). There was a significant interaction between CKD and CTO on 30-day mortality (p = 0.018) and 1-year mortality (p = 0.013). Independent predictors of late mortality in patients with CKD were previous myocardial infarction (hazard ratio [HR] 1.71, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.01 to 2.79), age >75 years (HR 1.86, 95% CI 1.19 to 2.95), a left ventricular ejection fraction after primary PCI <40% (HR 2.20, 95% CI 1.36 to 3.63), left main culprit artery (HR 4.46, 95% CI 1.64 to 10.25), and shock (HR 7.44, 95% CI 4.56 to 12.31), but multivessel disease with CTO was not a predictor. In contrast, multivessel disease with CTO was an independent predictor of mortality in patients without CKD (HR 3.30, 95% CI 1.70 to 6.17). In conclusion, in patients with STEMIs who underwent primary PCI, with preexisting CKD, the prevalence of CTO in a non-infarct-related artery was twice as great. In these patients, the clinical impact of CTO seems to be overshadowed by the presence of CKD.

Early and late outcomes after primary percutaneous coronary intervention by radial or femoral approach in patients presenting in acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction and cardiogenic shock

BACKGROUND

Although radial approach is increasingly used in percutaneous coronary interventions (PCIs) including in acute myocardial infarction (MI), patients with cardiogenic shock have been excluded from comparisons with femoral approach. The aim of our study was to compare clinical outcomes in patients undergoing primary PCI with cardiogenic shock by radial and femoral approach.

METHODS AND RESULTS

From 2,663 patients presenting with ST-elevation MI in 2 large volume radial centers, we identified 197 patients (7.4%) with signs of cardiogenic shock immediately before undergoing primary PCI. Radial approach was used in 55% of cases when at least 1 radial artery was weakly palpable, either spontaneously or after intravenous noradrenaline bolus. Patients in the radial group were older (69 ± 12 vs 64 ± 12 years, P = .010), had less diabetes (13% vs 26%, P = .028), and required less often intubation prior PCI (42% vs 66%, P = .0006) or intraaortic balloon pump (36% vs 55%, P = .0096). Mortality at 1 year was 44% in the radial group and 64% in the femoral group (P = .0044). Independent predictors of late mortality included radial approach (hazard ratio [HR] 0.65, 95% CI 0.42-0.98, P = .041), the use of glycoprotein IIb-IIIa receptor inhibitors (HR 0.63, 95% CI 0.40-0.96, P = .032), baseline creatinine ≥110 μmol/L (HR 3.34, 95% CI 2.20-5.12, P < .0001), initial glycemia >200 mg/dL (HR 2.02, 95% CI 1.34-3.11, P = .0008), and age >65 years (HR 1.80, 95% CI 1.18-2.79, P = .006).

CONCLUSION

Radial approach was safe and feasible in more than half of the patients with ST-elevation MI and cardiogenic shock treated by primary PCI. After adjustment for baseline and procedural characteristics, radial approach remained associated with better survival. However, prognosis of patients undergoing primary PCI in cardiogenic shock remains poor.

Incidence and clinical impact of concurrent chronic total occlusion according to gender in ST-elevation myocardial infarction

OBJECTIVES

To determine the prevalence of a concurrent CTO in men and women and to examine its impact on mortality.

BACKGROUND

The impact of chronic total occlusion (CTO) in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) according to gender has not been assessed.

METHODS

Patients referred with STEMI were categorized into single vessel disease (SVD), multivessel disease (MVD) without, with 1 or > 1 CTO. The primary end-point was the 1-year mortality.

RESULTS

Among the 2020 STEMI patients included between 2006 and 2011, 24% were female. Women were older, had more hypertension and renal failure (P < 0.0001 for all). The prevalence of 1 or > 1 concurrent CTO was similar in both sexes, 7 and 1%, respectively. Early and late mortality was significantly higher in women compared with men (P < 0.0001). In women, the mortality was significantly worse in patients with > 1 CTO (100%) and with 1 CTO (36.4%) compared with those with MVD without CTO (18.4%) or with SVD (10.4%) (P < 0.0001). MVD with and without concurrent CTO were both independent predictors of 1-year mortality in women (HR 3.58; 95 % CI 1.69-7.18 and HR 2.76; 95 % CI 1.33-5.51) whereas only MVD with CTO was predictive in men (HR 2.19; 95% CI 1.20-3.97).

CONCLUSIONS

Among unselected STEMI patients, the prevalence of CTO was equal in both sexes whereas early and late mortality remained significantly higher in women. Other factors than the presence of a concurrent CTO must be explored to explain differences in survival after STEMI between women and men.