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Korves C, Peixoto AJ, Lucas BP, Davies L, Weinberger DM, Rentsch C, Vashi A, Young-Xu Y, King J, Asch SM, Justice AC. Hypertension Control During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic: A Cohort Study Among US Veterans. Med Care 2024; 62:196-204. [PMID: 38284412 PMCID: PMC10922611 DOI: 10.1097/mlr.0000000000001971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
DESIGN Retrospective cohort study. OBJECTIVE We sought to examine whether disruptions in follow-up intervals contributed to hypertension control. BACKGROUND Disruptions in health care were widespread during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. PATIENTS AND METHODS We identified a cohort of individuals with hypertension in both prepandemic (March 2019-February 2020) and pandemic periods (March 2020-February 2022) in the Veterans Health Administration. First, we calculated follow-up intervals between the last prepandemic and first pandemic blood pressure measurement during a primary care clinic visit, and between measurements in the prepandemic period. Next, we estimated the association between the maintenance of (or achieving) hypertension control and the period using generalized estimating equations. We assessed associations between follow-up interval and control separately for periods. Finally, we evaluated the interaction between period and follow-up length. RESULTS A total of 1,648,424 individuals met the study inclusion criteria. Among individuals with controlled hypertension, the likelihood of maintaining control was lower during the pandemic versus the prepandemic (relative risk: 0.93; 95% CI: 0.93, 0.93). Longer follow-up intervals were associated with a decreasing likelihood of maintaining controlled hypertension in both periods. Accounting for follow-up intervals, the likelihood of maintaining control was 2% lower during the pandemic versus the prepandemic. For uncontrolled hypertension, the likelihood of gaining control was modestly higher during the pandemic versus the prepandemic (relative risk: 1.01; 95% CI: 1.01, 1.01). The likelihood of gaining control decreased with follow-up length during the prepandemic but not pandemic. CONCLUSIONS During the pandemic, longer follow-up between measurements contributed to the lower likelihood of maintaining control. Those with uncontrolled hypertension were modestly more likely to gain control in the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Korves
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, White River Junction, VT
| | | | - Brian P. Lucas
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, White River Junction, VT
- Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH
| | - Louise Davies
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, White River Junction, VT
- Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH
| | - Daniel M. Weinberger
- Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT
- Department of Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT
| | - Christopher Rentsch
- Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
- Department of Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, England
| | - Anita Vashi
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Palo Alto, CA
- Stanford School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Yinong Young-Xu
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, White River Junction, VT
| | - Joseph King
- Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
- Department of Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT
| | - Steven M. Asch
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Palo Alto, CA
- Stanford School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA
| | - Amy C. Justice
- Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
- Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT
- Department of Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT
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He S, Park S, Fujii Y, Pierce SL, Kraus EM, Wall HK, Therrien NL, Jackson SL. State-Level Hypertension Prevalence and Control Among Adults in the U.S. Am J Prev Med 2024; 66:46-54. [PMID: 37877903 PMCID: PMC10898652 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2023.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Improving hypertension control is a national priority. Electronic health record data have the potential to augment traditional surveillance systems. This study aimed to assess hypertension prevalence and control at the state level using a previously established electronic health record-based phenotype for hypertension. METHODS Adult patients (N=11,031,368) were included from the IQVIA ambulatory electronic medical record-U.S. 2019 data set. IQVIA ambulatory electronic medical record comprises electronic health records from >100,000 providers and includes patients from every U.S. state and Washington DC. Authors compared hypertension prevalence and control estimates against those from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System 2019. Results were age-standardized and stratified by state and sociodemographic characteristics. Statistical analyses were conducted in 2022-2023. RESULTS IQVIA ambulatory electronic medical record-U.S. patients had a median age of 55 years, and 56.7% were women. Overall age-standardized hypertension prevalence was higher in IQVIA ambulatory electronic medical record-U.S. (35.0%) than in the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (29.7%), however, state-level geographic patterns were similar, with the highest burden in the South and Appalachia. Similar patterns were also observed by sociodemographic characteristics in both data sets: hypertension prevalence was higher in older age groups (than younger), men (than women), and Black patients (than other races). Hypertension control varied widely across states: among states with >1% data coverage, control rates were lowest in Nevada (51.1%), Washington DC (52.0%), and Mississippi (55.2%); highest in Kansas (73.4%), New Jersey (72.3%), and Iowa (71.9%). CONCLUSIONS This study provided the first-ever estimates of hypertension control for all states and Washington DC. Electronic health record-based surveillance could support hypertension prevention and control efforts at the state level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siran He
- Division for Heart Disease and Stroke Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.
| | - Soyoun Park
- Division of Injury Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta Georgia
| | - Yui Fujii
- Division for Heart Disease and Stroke Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Bizzell U.S., New Carrollton, Maryland
| | - Samantha L Pierce
- Division of Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Obesity, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Emily M Kraus
- Division of Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Obesity, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Public Health Informatics Institute, Taskforce for Global Health, Decatur, Georgia; Kraushold Consulting, Denver, Colorado
| | - Hilary K Wall
- Division for Heart Disease and Stroke Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Nicole L Therrien
- Division for Heart Disease and Stroke Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Sandra L Jackson
- Division for Heart Disease and Stroke Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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Chen L, Shortreed SM, Easterling T, Cheetham TC, Reynolds K, Avalos LA, Kamineni A, Holt V, Neugebauer R, Akosile M, Nance N, Bider-Canfield Z, Walker RL, Badon SE, Dublin S. Identifying hypertension in pregnancy using electronic medical records: The importance of blood pressure values. Pregnancy Hypertens 2020; 19:112-118. [PMID: 31954339 DOI: 10.1016/j.preghy.2020.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To incorporate blood pressure (BP), diagnoses codes, and medication fills from electronic medical records (EMR) to identify pregnant women with hypertension. STUDY DESIGN A retrospective cohort study of singleton pregnancies at three US integrated health delivery systems during 2005-2014. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Women were considered hypertensive if they had any of the following: (1) ≥2 high BPs (≥140/90 mmHg) within 30 days during pregnancy (High BP); (2) an antihypertensive medication fill in the 120 days before pregnancy and a hypertension diagnosis from 1 year prior to pregnancy through 20 weeks gestation (Treated Chronic Hypertension); or (3) a high BP, a hypertension diagnosis, and a prescription fill within 7 days during pregnancy (Rapid Treatment). We described characteristics of these pregnancies and conducted medical record review to understand hypertension presence and severity. RESULTS Of 566,624 pregnancies, 27,049 (4.8%) met our hypertension case definition: 24,140 (89.2%) with High BP, 5,409 (20.0%) with Treated Chronic Hypertension, and 5,363 (19.8%) with Rapid Treatment (not mutually exclusive). Of hypertensive pregnancies, 19,298 (71.3%) received a diagnosis, 9,762 (36.1%) received treatment and 11,226 (41.5%) had a BP ≥ 160/110. In a random sample (n = 55) of the 7,559 pregnancies meeting the High BP criterion with no hypertension diagnosis, clinical statements about hypertension were found in medical records for 58% of them. CONCLUSION Incorporating EMR BP identified many pregnant women with hypertension who would have been missed by using diagnosis codes alone. Future studies should seek to incorporate BP to study treatment and outcomes of hypertension in pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Chen
- Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States.
| | - Susan M Shortreed
- Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States; University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | | | - T Craig Cheetham
- Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Department of Research & Evaluation, Pasadena, CA, United States; Chapman University, School of Pharmacy, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Kristi Reynolds
- Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Department of Research & Evaluation, Pasadena, CA, United States
| | - Lyndsay A Avalos
- Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Division of Research, Oakland, CA, United States
| | - Aruna Kamineni
- Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Victoria Holt
- University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Romain Neugebauer
- Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Division of Research, Oakland, CA, United States
| | - Mary Akosile
- Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Nerissa Nance
- Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Division of Research, Oakland, CA, United States
| | - Zoe Bider-Canfield
- Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Department of Research & Evaluation, Pasadena, CA, United States
| | - Rod L Walker
- Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Sylvia E Badon
- Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Division of Research, Oakland, CA, United States
| | - Sascha Dublin
- Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States; University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
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Daugherty SL, Vupputuri S, Hanratty R, Steiner JF, Maertens JA, Blair IV, Dickinson LM, Helmkamp L, Havranek EP. Using Values Affirmation to Reduce the Effects of Stereotype Threat on Hypertension Disparities: Protocol for the Multicenter Randomized Hypertension and Values (HYVALUE) Trial. JMIR Res Protoc 2019; 8:e12498. [PMID: 30907744 PMCID: PMC6452278 DOI: 10.2196/12498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Medication nonadherence is a significant, modifiable contributor to uncontrolled hypertension. Stereotype threat may contribute to racial disparities in adherence by hindering a patient’s ability to actively engage during a clinical encounter, resulting in reduced activation to adhere to prescribed therapies. Objective The Hypertension and Values (HYVALUE) trial aims to examine whether a values-affirmation intervention improves medication adherence (primary outcome) by targeting racial stereotype threat. Methods The HYVALUE trial is a patient-level, blinded randomized controlled trial comparing a brief values-affirmation writing exercise with a control writing exercise among black and white patients with uncontrolled hypertension. We are recruiting patients from 3 large health systems in the United States. The primary outcome is patients’ adherence to antihypertensive medications, with secondary outcomes of systolic and diastolic blood pressure over time, time for which blood pressure is under control, and treatment intensification. We are comparing the effects of the intervention among blacks and whites, exploring possible moderators (ie, patients’ prior experiences of discrimination and clinician racial bias) and mediators (ie, patient activation) of intervention effects on outcomes. Results This study was funded by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Enrollment and follow-up are ongoing and data analysis is expected to begin in late 2020. Planned enrollment is 1130 patients. On the basis of evidence supporting the effectiveness of values affirmation in educational settings and our pilot work demonstrating improved patient-clinician communication, we hypothesize that values affirmation disrupts the negative effects of stereotype threat on the clinical interaction and can reduce racial disparities in medication adherence and subsequent health outcomes. Conclusions The HYVALUE study moves beyond documentation of race-based health disparities toward testing an intervention. We focus on a medical condition—hypertension, which is arguably the greatest contributor to mortality disparities for black patients. If successful, this study will be the first to provide evidence for a low-resource intervention that has the potential to substantially reduce health care disparities across a wide range of health care conditions and populations. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03028597; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03028597 (Archived by WebCite at http://www.webcitation.org/72vcZMzAB). International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) DERR1-10.2196/12498
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacie L Daugherty
- University of Colorado Denver, School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Adult and Child Consortium for Health Outcomes Research and Delivery Science, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Suma Vupputuri
- Kaiser Permanente Mid-Atlantic States, Mid-Atlantic Permanente Research Institute, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Rebecca Hanratty
- Denver Health and Hospital Authority, Department of Medicine, Denver, CO, United States
| | - John F Steiner
- Kaiser Permanente Colorado, Institute for Health Research, Denver, CO, United States
| | - Julie A Maertens
- University of Colorado Denver, Adult and Child Consortium for Health Outcomes Research and Delivery Science, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Irene V Blair
- University of Colorado Boulder, Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - L Miriam Dickinson
- University of Colorado Denver, Adult and Child Consortium for Health Outcomes Research and Delivery Science, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Laura Helmkamp
- University of Colorado Denver, Adult and Child Consortium for Health Outcomes Research and Delivery Science, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Edward P Havranek
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, Adult and Child Consortium for Health Outcomes Research and Delivery Science, Denver Health and Hospital Authority, Department of Medicine, Denver, CO, United States
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Multiple control responses and resurgence of human behavior. Behav Processes 2018; 159:93-99. [PMID: 30529686 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2018.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Behavior that was previously extinguished may reoccur, or resurge, when an alternative response contacts extinction or when reinforcement conditions worsen. Researchers have studied resurgence of human responding in laboratory settings with procedures commonly used with nonhumans. In contrast to nonhuman responding, researchers have failed to observe resurgence of the target response at rates that differ from an inactive control response with verbally competent humans. But this may have been the result of using a single control response. The current study examined this possibility by randomly allocating participants (N = 20) to a condition with either two or four control responses. When the alternative response contacted extinction, having more control responses did not reduce overall responding to control options, and aggregated responding to control options were similar to target response rates. Interestingly, most participants responded more to one control response over all other control responses when the alternative response contacted extinction. This study provides additional support for previous research that finds consistent differences between human and nonhuman responding during resurgence procedures. Two potential reasons for variability in human responding during resurgence tests include less time in experimental sessions and the influence of verbal behavior.
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Kolber MA, Rueda G, Sory JB. Modelling the impact of new patient visits on risk adjusted access at 2 clinics. J Eval Clin Pract 2018; 24:585-589. [PMID: 29878611 DOI: 10.1111/jep.12938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect new outpatient clinic visits has on the availability of follow-up visits for established patients when patient visit frequency is risk adjusted. DATA SOURCES Diagnosis codes for patients from 2 Internal Medicine Clinics were extracted through billing data. STUDY DESIGN The HHS-HCC risk adjusted scores for each clinic were determined based upon the average of all clinic practitioners' profiles. These scores were then used to project encounter frequencies for established patients, and for new patients entering the clinic based on risk and time of entry into the clinics. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS A distinct mean risk frequency distribution for physicians in each clinic could be defined providing model parameters. Within the model, follow-up visit utilization at the highest risk adjusted visit frequencies would require more follow-up slots than currently available when new patient no-show rates and annual patient loss are included. Patients seen at an intermediate or lower visit risk adjusted frequency could be accommodated when new patient no-show rates and annual patient clinic loss are considered. CONCLUSIONS Value-based care is driven by control of cost while maintaining quality of care. In order to control cost, there has been a drive to increase visit frequency in primary care for those patients at increased risk. Adding new patients to primary care clinics limits the availability of follow-up slots that accrue over time for those at highest risk, thereby limiting disease and, potentially, cost control. If frequency of established care visits can be reduced by improved disease control, closing the practice to new patients, hiring health care extenders, or providing non-face to face care models then quality and cost of care may be improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Kolber
- Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.,University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Germán Rueda
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - John B Sory
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
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Visanuyothin S, Plianbangchang S, Somrongthong R. An integrated program with home blood-pressure monitoring and village health volunteers for treating poorly controlled hypertension at the primary care level in an urban community of Thailand. Integr Blood Press Control 2018; 11:25-35. [PMID: 29713195 PMCID: PMC5912376 DOI: 10.2147/ibpc.s160548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Hypertension (HT) is accountable for death in half of the patients suffering from heart disease and stroke. Many treatment strategies have been used, but little research exists on an integrated program with home blood pressure monitoring (HBPM) and village health volunteers (VHVs) in an urban area of Thailand. The present study aims to determine the effectiveness of the integrated program, HBPM, and VHVs in supporting the target population. Patients and methods This quasi-experiment was conducted from July to November 2017. Patients with poorly controlled HT were randomly selected from each of the two primary care units in Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand. The participants were separated into an experiment (n=63) and control group (n=65). The experiment group participated in the integrated program, which was based on the 20-item Health Literate Care Model. A valid and reliable questionnaire was used to collect data from participant interviews. Blood-pressure monitoring was used to measure systolic home blood pressure and diastolic home blood pressure. Descriptive statistics, chi-squared tests, Fisher’s exact test, the independent t-test, and the Wilcoxon–Mann–Whitney test were used to compare the baseline data. Multiple logistic regression was used to compare the differences between the mean changes in the outcomes. Results At the end of the 3-month follow-up appointment, significant statistical changes were found. Systolic home blood pressure, diastolic home blood pressure, and body mass index changed −4.61 (95% CI −8.32, −0.90) mmHg (P-value=0.015), −3.5 (95% CI −5.31, −1.72) mmHg (P-value <0.001), and −0.86 (95% CI −1.29, −042) (P-value <0.001) respectively. Participant scores in lifestyle and management knowledge, and self-management behaviors significantly increased by 0.76 (95% CI 0.15–1.38) point (P-value=0.016) and 0.15 (95% CI 0.06, 0.24) point (P-value=0.001), respectively. Conclusion The integrated program, HBPM, and VHVs were effective in decreasing blood pressure and body mass index, and increasing knowledge and self-management behaviors among urban patients with poorly controlled HT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sawitree Visanuyothin
- College of Public Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Social Medicine Department, Maharat Nakhon Ratchasima Hospital, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
| | | | - Ratana Somrongthong
- College of Public Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Liu W, Saxon DR, McNair B, Sanagorski R, Rasouli N. Endocrinology Telehealth Consultation Improved Glycemic Control Similar to Face-to-Face Visits in Veterans. J Diabetes Sci Technol 2016; 10:1079-86. [PMID: 27170633 PMCID: PMC5032957 DOI: 10.1177/1932296816648343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rates of diabetes for veterans who receive health care through the Veterans Health Administration are higher than rates in the general population. Furthermore, many veterans live in rural locations, far from Veterans Affairs (VA) hospitals, thus limiting their ability to readily seek face-to-face endocrinology care for diabetes. Telehealth (TH) technologies present an opportunity to improve access to specialty diabetes care for such patients; however, there is a lack of evidence regarding the ability of TH to improve glycemic control in comparison to traditional face-to-face consultations. METHODS This was a retrospective cohort study of all new endocrinology diabetes consultations at the Denver VA Medical Center over a 1-year period. RESULTS A total of 189 patients were included in the analysis. In all, 85 patients had received face-to-face (FTF) endocrinology consultation for diabetes and 104 patients had received TH consultation. Subjects were mostly males (94.7%) and the mean age was 62.8 ± 10.1 years old. HbA1c improved from 9.76% (9.40% to 10.11%) to 8.55% (8.20% to 8.91%) (P < .0001) for the TH group and from 9.56% (9.16% to 9.95%) to 8.62% (8.22% to 9.01%) (P < .0001) for the FTF group after 1 visit. This change in HbA1c was not significantly different in the TH and FTF groups (P = .24). TH visits were associated with a hypothetical savings in median distance traveled of 231.2 miles per trip (which equates to $94.79 saved per trip). CONCLUSIONS Endocrinology TH consultations improved short-term glycemic control as effectively as traditional FTF visits in a veteran population with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Winnie Liu
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA Colorado School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - David R Saxon
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA Denver Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Denver, CO, USA Colorado School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Bryan McNair
- Colorado School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Aurora, CO, USA
| | | | - Neda Rasouli
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA Denver Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Denver, CO, USA
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