5
|
Nafee T, Gibson CM, Yee MK, Alkhalfan F, Chi G, Travis R, Mir M, Kalayci A, Jafarizade M, Ganti A, Kazmi SH, Ghaffarpasand E, Pitliya A, Datta S, Sharfaei S, Alihashemi M, Elsaiey A, Qamar I, Jahansouz M, Talib U, Kahe F, Habibi S, Abdelwahed M, Tariq F, Kaur M, Younes A, Walia SS, Singh A, Dildar SM, Afzal MK, Kerneis M. Betrixaban for first-line venous thromboembolism prevention in acute medically ill patients with risk factors for venous thromboembolism. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2018; 16:845-855. [PMID: 30296387 DOI: 10.1080/14779072.2018.1534068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Compared to other direct oral anticoagulants, betrixaban has a longer half-life, smaller peak-trough variance, minimal renal clearance, and minimal hepatic Cytochrome P (CYP) metabolism. The Acute Medically Ill VTE Prevention with Extended Duration Betrixaban (APEX) trial evaluated the efficacy and safety of extended duration betrixaban compared to standard duration enoxaparin in acutely ill hospitalized patients. Areas covered: This article describes the role of betrixaban in the prevention of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in acutely ill medical patients. This article provides a consolidated summary of the primary APEX study findings as well as prespecified and exploratory substudies. This article also provides a review of the results of studies in which other direct factor Xa inhibitors have been evaluated in an extended duration regimen in this patient population. Expert commentary: While previous agents have demonstrated that extended duration VTE prophylaxis can be efficacious, betrixaban is the first agent to demonstrate efficacy without an increase in major bleeding. The totality of the data from the APEX trial supports extended duration betrixaban for VTE prophylaxis in the acute medically ill patient population. As such, betrixaban has been approved in the USA for extended VTE prophylaxis in at-risk acute medically ill patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tarek Nafee
- a PERFUSE Study Group, Cardiovascular Division, Departments of Medicine , Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA
| | - C Michael Gibson
- a PERFUSE Study Group, Cardiovascular Division, Departments of Medicine , Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Megan K Yee
- a PERFUSE Study Group, Cardiovascular Division, Departments of Medicine , Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Fahad Alkhalfan
- a PERFUSE Study Group, Cardiovascular Division, Departments of Medicine , Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Gerald Chi
- a PERFUSE Study Group, Cardiovascular Division, Departments of Medicine , Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Ryan Travis
- a PERFUSE Study Group, Cardiovascular Division, Departments of Medicine , Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Mahshid Mir
- a PERFUSE Study Group, Cardiovascular Division, Departments of Medicine , Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Arzu Kalayci
- a PERFUSE Study Group, Cardiovascular Division, Departments of Medicine , Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Mehrian Jafarizade
- a PERFUSE Study Group, Cardiovascular Division, Departments of Medicine , Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Aditya Ganti
- a PERFUSE Study Group, Cardiovascular Division, Departments of Medicine , Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Syed Hassan Kazmi
- a PERFUSE Study Group, Cardiovascular Division, Departments of Medicine , Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Eiman Ghaffarpasand
- a PERFUSE Study Group, Cardiovascular Division, Departments of Medicine , Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Anmol Pitliya
- a PERFUSE Study Group, Cardiovascular Division, Departments of Medicine , Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Sudarshana Datta
- a PERFUSE Study Group, Cardiovascular Division, Departments of Medicine , Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Sadaf Sharfaei
- a PERFUSE Study Group, Cardiovascular Division, Departments of Medicine , Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Mahda Alihashemi
- a PERFUSE Study Group, Cardiovascular Division, Departments of Medicine , Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Ahmed Elsaiey
- a PERFUSE Study Group, Cardiovascular Division, Departments of Medicine , Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Iqra Qamar
- a PERFUSE Study Group, Cardiovascular Division, Departments of Medicine , Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Mohamadmostafa Jahansouz
- a PERFUSE Study Group, Cardiovascular Division, Departments of Medicine , Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Usama Talib
- a PERFUSE Study Group, Cardiovascular Division, Departments of Medicine , Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Farima Kahe
- a PERFUSE Study Group, Cardiovascular Division, Departments of Medicine , Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Shaghayegh Habibi
- a PERFUSE Study Group, Cardiovascular Division, Departments of Medicine , Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Mohammed Abdelwahed
- a PERFUSE Study Group, Cardiovascular Division, Departments of Medicine , Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Feham Tariq
- a PERFUSE Study Group, Cardiovascular Division, Departments of Medicine , Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Manpreet Kaur
- a PERFUSE Study Group, Cardiovascular Division, Departments of Medicine , Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Ahmed Younes
- a PERFUSE Study Group, Cardiovascular Division, Departments of Medicine , Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Sargun S Walia
- a PERFUSE Study Group, Cardiovascular Division, Departments of Medicine , Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Amandeep Singh
- a PERFUSE Study Group, Cardiovascular Division, Departments of Medicine , Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Syed Muhammad Dildar
- a PERFUSE Study Group, Cardiovascular Division, Departments of Medicine , Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA
| | - M Khurram Afzal
- a PERFUSE Study Group, Cardiovascular Division, Departments of Medicine , Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Mathieu Kerneis
- a PERFUSE Study Group, Cardiovascular Division, Departments of Medicine , Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Beyer-Westendorf J, Verhamme P, Bauersachs R. Betrixaban for prevention of venous thromboembolism in acute medically ill patients. Eur Heart J Suppl 2018; 20:E16-E22. [PMID: 29977165 PMCID: PMC6016607 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/suy017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a common, potentially preventable cause of morbidity and mortality among acute medically ill patients. More than half of VTE events in this population occur after hospital discharge. Thus, providing extended-duration VTE prophylaxis from in-hospital through the post-discharge continuum may improve the quality of care in patients at risk of VTE. Betrixaban is a new oral, once-daily factor Xa inhibitor approved by the United States (US) Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for extended-duration prophylaxis of VTE in acute medically ill patients. The clinical efficacy and safety of betrixaban in acute medically ill patients perceived to be at high risk for VTE were evaluated in a large, randomized, double-blind, active-controlled, multinational clinical trial [Acute Medically Ill VTE Prevention With Extended Duration Betrixaban (APEX)]. Patients were randomized to receive subcutaneous enoxaparin (10 ± 4 days) or oral betrixaban (35–42 days) plus matching placebos. The primary efficacy outcome was a composite of asymptomatic proximal deep vein thrombosis and symptomatic VTE; the primary safety measure was major bleeding. Extended-duration betrixaban reduced VTE events without an increase in major bleeding in the modified intent-to-treat analysis. Post hoc analyses of the APEX trial provided further evidence to support the efficacy and safety of betrixaban in reducing all-cause ischaemic stroke, fatal or irreversible ischaemic or bleeding events, as well as reducing VTE-related rehospitalization. In summary, analyses of the APEX study demonstrated a positive benefit–risk profile for extended prophylaxis of VTE with betrixaban in acute medically ill patients. This is likely to have important public health and health economic implications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Beyer-Westendorf
- Thrombosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine I, Division Hematology, University Hospital “Carl Gustav Carus”, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, Dresden, 01307, Germany
- Kings Thrombosis Service, Department of Hematology, Kings College London, UK
- Corresponding author. Tel: +49 351 4582899, Fax: +49 351 4584359,
| | - Peter Verhamme
- Vascular Medicine and Haemostasis, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University Hospitals Leuven – KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Rupert Bauersachs
- Vascular Medicine, Klinikum Darmstadt GmbH, Grafenstraße 9, 64283, Darmstadt, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Garland SG, DeRemer CE, Smith SM, Gums JG. Betrixaban: A New Oral Factor Xa Inhibitor for Extended Venous Thromboembolism Prophylaxis in High-Risk Hospitalized Patients. Ann Pharmacother 2018; 52:554-561. [PMID: 29338293 DOI: 10.1177/1060028018754383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and safety of the factor Xa (FXa) inhibitor betrixaban for extended-duration prophylaxis of acute medically ill patients with venous thromboembolism (VTE) risk factors. DATA SOURCES A MEDLINE/PubMed (January 1990 to October 2017) search was conducted using the following keywords: betrixaban, PRT054021, FXa inhibitor, novel oral anticoagulant, NOAC, direct oral anticoagulant, DOAC, and target specific oral anticoagulant, TSOAC. References of identified articles were searched by hand for additional relevant citations. STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION We included English-language articles evaluating betrixaban pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, efficacy, or safety in human subjects for VTE prophylaxis. DATA SYNTHESIS Betrixaban is a FXa inhibitor that decreases prothrombinase activity and thrombin generation. Betrixaban efficacy and safety has been compared with that of enoxaparin for prophylaxis of VTE in acutely ill medical patients. In the APEX trial and substudies, extended-duration betrixaban was superior in efficacy to standard-duration enoxaparin in patients at high risk for VTE, including those with elevated D-dimer levels (≥2× upper limit of normal) and of older age (≥75 years). Betrixaban is noninferior to enoxaparin in rates of major bleeding, but the former is associated with more clinically relevant nonmajor bleeding events. CONCLUSION Betrixaban is the first oral agent approved for extended-duration VTE prophylaxis in acutely ill hospitalized patients. Extended-duration thromboprophylaxis with betrixaban reduces the risk of VTE compared with standard-duration thromboprophylaxis with enoxaparin but is associated with increased risk of bleeding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - John G Gums
- 1 University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Mahan CE, Burnett AE, Fletcher ML, Spyropoulos AC. Extended thromboprophylaxis in the acutely ill medical patient after hospitalization - a paradigm shift in post-discharge thromboprophylaxis. Hosp Pract (1995) 2017; 46:5-15. [PMID: 29171776 DOI: 10.1080/21548331.2018.1410053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a significant healthcare burden with approximately 900,000 events annually in the United States, over half of which are healthcare-associated. This number is anticipated to double by 2050. Group prophylaxis strategies confined to the inpatient setting appear to have minimal impact on the reduction of post-discharge VTE in medically ill patients due to shortened lengths of stay and a heterogenous population that includes patients at low risk for VTE. In accordance with current guideline recommendations, very few (<5%) medically ill patients are discharged with extended prophylaxis, which potentially creates a clinical gap for at-risk patients as VTE risk has been shown to persist for up to 90 days. Initial studies of extended thromboprophylaxis in acutely ill medical patients with enoxaparin, rivaroxaban and apixaban showed little to no benefit towards VTE reduction that was consistently outweighed by increased bleeding. The more recent APEX study that compared betrixaban to enoxaparin in an enriched patient population at high-risk for VTE was the first study of extended thromboprophylaxis that showed similar efficacy in VTE prevention without an increase in major bleeding. Based on the APEX results, betrixaban recently gained FDA approval for extended thromboprophylaxis in acutely ill medical patients. Recognition that up to half of medically ill patients are not at sufficient risk to warrant thromboprophylaxis has driven extensive research towards development of scientifically derived and validated VTE risk assessment models intended to identify patients who do not warrant prophylaxis, as well as those at high risk who may derive benefit from extended thromboprophylaxis. This article will review prior and ongoing extended thromboprophylaxis studies, VTE and bleed risk assessment models, incorporation of biomarkers in VTE risk assessment and key issues in the paradigm shift towards individualized VTE prophylaxis in acutely ill medical patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charles E Mahan
- a Hospital Pharmacy , Presbyterian Healthcare Services, University of New Mexico , Albuquerque , NM , USA
| | - Allison E Burnett
- b Hospital Pharmacy , University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center , Albuquerque , NM , USA
| | - Meghan L Fletcher
- b Hospital Pharmacy , University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center , Albuquerque , NM , USA
| | - Alex C Spyropoulos
- c Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Department of Medicine , Northwell Health System at Lenox Hill Hospital , New York , NY , USA
| |
Collapse
|