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Eimer C, Reifferscheid F, Jung P, Rudolph M, Terboven T, Hoffmann F, Lorenzen U, Köser A, Seewald S. Pre-hospital analgesia in pediatric trauma and critically ill patients: An analysis of a German air rescue service. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med 2023; 31:5. [PMID: 36709289 PMCID: PMC9883913 DOI: 10.1186/s13049-023-01069-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pain management in the pre-hospital setting remains a particular challenge for paramedics and emergency physicians, especially in children. This study evaluates the pre-hospital use and effect of analgesics in children with trauma or pain due to other reasons. METHODS This study is a retrospective analysis of the database of a German air rescue service and was conducted over a period of 9 years (2012-2020) to assess pain in general and whether patients with trauma pain due to other reasons received treatment with analgesics. We included all patients in the registry under the age of 16 years. Patients with a Glasgow Coma Scale of 3 at hospital admission and incomplete records were excluded. The intensity of pain was determined by the emergency physician on scene at arrival and hospital admission in a ten-point rating scale (0 = no pain). Effective pain reduction was analyzed. RESULTS Out of 227,458 cases, a total of 22,025 emergency cases involved pediatric patients aged 0-16 years. 20,405 cases were included in the study. 12,000 (58.8%) children had suffered a trauma, 8108 (39.7%) had pain due to other reasons and 297 (1.5%) had both. In total, 4,608 (38.4%) of the children with trauma were assessed having a numerical rating scale (NRS) > 4 at EMS arrival. These patients received mainly ketamine (34.5%) and the opioids fentanyl (38.7%) and piritramide (19.1%). The value on the NRS was significantly lower at admission to hospital (mean 1.9) compared with the EMS arrival (mean 6.9). In 4.9% the NRS at hospital admission was still > 4. 282 patients within the non-trauma group had a pre-hospital NRS of > 4. The pain therapy consisted of opioids (35.8%) and ketamine (2.8%). 28.4% patients in the non-trauma group received no pain medication. In 16.0% the NRS at hospital admission was still > 4. CONCLUSIONS German emergency physicians achieved a sufficient pain therapy in pediatric patients with a NRS > 4 after trauma. In case of non-trauma, the pain management by the emergency physicians is restrained and less successful. The most common analgesic medications administered were ketamine and fentanyl, followed by piritramide. TRIAL REGISTRATION The study has been retrospectively registered at DRKS (DRKS00026222).
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Eimer
- grid.412468.d0000 0004 0646 2097Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Centre Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller Str. 3, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Florian Reifferscheid
- grid.412468.d0000 0004 0646 2097Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Centre Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller Str. 3, 24105 Kiel, Germany ,Department of Pediatrics, German Air Rescue Service Association “DRF Luftrettung”, Filderstadt, Germany
| | - Philipp Jung
- grid.412468.d0000 0004 0646 2097University Medical Centre Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Marcus Rudolph
- Department of Pediatrics, German Air Rescue Service Association “DRF Luftrettung”, Filderstadt, Germany ,grid.411778.c0000 0001 2162 1728Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Centre Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Tom Terboven
- grid.492141.bDepartment of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, St. Josefskrankenhaus, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Florian Hoffmann
- grid.411095.80000 0004 0477 2585Dr. Von Hauner University Children’s Hospital, Munich, Germany
| | - Ulf Lorenzen
- grid.412468.d0000 0004 0646 2097Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Centre Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller Str. 3, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Andrea Köser
- grid.412468.d0000 0004 0646 2097Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Centre Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller Str. 3, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Stephan Seewald
- grid.412468.d0000 0004 0646 2097Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Centre Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller Str. 3, 24105 Kiel, Germany ,grid.412468.d0000 0004 0646 2097Department of Emergency Medicine, University Medical Centre Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
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Harris MI, Adelgais KM, Linakis SW, Magill CF, Brazauskas R, Shah MI, Nishijima DK, Lowe GS, Chadha K, Chang TP, Lerner EB, Leonard JC, Schwartz HP, Gaither JB, Studnek JR, Browne LR. Impact of Prehospital Pain Management on Emergency Department Management of Injured Children. PREHOSP EMERG CARE 2023; 27:1-9. [PMID: 34734787 DOI: 10.1080/10903127.2021.2000683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Provision of analgesia for injured children is challenging for Emergency Medical Services (EMS) clinicians. Little is known about the effect of prehospital analgesia on emergency department (ED) care. We aimed to determine the impact of prehospital pain interventions on initial ED pain scale scores, timing and dosing of ED analgesia for injured patients transported by EMS. METHODS This is a planned, secondary analysis of a prospective multicenter cohort of children with actual or suspected injuries transported to one of 11 PECARN-affiliated EDs from July 2019-April 2020. Using Wilcoxon rank sum for continuous variables and chi-square testing for categorical variables, we compared the change in EMS-to-ED pain scores and timing and dosing of ED-administered opioid analgesia in those who did and those who did not receive prehospital pain interventions. RESULTS We enrolled 474 children with complete prehospital and ED pain management data. Prehospital interventions were performed on 262/474 (55%) of injured children and a total of 88 patients (19%) received prehospital opioids. Children who received prehospital opioids with or without adjunctive non-pharmacologic pain management experienced a greater reduction in pain severity and were more likely to receive ED opioids in higher doses earlier and throughout their ED care. Non-pharmacologic pain interventions alone did not impact ED care. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate that prehospital opioid analgesia is associated with both a significant reduction in pain severity at ED arrival and the administration of higher doses of opioid analgesia earlier and throughout ED care.
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Affiliation(s)
- M I Harris
- Department of Pediatrics, Northwell Hofstra School of Medicine, New Hyde Park, New York
| | - K M Adelgais
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - S W Linakis
- Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children's Hospital and The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - C F Magill
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Atrium Health's Carolinas Medical Center, Charlotte, North Carolina
| | - R Brazauskas
- Department of Institute for Health Equity, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - M I Shah
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Emergency Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - D K Nishijima
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California - Davis, Sacramento, California
| | - G S Lowe
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, Texas
| | - K Chadha
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - T P Chang
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - E B Lerner
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - J C Leonard
- Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children's Hospital and The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - H P Schwartz
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - J B Gaither
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - J R Studnek
- Mecklenburg EMS Agency, Charlotte, North Carolina
| | - L R Browne
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.,Department of Emergency Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
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Rugg C, Woyke S, Ausserer J, Voelckel W, Paal P, Ströhle M. Analgesia in pediatric trauma patients in physician-staffed Austrian helicopter rescue: a 12-year registry analysis. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med 2021; 29:161. [PMID: 34794486 PMCID: PMC8600762 DOI: 10.1186/s13049-021-00978-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As pediatric patients are typically rare among helicopter emergency medical systems (HEMS), children might be at risk for oligo-analgesia due to the rescuer's lack of experience and the fear of side effects. METHODS In this retrospective analysis, data was obtained from the ÖAMTC HEMS digital database including 14 physician staffed helicopter bases in Austria over a 12-year timeframe. Primary missions involving pediatric trauma patients (< 15 years) not mechanically ventilated on-site were included. Analgesia was assessed and compared between the age groups 0-5, 6-10 and 11-14 years. RESULTS Of all flight missions, 8.2% were dedicated to children < 15 years. Analgetic drugs were administered in 31.4% of all primary missions (3874 of 12,324), wherefrom 2885 were injured and non-ventilated (0-5 yrs.: n = 443; 6-10 yrs.: n = 902; 11-14 yrs.: n = 1540). The majority of these patients (> 75%) suffered moderate to severe pain, justifying immediate analgesia. HEMS physicians typically chose a monotherapy with an opioid (n = 1277; 44.3%) or Esketamine (n = 1187; 41.1%) followed by the combination of both (n = 324; 11.2%). Opioid use increased (37.2% to 63.4%) and Esketamine use decreased (66.1% to 48.3%) in children < 6 vs. > 10 years. Esketamine was more often administered in extremity (57.3%) than in head (41.5%) or spine injuries (32.3%). An intravenous access was less often established in children < 6 years (74.3% vs. 90.8%; p < 0.001). Despite the use of potent analgesics, 396 missions (13.7%) were performed without technical monitoring. Particularly regarding patient data at handover in hospital, merely < 10% of all missions featured complete documentation. Therefore, sufficient evaluation of the efficacy of pain relief was not possible. Yet, by means of respiratory measures required during transport, severe side effects such as respiratory insufficiency, were barely noted. CONCLUSIONS In the physician-staffed HEMS setting, pediatric trauma patients liberally receive opioids and Esketamine for analgesia. With regard to severe respiratory insufficiency during transport, the application of these potent analgesics seems safe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Rugg
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Simon Woyke
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Julia Ausserer
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Voelckel
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine AUVA Trauma Centre Salzburg, Academic Teaching Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, Dr.-Franz-Rehrl-Platz 5, 5010, Salzburg, Austria.,Christophorus Flugrettungsverein, Baumgasse 129, 1030, Vienna, Austria.,Network for Medical Science, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Peter Paal
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Hospitallers Brothers Hospital, Paracelsus Medical University, Kajetanerplatz 1, 5010, Salzburg, Austria.,Austrian Society for Mountain and High-Altitude Medicine (ÖGAHM), Lehnrain 30a, 6414, Mieming, Austria
| | - Mathias Ströhle
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria. .,Christophorus Flugrettungsverein, Baumgasse 129, 1030, Vienna, Austria. .,Austrian Society for Mountain and High-Altitude Medicine (ÖGAHM), Lehnrain 30a, 6414, Mieming, Austria.
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Mandatory Pain Assessment in a Pediatric Emergency Department: Failure or Success?: A Retrospective Study. Clin J Pain 2020; 35:826-830. [PMID: 31274571 DOI: 10.1097/ajp.0000000000000743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Pain control is a priority in patient evaluation. Despite the proliferation of guidelines, pain is still underassessed and undertreated, especially in children. To improve efficiency and to adhere to best medical practice, our triage software was upgraded; it included mandatory pain scoring for the admission of a child to the pediatric emergency service, thereby limiting the chances of overlooking a child experiencing pain. We conducted this study to verify the effect of routine versus mandatory pain scoring on pain management under the hypothesis that mandatory pain assessment would improve reevaluation and pain treatment. METHODS This retrospective case-control study was conducted in our Pediatric Emergency Department (ED). We collected data with regard to pain assessment and reassessment at triage and during the entire stay in the ED, and also with regard to the drugs eventually administered. We reviewed the charts of 1274 patients admitted with the older triage software and those of 1262 patients admitted with the newer triage software (intervention group). RESULTS Pain was evaluated significantly more frequently in the intervention group at triage, during the medical evaluation, and at discharge. In the intervention group, a smaller percentage of patients were treated for pain at both triage and during their stay in the ED (P=0.078 and 0.048). Pain reassessment resulted lower in the intervention group (P<0.01). DISCUSSION Mandatory pain assessment improved the pain evaluation rate. This did not, however, translate into better treatment and management of pain in the pediatric emergency setting.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the management of pain after traumatic injury in the pediatric emergency department (ED) as measured by time to analgesic administration and pain resolution, stratified by triage acuity level. METHODS This is a retrospective descriptive study evaluating the management of children who presented with pain after injury to an urban level 1 trauma center. Consecutive enrollment of 1000 patients identified by ICD-9 codes that included all injuries or external causes for injury (700-999 and all E codes) and who had pain identified by triage pain assessment was performed. For analysis, patients were grouped according to triage level. RESULTS Fifty-one percent (511/1000) of patients achieved pain resolution, and an additional 20% (200/1000) of patients had documented improvement in pain score during their ED visit. Triage acuity level 1 group received medications the fastest with a median time of 12 minutes (interquartile range, 10-53 minutes); 65.3% of patients (653/1000) received a pain medication during their ED visit; 54.3% of these patients received oral medications only. Average time to intravenous line placement was 2 hours 35 minutes (SD, 2 hours 55 minutes). Only 1.9% of patients received any medications prior to arrival. CONCLUSIONS Higher-acuity patients received initial pain medications and had initial pain score decrease before lower-acuity patients. Given the retrospective nature of the study, we were unable to clearly identify barriers that contributed to delay in or lack of pain treatment in our patient population.
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Le May S, Ali S, Plint AC, Mâsse B, Neto G, Auclair MC, Drendel AL, Ballard A, Khadra C, Villeneuve E, Parent S, McGrath PJ, Leclair G, Gouin S. Oral Analgesics Utilization for Children With Musculoskeletal Injury (OUCH Trial): An RCT. Pediatrics 2017; 140:peds.2017-0186. [PMID: 29021235 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2017-0186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Musculoskeletal injuries (MSK-Is) are a common and painful condition among children that remains poorly treated in the emergency department (ED). We aimed to test the efficacy of a combination of an anti-inflammatory drug with an opioid for pain management of MSK-I in children presenting to the ED. METHODS In this randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial, we enrolled children between 6 and 17 years presenting to the ED with an MSK-I and a pain score >29 mm on the visual analog scale (VAS). Participants were randomly assigned to oral morphine (0.2 mg/kg) + ibuprofen (10 mg/kg) (morphine + ibuprofen) or morphine (0.2 mg/kg) + placebo of ibuprofen or ibuprofen (10 mg/kg) + placebo of morphine. Primary outcome was children with VAS pain score <30 mm at 60 minutes postmedication administration. RESULTS A total of 501 participants were enrolled and 456 were included in primary analyses (morphine + ibuprofen = 177; morphine = 188; ibuprofen = 91). Only 29.9% (morphine + ibuprofen), 29.3% (morphine), and 33.0% (ibuprofen) of participants achieved the primary outcome (P = .81). Mean VAS pain reduction at 60 minutes were -18.7 (95% confidence interval [CI]: -21.9 to -16.6) (morphine + ibuprofen), -17.0 (95% CI: -20.0 to -13.9) (morphine), -18.6 (95% CI: -22.9 to -14.2) (ibuprofen) (P = .69). Children in the morphine + ibuprofen group (P < .001) and in the morphine group (P < .001) experienced more side effects than those in the ibuprofen group. No serious adverse event was reported. CONCLUSIONS Combination of morphine with ibuprofen did not provide adequate pain relief for children with MSK-I in the ED. None of the study medication provided an optimal pain management because most of children did not reach a mild pain score (NCT02064894).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Le May
- Faculties of Nursing and .,CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Samina Ali
- Women and Children's Health Research Institute, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Amy C Plint
- Departments of Pediatrics and.,Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Benoit Mâsse
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Gina Neto
- Emergency Department, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Amy L Drendel
- Departments of Pediatrics and.,Emergency Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Ariane Ballard
- Faculties of Nursing and.,CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Women and Children's Health Research Institute, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Christelle Khadra
- Faculties of Nursing and.,CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Women and Children's Health Research Institute, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | | | | | - Patrick J McGrath
- IWK Health Centre, Nova Scotia Health Authority and Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | | | - Serge Gouin
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; and
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Impact of an Offline Pain Management Protocol on Prehospital Provider Self-Efficacy: A Randomized Trial. Pediatr Emerg Care 2017; 33:388-395. [PMID: 27077996 DOI: 10.1097/pec.0000000000000657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pain in children is inadequately treated in the prehospital setting despite the reported recognition by prehospital providers (PHPs) of pain treatment as an important part of patient care. The impact of pediatric pain management protocol (PPP) implementation on PHP self-efficacy (SE), a measure congruent with performance, is unknown. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of PPP implementation and pain management education on PHP SE. METHODS This was a prospective study evaluating the change in PHP SE after a PPP was implemented. Prehospital providers were randomized to 3 groups: protocol introduction alone, protocol introduction with education, and protocol introduction with education and a 3-month interim review. Prehospital provider SE was assessed for pain management given 3 age-based scenarios. Self-efficacy was measured with a tool that uses a ranked ordinal scale ranging from "certain I cannot do it" (0) to "completely certain I can do it" (100) for 10 pain management actions: pain assessment (3), medication administration (4), dosing (1), and reassessment (2). An averaged composite score (0-100) was calculated for each of the 3 age groups (adult, child, toddler). Paired-sample t tests compared post-PPP and 13-month scores to pre-PPP scores. RESULTS Of 264 PHPs who completed initial surveys, 142 PHPs completed 13-month surveys. Ninety-three (65%) received education with protocol review, and 49 (35%) had protocol review only. Self-efficacy scores increased over the study period, most notably for pain assessment. This increase persisted at 13 months for child (6.6 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 1.4-11.8]) and toddler pain assessment (22.3 [95% CI, 16.4-28.3]). Composite SE scores increased immediately for all age groups (adult, 3.1 [95% CI, 1.3-4.9]; child, 6.1 [95% CI, 3.8-8.5]; toddler, 12.0 [95% CI, 9.5-14.5]) and persisted at 13 months for the toddler group alone (7.0 [95% CI, 4.3-9.7]). There was no difference between groups who received protocol review alone compared with those with education or education plus a 3-month interim review. CONCLUSIONS After a pain management protocol was introduced, SE scores among PHPs increased immediately and remained elevated for some individual actions involved in pain management, most notably pain assessment. Prehospital provider pain assessment SE scores declined 13 months after protocol introduction for adults, but remained elevated compared with baseline for the pediatric age groups.
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How Safe Are Common Analgesics for the Treatment of Acute Pain for Children? A Systematic Review. Pain Res Manag 2016; 2016:5346819. [PMID: 28077923 PMCID: PMC5203901 DOI: 10.1155/2016/5346819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Revised: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background. Fear of adverse events and occurrence of side effects are commonly cited by families and physicians as obstructive to appropriate use of pain medication in children. We examined evidence comparing the safety profiles of three groups of oral medications, acetaminophen, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and opioids, to manage acute nonsurgical pain in children (<18 years) treated in ambulatory settings. Methods. A comprehensive search was performed to July 2015, including review of national data registries. Two reviewers screened articles for inclusion, assessed methodological quality, and extracted data. Risks (incidence rates) were pooled using a random effects model. Results. Forty-four studies were included; 23 reported on adverse events. Based on limited current evidence, acetaminophen, ibuprofen, and opioids have similar nausea and vomiting profiles. Opioids have the greatest risk of central nervous system adverse events. Dual therapy with a nonopioid/opioid combination resulted in a lower risk of adverse events than opioids alone. Conclusions. Ibuprofen and acetaminophen have similar reported adverse effects and notably less adverse events than opioids. Dual therapy with a nonopioid/opioid combination confers a protective effect for adverse events over opioids alone. This research highlights challenges in assessing medication safety, including lack of more detailed information in registry data, and inconsistent reporting in trials.
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Baartmans M, de Jong A, van Baar M, Beerthuizen G, van Loey N, Tibboel D, Nieuwenhuis M. Early management in children with burns: Cooling, wound care and pain management. Burns 2016; 42:777-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.burns.2016.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Revised: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Murphy A, McCoy S, O'Reilly K, Fogarty E, Dietz J, Crispino G, Wakai A, O'Sullivan R. A Prevalence and Management Study of Acute Pain in Children Attending Emergency Departments by Ambulance. PREHOSP EMERG CARE 2015; 20:52-8. [DOI: 10.3109/10903127.2015.1037478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Abstract
UNLABELLED Damage that arises as a result of injuries is one of the most common causes of children presenting to hospital emergency departments. OBJECTIVES The aim of the study was to assess the implementation of recommendations for prehospital pain management in injured children provided by various health care centers. METHODS A total of 7146 children aged 0 to 18 years because of injury were admitted to the Department of Paediatric Emergency Medicine in the Maria Konopnicka Memorial University Teaching Hospital No. 4 in Lodz within the period of 12 months. From this group, 1493 children received prehospital emergency care from various health care centers. RESULTS Health care centers provided prehospital aid to 21% of all children with injuries. Boys (60.3%) and children older than 5 years (80%) predominated among pediatric trauma cases. Prehospital emergency aid was most frequently administered to children by emergency medical services personnel (42.7%) and a primary health care physician (28.1%). Injuries of head (42.1%), neck (1.1%), chest (1.7%), abdomen (2.5%), upper (32.2%), and lower (19.9%) limbs as well as burns (5.3%) were diagnosed in pediatric patients. Indications for prehospital analgesia were found in 489 of 1493 patients (32.7%). Analgesia was administered to 159 children (32%), pain medication was not given to 223 children (46%), and in 107 cases (22%), there was a lack of information on that subject. CONCLUSIONS Despite the training of medical staff, provision of analgesia for children with burns and traumatic injuries of the osteoarticular system is inadequate.
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Prehospital pain management of injured children: a systematic review of current evidence. Am J Emerg Med 2015; 33:451-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2014.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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Emergency Medical Services Provider Comfort with Prehospital Analgesia Administration to Children. Prehosp Disaster Med 2014; 30:66-71. [DOI: 10.1017/s1049023x14001277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
AbstractIntroductionThe undertreatment of pediatric pain is a significant concern among families, clinicians, and researchers. Although some have examined prehospital pain management, the deterrents to pediatric analgesia administration by Emergency Medical Services (EMS) have not yet been examined in Canada.ProblemThis study describes EMS pain-management practices and prehospital provider comfort treating pediatric pain. It highlights differences in pain management between adults and children and assesses the potential barriers, misconceptions, difficulties, and needs related to provision of pediatric analgesia.MethodsA study-specific survey tool was created and distributed to all Primary Care Paramedics (PCPs) and Advanced Care Paramedics (ACPs) over four mandatory educational seminars in the city of Edmonton (Alberta, Canada) from September through December 2008.ResultsNinety-four percent (191/202) of EMS personnel for the city of Edmonton completed the survey. The majority of respondents were male (73%, 139/191), aged 26-35 (42%, 80/191), and had been in practice less than 10 years (53%, 101/191). Seventy-four percent (141/191) of those surveyed were ACPs, while 26% (50/191) were PCPs. Although the majority of respondents reported using both pain scales and clinical judgement to assess pain for adults (85%, 162/191) and adolescents (86%, 165/191), children were six times more likely than adults (31%, 59/191 vs 5%, 10/191) to be assessed by clinical judgement alone. Emergency Medical Services personnel felt more comfortable treating adults than children (P < .001), and they were less likely to treat children even if they were experiencing identical types and intensities of pain as adults (all P values <.05) and adolescents (all P values < .05). Twenty-five percent of providers (37/147) assumed pediatric patients required less analgesia due to immature nervous systems. Three major barriers to treating children's pain included limited clinical experience (34%, 37/110), difficulty in communication (24%, 26/110) and inability to assess children's pain accurately (21%, 23/110).ConclusionEmergency Medical Services personnel self-report that children's pain is less rigorously measured and treated than adults’ pain. Educational initiatives aimed at increasing clinical exposure to children, as well as further education regarding simple pain measurement tools for use in the field, may help to address identified barriers and discomfort with assessing and treating children.RahmanA, CurtisS, DeBruyneB, SookramS, ThomsonD, LutzS, AliS. Emergency Medical Services provider comfort with prehospital analgesia administration to children. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2015;30(1):1-6.
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Gausche-Hill M, Brown KM, Oliver ZJ, Sasson C, Dayan PS, Eschmann NM, Weik TS, Lawner BJ, Sahni R, Falck-Ytter Y, Wright JL, Todd K, Lang ES. An Evidence-based Guideline for prehospital analgesia in trauma. PREHOSP EMERG CARE 2013; 18 Suppl 1:25-34. [PMID: 24279813 DOI: 10.3109/10903127.2013.844873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The management of acute traumatic pain is a crucial component of prehospital care and yet the assessment and administration of analgesia is highly variable, frequently suboptimal, and often determined by consensus-based regional protocols. OBJECTIVE To develop an evidence-based guideline (EBG) for the clinical management of acute traumatic pain in adults and children by advanced life support (ALS) providers in the prehospital setting. Methods. We recruited a multi-stakeholder panel with expertise in acute pain management, guideline development, health informatics, and emergency medical services (EMS) outcomes research. Representatives of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (sponsoring agency) and a major children's research center (investigative team) also contributed to the process. The panel used the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) methodology to guide the process of question formulation, evidence retrieval, appraisal/synthesis, and formulation of recommendations. The process also adhered to the National Prehospital Evidence-Based Guideline (EBG) model process approved by the Federal Interagency Council for EMS and the National EMS Advisory Council. RESULTS Four strong and three weak recommendations emerged from the process; two of the strong recommendations were linked to high- and moderate-quality evidence, respectively. The panel recommended that all patients be considered candidates for analgesia, regardless of transport interval, and that opioid medications should be considered for patients in moderate to severe pain. The panel also recommended that all patients should be reassessed at frequent intervals using a standardized pain scale and that patients should be re-dosed if pain persists. The panel suggested the use of specific age-appropriate pain scales. CONCLUSION GRADE methodology was used to develop an evidence-based guideline for prehospital analgesia in trauma. The panel issued four strong recommendations regarding patient assessment and narcotic medication dosing. Future research should define optimal approaches for implementation of the guideline as well as the impact of the protocol on safety and effectiveness metrics.
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Wafik W, Tork H. Effectiveness of a first-aid intervention program applied by undergraduate nursing students to preparatory school children. Nurs Health Sci 2013; 16:112-8. [DOI: 10.1111/nhs.12083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Revised: 06/09/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wagida Wafik
- Department of Community Health Nursing; Zagazig University; Zagazig Egypt
| | - Hanan Tork
- Department of Pediatric Health Nursing; Zagazig University; Zagazig Egypt
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Fein JA, Zempsky WT, Cravero JP. Relief of pain and anxiety in pediatric patients in emergency medical systems. Pediatrics 2012; 130:e1391-405. [PMID: 23109683 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2012-2536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Control of pain and stress for children is a vital component of emergency medical care. Timely administration of analgesia affects the entire emergency medical experience and can have a lasting effect on a child's and family's reaction to current and future medical care. A systematic approach to pain management and anxiolysis, including staff education and protocol development, can provide comfort to children in the emergency setting and improve staff and family satisfaction.
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Thompson RW, Krauss B, Kim YJ, Monuteaux MC, Zerriny S, Lee LK. Extremity Fracture Pain After Emergency Department Reduction and Casting: Predictors of Pain After Discharge. Ann Emerg Med 2012; 60:269-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2012.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2011] [Revised: 12/30/2011] [Accepted: 01/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Herd DW, Babl FE, Gilhotra Y, Huckson S. Pain management practices in paediatric emergency departments in Australia and New Zealand: a clinical and organizational audit by National Health and Medical Research Council's National Institute of Clinical Studies and Paediatric Research in Emergency Departments International Collaborative. Emerg Med Australas 2009; 21:210-21. [PMID: 19527281 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-6723.2009.01184.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To audit pain management practices and organization in paediatric ED across Australia and New Zealand. METHODS Retrospective audit of pain management practices in Paediatric Research in Emergency Departments International Collaborative ED in 20 cases each of migraine, abdominal pain and femoral shaft fracture. Review of organizational status of pain management at Paediatric Research in Emergency Departments International Collaborative sites. RESULTS Of 14 ED, 10 participated in the clinical audit. A total of 196 migraine, 197 abdominal pain and 177 femur fracture cases were reviewed. Less than half had degree of pain measured or had pain score documented on triage. Migraine received analgesia in 62% of cases (opioids in 11%). Abdominal pain received analgesia in 62% of cases (opioids in 14%). Fractured femurs received analgesia in 78% of cases (opioids 49%, femoral nerve blocks 40%). Median minutes to enteral medication were 100, 85 and 75, and for parenteral medication (mainly opiates) 103, 137 and 26, for migraine, abdominal pain and femur fracture, respectively. Thirteen hospitals participated in the organizational audit. Of all ED, 92% had pain management policies or guidelines, 92% taught pain management topics in education programmes and 62% used mandatory pain competencies. Only 15% had quality improvement programmes for pain reduction. CONCLUSION We found a notable lack of pain assessment documentation and delays to analgesia. There is a need to improve pain assessment and management, although a majority of paediatric ED surveyed had important organizational and educational structures in place. Issues to explore include use of opioids in migraine and the underuse of femoral nerve blocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Herd
- Paediatric Research in Emergency Departments International Collaborative, Australia and New Zealand
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Sterling J. Recent Publications on Medications and Pharmacy. Hosp Pharm 2007. [DOI: 10.1310/hpj4208-768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Hospital Pharmacy presents this feature to keep pharmacists abreast of new publications in the medical/pharmacy literature. Articles of interest will be abstracted monthly regarding a broad scope of topics.
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