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Lindsay S, Hsu S. Emergency and disaster preparedness among children and youth with disabilities and chronic conditions, their caregivers and service providers: a scoping review. Disabil Rehabil 2024; 46:1239-1255. [PMID: 38554389 DOI: 10.1080/09638288.2023.2185294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE People with disabilities, especially children and youth, are often not considered in emergency and disaster preparedness planning, which leaves them vulnerable and at a higher risk of the negative effects of natural and human caused disasters. The purpose of this study was to understand the extent of emergency and disaster preparedness and factors influencing preparedness among children and youth with disabilities and chronic conditions, their caregivers and service providers. METHODS Our scoping review involved searching six international databases that identified 1146 studies of which 27 met our inclusion criteria. RESULTS The studies in this review involved 2613 participants (i.e., children, parents, educators and clinicians) across nine countries over a 20-year period. Our results highlighted the following trends: (1) the extent of emergency preparedness; (2) factors affecting emergency preparedness; and (3) interventions to enhance preparedness. CONCLUSIONS Our findings underscore the critical need for more attention to emergency preparedness for children and youth with disabilities, their families and service providers and their inclusion in planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally Lindsay
- Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Occupational Science & Occupational Therapy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Shaelynn Hsu
- Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto, Canada
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Ito T, Misaki M, Iwaibara T, Shimizu N, Nakamura Y, Takahashi K. The disaster liaison for pediatric and perinatal medicine: A new system in Japan. Pediatr Int 2024; 66:e15780. [PMID: 38863303 DOI: 10.1111/ped.15780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Worldwide, children, newborns, and pregnant or postpartum women are vulnerable to disasters and emergency situations, and providing support to this population is of great concern. Japan is located in a disaster-prone area, so disaster response and risk reduction strategies are important priorities. METHODS We introduce a system called the Disaster Liaison for Pediatric and Perinatal Medicine (DLPPM). This was created with a specific focus on perinatal children and pregnant women in Japan. We report the details of its activities, discuss its challenges, and draw on lessons learned for the further development of perinatal support systems, particularly for children. RESULTS The lessons learned from the activities of the DLPPM include the following: (1) establish a support system for emergency specialists beyond those with pediatric and perinatal specialties; (2) mitigate the risk of indirect damage caused by primary disasters; and (3) establish a networking function linked to existing pediatric and perinatal medicine facilities. CONCLUSIONS By establishing similar systems, we believe that it will be feasible to address pediatric and perinatal care needs in disaster response contexts in other countries and regions around the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Ito
- Department of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Aichi Children's Health and Medical Center, Aichi, Japan
- Japan Pediatrics Societies Committee on Measures against for Disasters, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Miho Misaki
- Japan Pediatrics Societies Committee on Measures against for Disasters, Tokyo, Japan
- Japan Disaster Medical Assistance Team Secretariat, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takayuki Iwaibara
- Japan Pediatrics Societies Committee on Measures against for Disasters, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Neonatal Medicine, Osaka Women's and Children's Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Naoki Shimizu
- Japan Pediatrics Societies Committee on Measures against for Disasters, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Pediatrics, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Yasuhide Nakamura
- Japan Pediatrics Societies Committee on Measures against for Disasters, Tokyo, Japan
- Friends of WHO, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kenzo Takahashi
- Japan Pediatrics Societies Committee on Measures against for Disasters, Tokyo, Japan
- Teikyo University Graduate School of Public Health, Tokyo, Japan
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Paediatric patients in mass casualty incidents: a comprehensive review and call to action. Br J Anaesth 2021; 128:e109-e119. [PMID: 34862001 DOI: 10.1016/j.bja.2021.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The paediatric population is disproportionately affected during mass casualty incidents (MCIs). Several unique characteristics of children merit special attention during natural and man-made disasters because of their age, physiology, and vulnerability. Paediatric anaesthesiologists play a critical part of MCI care for this population, yet there is a deficit of publications within the anaesthesia literature addressing paediatric-specific MCI concerns. This narrative review article analyses paediatric MCI considerations and compares differing aspects between care provision in Australia, the UK, and the USA. We integrate some of the potential roles for anaesthesiologists with paediatric experience, which include preparation, command consultation, in-field care, pre-hospital transport duties, and emergency department, operating theatre, and ICU opportunities. Finally, we propose several methods by which anaesthesiologists can improve their contribution to paediatric MCI care through personal education, training, and institutional involvement.
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Extrication time and earthquake-related mortality in the 2016 Taiwan earthquake. J Formos Med Assoc 2019; 118:1504-1514. [PMID: 31371147 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfma.2019.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE People with different age distributions and extrication times might have distinct injury characteristics and outcomes in earthquakes. METHODS A retrospective study was conducted to analyze the casualties in the 2016 Taiwan earthquake using data from the incident registry system and the field disaster operation system. The study subjects were assigned to 4 groups by age: preschool (<5 years), school (5-17 years), adult (18-64 years), and elderly (>64 years). Classification and regression tree analysis and receiver-operating characteristic curves were utilized to examine several factors, including extrication time, age group, floor height, and structural damage, for earthquake-related mortality. A two-sided p value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS A total of 238 enrollees were assigned to the preschool (n = 18, 7.6%), school (n = 45, 18.9%), adult (n = 169, 71.0%), or elderly (n = 6, 2.5%) groups. Among the parameters, the extrication time exhibited the strongest association with mortality. Regarding the association between the extrication time and mortality hazard in multivariate models, we found significant odds ratios (ORs) at the extrication time cutoffs of 12, 24 and 72 h (OR = 42.61, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 13.92-130.37; OR = 37.58, 95% CI: 14.77-95.60; OR = 95.16, 95% CI: 23.02-393.48, respectively, all p < 0.001). The optimal extrication time cutoff for mortality was 12 h in the preschool group and 24 h in the school and adult groups. CONCLUSION Extrication time is strongly associated with earthquake-related mortality. These findings may facilitate strategic approaches for patients entrapped in damaged buildings and can contribute to future training for field search and rescues after earthquakes.
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Breuer F, Beckers SK, Poloczek S. [Mass casualty incidents and attacks involving a multitude of children and adolescents-Overview of policy recommendations and challenges]. Anaesthesist 2019; 68:476-482. [PMID: 31297543 DOI: 10.1007/s00101-019-0626-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Fortunately, mass casualty incidents involving a large number of children and adolescents are rare and the experience in this field, both in terms of medical as well as psychosocial emergency care is comparatively low. Children represent a vulnerable group and have a particularly high risk of developing posttraumatic stress disorder in the aftermath of experiencing disasters. A selective literature search was carried out in Medline. The peculiarity of damaging events with a large number of children and adolescents affected is that in addition to emergency medical care, an early approach to psychosocial emergency care must be provided. Accordingly, it makes sense to integrate such structures into the respective deployment concepts. A specific screening algorithm for children could so far not prevail but due to the physiological and anatomical characteristics appropriate emergency medical care concepts should be provided. Furthermore, hospitals must adapt to this patient group in a suitable manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Breuer
- Ärztliche Leitung Rettungsdienst, Berliner Feuerwehr, Voltairestr. 2, 10179, Berlin, Deutschland.
| | - S K Beckers
- Ärztliche Leitung Rettungsdienst Stadt Aachen, Berufsfeuerwehr Aachen, Aachen, Deutschland.,Klinik für Anästhesiologie, Medizinische Fakultät, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Deutschland
| | - S Poloczek
- Ärztliche Leitung Rettungsdienst, Berliner Feuerwehr, Voltairestr. 2, 10179, Berlin, Deutschland
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Hospital Disaster Preparedness in Switzerland Over a Decade: A National Survey. Disaster Med Public Health Prep 2018; 13:433-439. [PMID: 29973301 DOI: 10.1017/dmp.2018.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study aimed to provide a comprehensive assessment of Swiss hospital disaster preparedness in 2016 compared with the 2006 data. METHODS A questionnaire was addressed in 2016 to all heads responsible for Swiss emergency departments (EDs). RESULTS Of the 107 hospitals included, 83 (78%) returned the survey. Overall, 76 (92%) hospitals had a plan in case of a mass casualty incident, and 76 (93%) in case of an accident within the hospital itself. There was a lack in preparedness for specific situations: less than a third of hospitals had a specific plan for nuclear/radiological, biological, chemical, and burns (NRBC+B) patients: nuclear/radiological (14; 18%), biological (25; 31%), chemical (27; 34%), and burns (15; 49%), and 48 (61%) of EDs had a decontamination area. Less than a quarter of hospitals had specific plans for the most vulnerable populations during disasters, such as seniors (12; 15%) and children (19; 24%). CONCLUSIONS The rate of hospitals with a disaster plan has increased since 2006, reaching a level of 92%. The Swiss health care system remains vulnerable to specific threats like NRBC. The lack of national legislation and funds aimed at fostering hospitals' preparedness to disasters may be the root cause to explain the vulnerability of Swiss hospitals regarding disaster medicine. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2019;13:433-439).
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Kouliev T. Objective triage in the disaster setting: will children and expecting mothers be treated like others? Open Access Emerg Med 2016; 8:77-86. [PMID: 27822127 PMCID: PMC5089824 DOI: 10.2147/oaem.s96913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of disaster triage is made difficult by the complex emotional response of potentially lifesaving intervention that a triage officer must make basing decisions on a succinct and efficient algorithm. A survey of triage professionals in international settings was designed to identify possible emotionally led bias that affects objective decision making in identifying victims most likely to benefit from immediate life support intervention. This survey suggests a lack of correlation between triage priority and predictable clinical outcomes as predicted by the Revised Trauma Score tool. Among the subjects, it was observed that a pediatric victim is uniformly overtriaged when compared to less injured victims.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timur Kouliev
- Beijing United Family Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Zagory JA, Jensen AR, Burke RV, Upperman JS. Planning for the Pediatric Patient During a Disaster. CURRENT TRAUMA REPORTS 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s40719-016-0064-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Zhang L, Zhao M, Fu W, Gao X, Shen J, Zhang Z, Xian M, Jiao Y, Jiang J, Wang J, Gao G, Tang B, Chen L, Li W, Zhou C, Deng S, Gu J, Zhang D, Zheng Y, Chen X. Epidemiological analysis of trauma patients following the Lushan earthquake. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97416. [PMID: 24846207 PMCID: PMC4028270 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A 7.0-magnitude earthquake hit Lushan County in China's Sichuan province on April 20, 2013, resulting in 196 deaths and 11,470 injured. This study was designed to analyze the characteristics of the injuries and the treatment of the seismic victims. METHODS After the earthquake, an epidemiological survey of injured patients was conducted by the Health Department of Sichuan Province. Epidemiological survey tools included paper-and-pencil questionnaires and a data management system based on the Access Database. Questionnaires were completed based on the medical records of inpatients with earthquake-related injuries. Outpatients or non-seismic injured inpatients were excluded. A total of 2010 patients from 140 hospitals were included. RESULTS The most common type of injuries involved bone fractures (58.3%). Children younger than 10 years of age suffered fewer fractures and chest injuries, but more skin and soft -tissue injuries. Patients older than 80 years were more likely to suffer hip and thigh fractures, pelvis fractures, and chest injuries, whereas adult patients suffered more ankle and foot fractures. A total of 207 cases of calcaneal fracture were due to high falling injuries related to extreme panic. The most common type of infection in hospitalized patients was pulmonary infections. A total of 70.5% patients had limb dysfunction, and 60.1% of this group received rehabilitation. Most patients received rehabilitation within 1 week, and the median duration of rehabilitation was 3 weeks. The cause of death of all seven hospitalized patients who died was severe traumatic brain injuries; five of this group died within 24 h after the earthquake. CONCLUSIONS Injuries varied as a function of the age of the victim. As more injuries were indirectly caused by the Lushan earthquake, disaster education is urgently needed to avoid secondary injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease, Department of Nephrology, Chinese PLA General Hospital and Military Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Minggang Zhao
- National Health and Family Planning Commission of the People’s Republic of China, Beijing, China
| | - Wenhao Fu
- National Health and Family Planning Commission of the People’s Republic of China, Beijing, China
| | - Xinqiang Gao
- National Health and Family Planning Commission of the People’s Republic of China, Beijing, China
| | - Ji Shen
- Health and Family Planning Commission of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Zuyun Zhang
- Health and Family Planning Commission of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Ming Xian
- Health and Family Planning Commission of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Yunzhi Jiao
- Health and Family Planning Commission of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Jian Jiang
- Health and Family Planning Commission of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Jinqian Wang
- Health and Family Planning Commission of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Guomin Gao
- Department of Health, United Logistic Ministry, Chengdu Military Region, Chengdu, China
| | - Bin Tang
- Department of Health, United Logistic Ministry, Chengdu Military Region, Chengdu, China
| | - Liang Chen
- Department of Health, United Logistic Ministry, Chengdu Military Region, Chengdu, China
| | - Weimin Li
- West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | | | - Shaoping Deng
- Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Jianwen Gu
- General Hospital of Chengdu Military Command, Chengdu, China
| | - Dong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease, Department of Nephrology, Chinese PLA General Hospital and Military Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease, Department of Nephrology, Chinese PLA General Hospital and Military Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangmei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease, Department of Nephrology, Chinese PLA General Hospital and Military Medical College, Beijing, China
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Care of children in a natural disaster: lessons learned from the Great East Japan earthquake and tsunami. Pediatr Surg Int 2013; 29:1047-51. [PMID: 23996147 DOI: 10.1007/s00383-013-3405-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The Great East Japan earthquake was one of the most devastating natural disasters ever to hit Japan. We present features of the disaster and the radioactive accident in Fukushima. About 19,000 are dead or remain missing mainly due to the tsunami, but children accounted for only 6.5% of the deaths. The Japanese Society of Pediatric Surgeons set up the Committee of Aid for Disaster, and collaborated with the Japanese Society of Emergency Pediatrics to share information and provide pediatric medical care in the disaster area. Based on the lessons learned from the experiences, the role of pediatric surgeons and physicians in natural disasters is discussed.
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Cross KP, Cicero MX. Head-to-Head Comparison of Disaster Triage Methods in Pediatric, Adult, and Geriatric Patients. Ann Emerg Med 2013; 61:668-676.e7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2012.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2012] [Revised: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Baker LR, Baker MD. Disaster Preparedness Among Families of Children With Special Health Care Needs. Disaster Med Public Health Prep 2013; 4:240-5. [DOI: 10.1001/dmp.2010.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACTFamilies with children with special health care needs may present a challenge for disaster responders. This study examined the level of personal disaster preparedness among this at-risk population in relation to the general population, and explores whether special health care needs or perception of disaster risk affects preparedness levels. A convenience sample of 145 families presenting to an urban tertiary care children's hospital was surveyed using a previously validated instrument to gather information on levels of preparedness and factors influencing preparedness. In spite of significant special health care needs and concern about disasters, families remain unprepared for a disaster event. Health care and psychosocial support workers are in a unique position to increase preparedness levels in this at-risk population.(Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2010;4:240-245)
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Sichuan earthquake and emergency relief care for children: report from the firstly arrived pediatricians in the epicenter zone. Pediatr Emerg Care 2011; 27:17-20. [PMID: 21178813 DOI: 10.1097/pec.0b013e3182037cc3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE An 8.0-magnitude earthquake struck Sichuan province of China on May 12, 2008. Over the next 10 days, the firstly arrived uniformed pediatricians in the epicenter zone took part in emergency relief care for children. The investigations of major injuries and diseases in children were taken. METHODS Demographic data collected included (if possible) age, date of presentation, injury, disease, and surgery performed. RESULTS Total casualties were estimated to be more than 80,000, and much more were injured. Eight hundred eighty-two inpatients were treated by the relief team during the first 10 days. Of 882 inpatients, 192 (21.8%) were younger than 18 years. Children's ages were not evenly distributed. Twenty-seven patients were neonates, infants, and toddlers (14%), 105 were school-aged (55%), and were 60 adolescents (31%). The admitted children had 256 injuries. Limb (106 cases, 55.2%) and body surface (67 cases, 34.9%) were the majorly injured locations. One hundred twenty-seven cases (66.2%) had simple open injuries, and 106 (55.2% had fractures. The children's conditions were evaluated as mild (121 cases, 63.0%), moderate (56 cases, 29.7%), severe (8 cases, 4.2%), and fatal (7 cases, 3.7%). CONCLUSIONS More than 20% of patients requiring hospitalization were children. School-aged children were heavily injured. The increase in infectious diseases followed on. The data show that there is an immediate need for orthopedic and general surgery skills, and pediatricians should play an important role in early rescue and subsequent control of infectious diseases in a huge earthquake hazard.
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Olympia RP, Rivera R, Heverley S, Anyanwu U, Gregorits M. Natural disasters and mass-casualty events affecting children and families: a description of emergency preparedness and the role of the primary care physician. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 2010; 49:686-98. [PMID: 20356922 DOI: 10.1177/0009922810364657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the compliance of a select number of families with national recommendations for disaster preparedness. PATIENTS AND METHODS A questionnaire focusing on knowledge of community evacuation plans and the presence of a family emergency response plan was distributed simultaneously in Dauphin County, Pennsylvania, and Bronx County, New York. RESULTS A total of 1024 questionnaires were analyzed, and it was found that 35% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 32-38) of families were familiar with community evacuation plans, and 43% (95% CI = 40-46) had a family emergency response plan. Also, 17% (95% CI = 15-19) of respondents had discussed preparedness with their primary care physician; this subset of respondents was more likely to be familiar with community evacuation plans and was more likely to have a family emergency response plan. CONCLUSIONS These data show that families are, for the most part, not in compliance with national recommendations for preparedness. Families who discussed preparedness with their primary care physician were more likely to be compliant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert P Olympia
- Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Penn State Hershey Children's Hospital, Hershey, PA, USA.
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Lyle K, Thompson T, Graham J. Pediatric Mass Casualty: Triage and Planning for the Prehospital Provider. CLINICAL PEDIATRIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cpem.2009.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Los Angeles County Addresses Pediatric Needs Using the Disaster Resource Center Program. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 67:S77-8. [DOI: 10.1097/ta.0b013e3181ad23a4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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The Needs of Children in Natural or Manmade Disasters. INTENSIVE AND CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE 2009. [PMCID: PMC7120869 DOI: 10.1007/978-88-470-1436-7_32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Disasters have been described as “events of sufficient scale, asset depletion, or numbers of victims to overwhelm medical resources” [1] or as “a serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a society causing widespread human, material, economic or environmental losses that exceed the ability of the affected community or society to cope using its own resources” [2]. Importantly, that definition goes on to state: “A disaster is a function of the risk process. It results from the combination of hazards, conditions of vulnerability and insufficient capacity or measures to reduce the potential negative consequences of risk.”
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