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Nguyen VP, Zhe J, Hu J, Ahmed U, Paulus YM. Molecular and cellular imaging of the eye. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 15:360-386. [PMID: 38223186 PMCID: PMC10783915 DOI: 10.1364/boe.502350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
The application of molecular and cellular imaging in ophthalmology has numerous benefits. It can enable the early detection and diagnosis of ocular diseases, facilitating timely intervention and improved patient outcomes. Molecular imaging techniques can help identify disease biomarkers, monitor disease progression, and evaluate treatment responses. Furthermore, these techniques allow researchers to gain insights into the pathogenesis of ocular diseases and develop novel therapeutic strategies. Molecular and cellular imaging can also allow basic research to elucidate the normal physiological processes occurring within the eye, such as cell signaling, tissue remodeling, and immune responses. By providing detailed visualization at the molecular and cellular level, these imaging techniques contribute to a comprehensive understanding of ocular biology. Current clinically available imaging often relies on confocal microscopy, multi-photon microscopy, PET (positron emission tomography) or SPECT (single-photon emission computed tomography) techniques, optical coherence tomography (OCT), and fluorescence imaging. Preclinical research focuses on the identification of novel molecular targets for various diseases. The aim is to discover specific biomarkers or molecular pathways associated with diseases, allowing for targeted imaging and precise disease characterization. In parallel, efforts are being made to develop sophisticated and multifunctional contrast agents that can selectively bind to these identified molecular targets. These contrast agents can enhance the imaging signal and improve the sensitivity and specificity of molecular imaging by carrying various imaging labels, including radionuclides for PET or SPECT, fluorescent dyes for optical imaging, or nanoparticles for multimodal imaging. Furthermore, advancements in technology and instrumentation are being pursued to enable multimodality molecular imaging. Integrating different imaging modalities, such as PET/MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) or PET/CT (computed tomography), allows for the complementary strengths of each modality to be combined, providing comprehensive molecular and anatomical information in a single examination. Recently, photoacoustic microscopy (PAM) has been explored as a novel imaging technology for visualization of different retinal diseases. PAM is a non-invasive, non-ionizing radiation, and hybrid imaging modality that combines the optical excitation of contrast agents with ultrasound detection. It offers a unique approach to imaging by providing both anatomical and functional information. Its ability to utilize molecularly targeted contrast agents holds great promise for molecular imaging applications in ophthalmology. In this review, we will summarize the application of multimodality molecular imaging for tracking chorioretinal angiogenesis along with the migration of stem cells after subretinal transplantation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Van Phuc Nguyen
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Josh Zhe
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Justin Hu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Umayr Ahmed
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Yannis M. Paulus
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
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Chen X, Xu N, Li J, Zhao M, Huang L. Stem cell therapy for inherited retinal diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Stem Cell Res Ther 2023; 14:286. [PMID: 37798796 PMCID: PMC10557171 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-023-03526-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Stem cell therapy is a promising therapeutic approach for inherited retinal diseases (IRDs). This study aims to quantitatively examine the effectiveness and safety of stem cell therapy for patients with IRDs, including retinitis pigmentosa and Stargardt disease (STGD). METHODS We searched PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, Cochrane Library databases, and the ClinicalTrials.gov website. The latest retrieval time was August 20, 2023. The primary outcomes were rates and mean difference (MD) of best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) improvement. Subgroup analyses were conducted according to administration routes and stem cell types. This study was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42022349271). RESULTS Twenty-one prospective studies, involving 496 eyes (404 RP and 92 STGD) of 382 patients (306 RP and 76 STGD), were included in this study. For RP, the rate of BCVA improvement was 49% and 30% at 6 months and 12 months, respectively, and the BCVA was significantly improved in the operative eyes at 6 months post-treatment (MD = - 0.12 logMAR, 95% CI .17 to - 0.06 logMAR; P < 0.001), while there was no significant difference at 12 months post-treatment (MD = -0.06 logMAR; 95% CI - 0.13 to 0.01 logMAR; P = 0.10). For STGD, the rate of BCVA improvement was 60% and 55% at 6 months and 12 months, respectively, and the BCVA was significantly improved in the operative eyes at 6 months (MD = - 0.14 logMAR, 95% CI - 0.22 to - 0.07 logMAR; P = 0.0002) and 12 months (MD = - 0.17 logMAR, 95% CI - 0.29 to - 0.04 logMAR; P = 0.01). Subgroup analyses showed suprachoroidal space injection of stem cells may be more efficient for RP. Eleven treated-related ocular adverse events from three studies and no related systemic adverse events were reported. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests stem cell therapy may be effective and safe for patients with RP or STGD. The long-term vision improvement may be limited for RP patients. Suprachoroidal space injection of stem cells may be a promising administration route for RP patients. Limited by the low grade of evidence, large sample size randomized clinical trials are required in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University People's Hospital, Eye Diseases and Optometry Institute, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Therapy of Retinal and Choroid Diseases, Beijing, China
- College of Optometry, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Ningda Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University People's Hospital, Eye Diseases and Optometry Institute, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Therapy of Retinal and Choroid Diseases, Beijing, China
- College of Optometry, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Jiarui Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University People's Hospital, Eye Diseases and Optometry Institute, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Therapy of Retinal and Choroid Diseases, Beijing, China
- College of Optometry, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Mingwei Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University People's Hospital, Eye Diseases and Optometry Institute, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Therapy of Retinal and Choroid Diseases, Beijing, China
- College of Optometry, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Lvzhen Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University People's Hospital, Eye Diseases and Optometry Institute, Beijing, China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Therapy of Retinal and Choroid Diseases, Beijing, China.
- College of Optometry, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China.
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Yang R, Yang S, Li K, Luo Z, Xian B, Tang J, Ye M, Lu S, Zhang H, Ge J. Carbon Nanotube Polymer Scaffolds as a Conductive Alternative for the Construction of Retinal Sheet Tissue. ACS Chem Neurosci 2021; 12:3167-3175. [PMID: 34375091 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.1c00242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
With the great success of graphene in the biomedical field, carbon nanotubes have attracted increasing attention for different applications in ophthalmology. Here, we report a novel retinal sheet composed of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) that can enhance retinal cell therapy. By tuning our CNTs to regulate the mechanical characteristics of retina sheets, we were able to improve the in vitro viability of retinal ganglion cells derived from human-induced pluripotent stem cells incorporated into CNTs. Engrafted retinal ganglion cells displayed signs of regenerating processes along the optic nerve. Compared with PLGA scaffolds, CNT-PLGA retinal sheet tissue has excellent electrical conductivity, biocompatibility, and biodegradation. This new biomaterial offers new insight into retinal injury, repair, and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runcai Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, China
| | - Sijing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine Hangzhou, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310000, China
| | - Kaijing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, China
| | - Ziming Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, China
| | - Bikun Xian
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, China
| | - Jiaqi Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, China
| | - Meifang Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, China
| | - Shoutao Lu
- National United Engineering Laboratory for Biomedical Material Modification,
Branden Industrial Park, Dezhou, Shandong 251100, China
| | - Haijun Zhang
- National United Engineering Laboratory for Biomedical Material Modification,
Branden Industrial Park, Dezhou, Shandong 251100, China
| | - Jian Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, China
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Shen Y. Stem cell therapies for retinal diseases: from bench to bedside. J Mol Med (Berl) 2020; 98:1347-1368. [PMID: 32794020 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-020-01960-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
As the human retina has no regenerative ability, stem cell interventions represent potential therapies for various blinding retinal diseases. This type of therapy has been extensively studied in the human eyes through decades of preclinical studies. The safety profiles shown in clinical trials thus far have indicated that these strategies should be further explored. There are still challenges with regard to cell source, cell delivery, immuno-related adverse events and long-term maintenance of the therapeutic effects. Retinal stem cell therapy is likely to be most successful with a combination of multiple technologies, such as gene therapy. The purpose of this review is to present a synthetical and systematic coverage of stem cell therapies that target retinal diseases from bench to bedside, intending to appeal to both junior specialists and the broader community of clinical investigators alike. This review will only focus on therapies that have already been studied in clinical trials. This review summarizes key concepts, highlights the main studies in human patients and discusses the current challenges and potential methods to reduce safety concerns while enhancing the therapeutic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuening Shen
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London , 11-43 Bath St, London, EC1V 9EL, UK. .,Department of Medical Retina, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, 162 City Road, London, EC1V 2PD, UK.
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Liu X, Chen F, Chen Y, Lu H, Lu X, Peng X, Kaplan HJ, Dean DC, Gao L, Liu Y. Paracrine effects of intraocularly implanted cells on degenerating retinas in mice. Stem Cell Res Ther 2020; 11:142. [PMID: 32234075 PMCID: PMC7326149 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-020-01651-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Retinal degeneration is a leading cause of blindness in the world; its etiology is complex and involves genetic defects and stress-associated aging. In addition to gene therapies for known genetically defective retinal degeneration, cellular therapies have been widely explored for restoring vision in both preclinical animal models and clinical trials. Stem cells of distinct tissue sources and their derived lineages have been tested for treating retinal degeneration; most of them were reported to be effective to some extent in restoring/improving deteriorated vision. Whether this visual improvement is due to a functional integration of grafted cells to substitute for lost retinal neurons in recipients or due to their neuroprotective and neurotrophic effects to retain recipient functional neurons, or both, is still under debate. METHODS We compared the results of subretinal transplantation of various somatic cell types, such as stem cells and differentiated cells, into RhoP23H/+ mice, a retinal degeneration model for human retinitis pigmentosa (RP) by evaluating their optokinetic response (OKR) and retinal histology. We identified some paracrine factors in the media that cultured cells secreted by western blotting (WB) and functionally evaluated the vascular endothelial growth factor Vegfa for its potential neurotrophic and neuroprotective effects on the neuroretina of model animals by intravitreal injection of VEGF antibody. RESULTS We found that live cells, regardless of whether they were stem cells or differentiated cell types, had a positive effect on improving degenerating retinas after subretinal transplantation; the efficacy depended on their survival duration in the host tissue. A few paracrine factors were identified in cell culture media; Vegfa was the most relevant neurotrophic and neuroprotective factor identified by our experiments to extend neuron survival duration in vivo. CONCLUSIONS Cellular therapy-produced benefits for remediating retinal degeneration are mostly, if not completely, due to a paracrine effect of implanted cells on the remaining host retinal neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Louisville School of Medicine, 301 E Muhammad Ali Blvd, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Fenghua Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Louisville School of Medicine, 301 E Muhammad Ali Blvd, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yao Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Louisville School of Medicine, 301 E Muhammad Ali Blvd, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Huayi Lu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Louisville School of Medicine, 301 E Muhammad Ali Blvd, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
- Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Xiaoqin Lu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Louisville School of Medicine, 301 E Muhammad Ali Blvd, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Xiaoyan Peng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Henry J Kaplan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Louisville School of Medicine, 301 E Muhammad Ali Blvd, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Douglas C Dean
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Louisville School of Medicine, 301 E Muhammad Ali Blvd, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center, Louisville, USA.
- Birth Defects Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA.
| | - Ling Gao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.
| | - Yongqing Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Louisville School of Medicine, 301 E Muhammad Ali Blvd, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center, Louisville, USA.
- Birth Defects Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA.
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Wubben TJ, Besirli CG, Johnson MW, Zacks DN. Retinal Neuroprotection: Overcoming the Translational Roadblocks. Am J Ophthalmol 2018; 192:xv-xxii. [PMID: 29702074 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2018.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To elucidate the issues that have prevented successful translation of neuroprotective therapeutic modalities for retinal disease from the preclinical to the clinical realm and to suggest strategies to circumvent these barriers in order to develop novel treatments to prevent vision loss. DESIGN Interpretive essay. METHODS Review and synthesis of selected reports of neuroprotective approaches for retinal disease, with interpretation and perspective. RESULTS Retinal neuroprotection is defined as any measure that reduces the death of retinal cells or axonal extensions into the optic nerve, and there is a great unmet need for such therapeutic modalities. Despite encouraging preclinical data, the translation of neuroprotective therapies to the clinic has been fraught with failure. Fundamental issues that have plagued this transition include the animal models used in preclinical studies, the reproducibility of the preclinical data, and the choice of meaningful clinical trial endpoints. Developing animal models that more aptly mimic human disease, defining a set of guidelines for preclinical evaluation of neuroprotective therapies in retinal disease, and identifying and validating biomarkers as surrogate clinical endpoints that shorten and optimize drug development timelines may circumvent some of these barriers to translation. CONCLUSIONS Neuroprotective therapeutic approaches have the potential to prevent vision loss in millions of people affected with eye diseases worldwide. However, a stigma currently accompanies the concept of neuroprotection because of the many past failures to bridge the gap between the preclinical and clinical realms. Understanding and addressing the fundamental reasons for the failure of translatable research provides hope for the future development of neuroprotective therapies.
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Awwad S, Mohamed Ahmed AHA, Sharma G, Heng JS, Khaw PT, Brocchini S, Lockwood A. Principles of pharmacology in the eye. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 174:4205-4223. [PMID: 28865239 PMCID: PMC5715579 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The eye is a highly specialized organ that is subject to a huge range of pathology. Both local and systemic disease may affect different anatomical regions of the eye. The least invasive routes for ocular drug administration are topical (e.g. eye drops) and systemic (e.g. tablets) formulations. Barriers that subserve as protection against pathogen entry also restrict drug permeation. Topically administered drugs often display limited bioavailability due to many physical and biochemical barriers including the pre-corneal tear film, the structure and biophysiological properties of the cornea, the limited volume that can be accommodated by the cul-de-sac, the lacrimal drainage system and reflex tearing. The tissue layers of the cornea and conjunctiva are further key factors that act to restrict drug delivery. Using carriers that enhance viscosity or bind to the ocular surface increases bioavailability. Matching the pH and polarity of drug molecules to the tissue layers allows greater penetration. Drug delivery to the posterior segment is a greater challenge and, currently, the standard route is via intravitreal injection, notwithstanding the risks of endophthalmitis and retinal detachment with frequent injections. Intraocular implants that allow sustained drug release are at different stages of development. Novel exciting therapeutic approaches include methods for promoting transscleral delivery, sustained release devices, nanotechnology and gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Awwad
- UCL School of PharmacyLondonUK
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of OphthalmologyLondonUK
| | - Abeer H A Mohamed Ahmed
- UCL School of PharmacyLondonUK
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of OphthalmologyLondonUK
| | - Garima Sharma
- UCL School of PharmacyLondonUK
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of OphthalmologyLondonUK
| | - Jacob S Heng
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of OphthalmologyLondonUK
| | - Peng T Khaw
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of OphthalmologyLondonUK
| | - Steve Brocchini
- UCL School of PharmacyLondonUK
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of OphthalmologyLondonUK
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Chacón-Camacho OF, García-Montaño LA, Zenteno JC. The clinical implications of molecular monitoring and analyses of inherited retinal diseases. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2017; 17:1009-1021. [DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2017.1384314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Oscar F. Chacón-Camacho
- Genetics Department-research Unit, Institute of Ophthalmology ‘Conde de Valenciana’, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Leopoldo A. García-Montaño
- Genetics Department-research Unit, Institute of Ophthalmology ‘Conde de Valenciana’, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Juan C Zenteno
- Genetics Department-research Unit, Institute of Ophthalmology ‘Conde de Valenciana’, Mexico City, Mexico
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, UNAM, Mexico City, Mexico
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Gupta PR, Huckfeldt RM. Gene therapy for inherited retinal degenerations: initial successes and future challenges. J Neural Eng 2017; 14:051002. [DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/aa7a27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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