Incidence of Sturge-Weber Syndrome and Risk of Secondary Glaucoma: A Nationwide Population-based Study Using a Rare Disease Registry

Nationwide incidence of and risk factors for undergoing incisional glaucoma surgery following infantile cataract surgery

Nationwide incidence and risk factors for incisional glaucoma surgery post-infantile cataract (IC) surgery in children remain poorly understood. We conducted a population-based cohort study using the Korean national health claims database to identify IC patients diagnosed before age 1 who had IC surgery among all Korean born between 2008 and 2018 (n = 9,593,003). We estimated the annual occurrence of undergoing incisional glaucoma surgery following IC surgery in the general population aged 0-10. The risk factors for incisional surgery including systemic comorbidities and ophthalmic anomalies were analyzed by multivariable logistic regression. Of 650 patients who had undergone IC surgery with a mean (standard deviation [SD]) follow-up period of 6.2 (3.2) years, 92 (14.2%) were diagnosed with glaucoma following infantile cataract surgery (GFICS). Among them, 21 patients (22.8%) underwent incisional glaucoma surgery after a mean (SD) follow-up duration of 5.4 (2.8) years from the diagnosis of GFICS. Median (InterQuartile Range) age at incisional surgery was 4 (2,6) years old. Twenty of 21 patients (95.2%) underwent incisional glaucoma surgery within 3 years of diagnosis of GFICS. No factors, except younger age at glaucoma diagnosis (P = 0.03), were associated with undergoing incisional surgery. These findings can better understand the epidemiologic features and clinical courses of GFICS.

Neurological function and drug-refractory epilepsy in Sturge-Weber syndrome children: a retrospective analysis

Epilepsy in Sturge-Weber syndrome (SWS) is common, but drug-refractory epilepsy (DRE) in SWS has rarely been studied in children. We investigated the characteristics of epilepsy and risk factors for DRE in children with SWS. A retrospective study was conducted to analyze the clinical characteristics of children with SWS with epilepsy in our hospital from January 2013 to October 2022. Univariate and multivariate logistic analyses were performed to investigate the factors influencing DRE in children with SWS. A total of 35 SWS children with epilepsy were included (51% male; mean age of presentation 3.6 ± 0.5 years), 71% of children with SWS had their first seizure within the first year of life, and the most common type of seizure was focal seizure (77%). Eleven (31%) patients developed DRE. The median age of onset for the first seizure was 1.0 years and all these cases were of SWS type I. Multivariate logistic analysis revealed that stroke-like episodes and seizure clusters were risk factors for DRE in SWS children. A poor neurological function group was observed in twenty-five children with SWS. Status epilepticus was a risk factor that affected the neurological function of SWS children with epilepsy.  Conclusion: The study explored the epileptic features of children with SWS. The results revealed that stroke-like episodes and seizure clusters are risk factors for DRE in children with SWS. The occurrence of status epilepticus impacts the neurological function of SWS children with epilepsy. Thus, long-term follow-up is necessary to monitor outcomes. What is Known: • Sturge-Weber syndrome (SWS) is a rare neurocutaneous disorder, over 75% of children with SWS experience seizures, and 30-57% develop drug-refractory epilepsy (DRE), which leads to a poor outcome. • Drug-refractory epilepsy in SWS has been rarely studied in children, and the risk factors associated with DRE are unclear. What is New: • Clinical features of SWS children with drug-refractory epilepsy. • In SWS, stroke-like episodes and seizure clusters are risk factors of DRE, the occurrence of status epilepticus impacts the neurological function.

Retrospective Analysis of Presymptomatic Treatment In Sturge-Weber Syndrome

Background

Ninety percent of infants with Sturge-Weber syndrome (SWS) brain involvement have seizure onset before 2 years of age; this is associated with worse neurologic outcome. Presymptomatic treatment before seizure onset may delay seizure onset and improve outcome, as has been shown in other conditions with a high-risk of developing epilepsy such as tuberous sclerosis complex. Electroencephalogram (EEG) may be a biomarker to predict seizure onset. This retrospective clinical data analysis aims to assess impact of presymptomatic treatment in SWS.

Methods

This two-centered, IRB-approved, retrospective study analyzed records from patients with SWS brain involvement. Clinical data recorded included demographics, age of seizure onset (if present), brain involvement extent (unilateral versus bilateral), port-wine birthmark (PWB) extent, family history of seizure, presymptomatic treatment if received, neuroscore, and anti-seizure medication. EEG reports prior to seizure onset were analyzed.

Results

Ninety-two patients were included (48 females), and 32 received presymptomatic treatment outside of a formal protocol (5 aspirin, 16 aspirin and levetiracetam; 9 aspirin and oxcarbazepine, 2 valproic acid). Presymptomatically-treated patients were more likely to be seizure-free at 2 years (15 of 32; 47% versus 7 of 60; 12%; p<.001). A greater percentage of presymptomatically-treated patients had bilateral brain involvement (38% treated versus 17% untreated; p=.026). Median hemiparesis neuroscore at 2 years was better in presymptomatically-treated patients. In EEG reports prior to seizure onset, the presence of slowing, epileptiform discharges, or EEG-identified seizures was associated with seizure onset by 2 (p=.001).

Conclusion

Presymptomatic treatment is a promising approach to children diagnosed with SWS prior to seizure onset. Further study is needed, including prospective drug trials, long-term neuropsychological outcome, and prospective EEG analysis to assess this approach and determine biomarkers for presymptomatic treatment.

Incidence of and Risk Factors for Fellow-Eye Involvement in Sturge-Weber Syndrome Children With Unilateral Glaucoma

PRCIS

Among children with unilateral glaucoma associated with Sturge-Weber syndrome (SWS), 7 of 47 demonstrated involvement in the fellow eye, and that group had had earlier first-eye surgery relative to the noninvolvement group.

PURPOSE

The aim of this study was to determine the incidence of and risk factors for fellow-eye involvement in children with unilateral SWS-associated glaucoma.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Children diagnosed with a unilateral facial port-wine stain and ipsilateral glaucoma before the age of 5 and followed up for at least 5 years were enrolled. The incidence rates of fellow-eye glaucoma involvement were estimated per 100 person-years, and factors associated with a higher incidence of fellow-eye involvement were investigated.

RESULTS

A total of 47 children [24 (51.1%) girls] with unilateral SWS-associated glaucoma were included. All of them had facial port-wine stain involving ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve, and 18 (38.3%) had neurological comorbidities. The mean age at glaucoma diagnosis was 0.8±1.2 years [range, 0.08 (1 mo)-4.0 y]. Over a median follow-up of 8.4 years, glaucoma was diagnosed in the fellow eye of 7 of the children (14.9%; incidence rate of 1.8 per 100 person-years), 6 of whom were girls ( P =0.097) and 5 of whom were diagnosed before the age of 4 years ( P =0.508). The fellow-eye-involvement group showed significantly higher mean follow-up intraocular pressure in the fellow eye, older age at first-eye surgery (both P <0.005), and higher frequency of choroidal hemangioma both at first onset and in fellow eyes ( P =0.026 and 0.019, respectively).

CONCLUSIONS

In this cohort of SWS children diagnosed with unilateral glaucoma, the risk of fellow-eye involvement was higher in girls, within the first 4 years, and in cases with choroidal hemangioma. The fellow-eye-involved children underwent surgery on the first eye earlier than those without fellow-eye involvement.