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Srirengalakshmi, Kumar A, Arvind P, Adel SM. BIOMATERIAL TESTING IN CONTEMPORARY ORTHODONTICS: SCOPE, PROTOCOL AND TESTING APPARATUS. Semin Orthod 2022. [DOI: 10.1053/j.sodo.2022.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Ghadirian H, Geramy A, Shallal W, Heidari S, Noshiri N, Keshvad MA. The Effect of Remineralizing Agents With/Without CO 2 Laser Irradiation on Structural and Mechanical Properties of Enamel and its Shear Bond Strength to Orthodontic Brackets. J Lasers Med Sci 2020; 11:144-152. [PMID: 32273955 DOI: 10.34172/jlms.2020.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Remineralizing agents may be used for the treatment of white spot lesions (WSLs) prior to bracket bonding. However, some concerns exist regarding their possible interference with the etching and bonding process, negatively affecting the bond strength. This study aimed to assess the effect of two remineralizing agents with/without CO2 laser irradiation on the mechanical properties and shear bond strength (SBS) of demineralized enamel to the orthodontic bracket. Methods: This study evaluated 60 premolar teeth in 6 groups (n=10) as follows: (I) sound enamel, (II) demineralized enamel, (III) Nupro remineralizing agent (N), (IV) Nupro and CO2 laser (N/L), (V) Teethmate remineralizing agent (T), and (VI) Teethmate and CO2 laser (T/L). The remineralizing agents were applied to the enamel surfaces after their immersion in a demineralizing solution for 5 days. In groups IV and VI, the CO2 laser with a 10.6 μm wavelength, 10 ms pulse duration, a 50 Hz repetition rate, 0.3 mm beam diameter and 0.7 W power was irradiated after applying the remineralizing agents. Brackets were bonded to the enamel surfaces and SBS was measured by a universal testing machine. For the assessment of enamel microhardness, 20 sections of molar teeth were divided into 4 groups (n=5; N, N/L, T, T/L) and their microhardness was measured before demineralization, after demineralization and after remineralization. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and energy-dispersive spectrometry (EDS) were carried out to assess the formation of hydroxyapatite. The atomic percentages of the C, O, P, Ca, Na, Si, F and Ca/P ratio were determined by EDS analysis. Results: The SBS significantly decreased in group II (P<0.001). There was no significant difference among the groups I, III, IV, V and VI (P<0.05). This finding was similar to the microhardness results, which showed an increase in microhardness after remineralization (P<0.05), with no difference among the remineralizing agents. The Ca/P ratio was the highest in the Nupro group and the lowest in the demineralized group. Conclusion: Remineralizing agents can significantly improve the microhardness and structural properties of demineralized enamel to a level similar to that of sound enamel with no adverse effect on SBS to orthodontic brackets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannaneh Ghadirian
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Allahyar Geramy
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Soolmaz Heidari
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Dental Caries Prevention Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Nooshin Noshiri
- Medical Image Processing Laboratory (MIPL), Department of Technology and Engineering, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Keshvad
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Mahmoudzadeh M, Alijani S, Soufi LR, Farhadian M, Namdar F, Karami S. Effect of CO2 Laser on the Prevention of White Spot Lesions During Fixed Orthodontic Treatment: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Turk J Orthod 2019; 32:165-171. [PMID: 31565692 DOI: 10.5152/turkjorthod.2019.18052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Objective This study aimed to assess the effect of carbon dioxide (CO2) laser on prevention of white spot lesions (WSLs) associated with fixed orthodontic treatment. Methods In this parallel controlled trial, 554 maxillary anterior teeth in 95 patients with age range of 12-30 years were included. The samples were randomly divided in two groups: 1) CO2 laser (n=278) and 2) control (n=276) groups. Following bracket attachment, the teeth in the laser group were exposed to CO2 laser (0.4 mw, 10.6 μm, 5 Hz) for 20 s, and the control group received placebo light. Incidence, severity, and extent of the lesions were assessed in four surface regions (gingival, incisal, mesial, and distal) at baseline and 6 months post-irradiation. The inter-group comparison was performed by the Mann-Whitney U test and McNemar analysis. Results A significant difference regarding WSLs incidence in all teeth was observed between the two study groups (p<0.001). The two study groups illustrated a significant difference in lesion extent and incidence in incisal, mesial, and distal regions (p<0.05). The WSLs were significantly different in terms of severity in the incisal and mesial sites (p<0.05). Conclusion The CO2 laser irradiation seemed to effectively prevent incidence of WSLs. In addition, its effectiveness varied depending on the surface region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Mahmoudzadeh
- Department of Orthodontics, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences School of Dentistry, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Sara Alijani
- Department of Orthodontics, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences School of Dentistry, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Loghman Rezaei Soufi
- Department of Operative, Dental Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences School of Dentistry, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Maryam Farhadian
- Department of Biostatistics, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences School of Public Health and Research Center for Health Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Namdar
- Dental Materials Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Somayeh Karami
- Post Graduate Orthodontic Student of Hamadan School of Dentistry, Department of Orthodontics, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences School of Dentistry, Hamadan, Iran
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Al-Maliky MA, Frentzen M, Meister J. Laser-assisted prevention of enamel caries: a 10-year review of the literature. Lasers Med Sci 2019; 35:13-30. [PMID: 31399861 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-019-02859-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Since the invention of lasers in dentistry, investigations in caries prevention by the use of laser radiation have been proposed. There are several mechanisms stated for this purpose such as photothermal and/or photochemical interaction processes with the enamel. Alone or in conjugation with topical fluoride application, this treatment modality may improve enamel acid resistance in high-caries-risk populations. Data collection was done by searching the keywords caries, prevention, and laser in PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar. Lasing protocols of the collected literature and their effectiveness as well as examination methods used to verify treatment outcomes have been evaluated. One hundred eighteen publications were found for the last 10 years. The wavelengths investigated for caries prevention are mainly located in the near and the mid-infrared spectral range. In the evaluated period of time, investigations using CO2; Er:YAG; Er,Cr:YSGG; Er:YLF; fundamental, second, and third harmonic generations of Nd:YAG; diodes; and argon ion lasers were found in the databases. Accounting for 39% of the literature, CO2 laser was the most examined system for this purpose. Reviewing the literature in this narrative review showed that all laser systems presented a positive effect in varying degrees. Laser irradiation could be an alternative or synergistic to topical fluoridation for enamel caries prevention with longer lasting effect. Further research should be focused on selecting proper laser settings to avoid damage to enamel and developing effective evidence-based clinical protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Abbood Al-Maliky
- Department of Periodontology, Operative and Preventive Dentistry, Dental Faculty, University of Bonn, Welschnonnenstrasse 17, 53111, Bonn, Germany. .,Center of Applied Medical Laser Research and Biomedical Optics (AMLaReBO), University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany. .,Department of Biomedical Applications, Institute of Laser for Postgraduate Studies, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq.
| | - Matthias Frentzen
- Department of Periodontology, Operative and Preventive Dentistry, Dental Faculty, University of Bonn, Welschnonnenstrasse 17, 53111, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jörg Meister
- Department of Periodontology, Operative and Preventive Dentistry, Dental Faculty, University of Bonn, Welschnonnenstrasse 17, 53111, Bonn, Germany.,Center of Applied Medical Laser Research and Biomedical Optics (AMLaReBO), University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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Raghis T, Mahmoud G, Abdullah A, Hamadah O. Enamel resistance to demineralisation around orthodontic brackets after CO2 laser irradiation: a randomised clinical trial. J Orthod 2018; 45:234-242. [DOI: 10.1080/14653125.2018.1504410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tuqa Raghis
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Damascus, Syria
| | - Ghiath Mahmoud
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Damascus, Syria
| | | | - Omar Hamadah
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, Damascus, Syria
- Higher Institute for Laser Research and Applications, Damascus, Syria
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Farhadian N, Rezaei-Soufi L, Jamalian SF, Farhadian M, Tamasoki S, Malekshoar M, Javanshir B. Effect of CPP-ACP paste with and without CO2 laser irradiation on demineralized enamel microhardness and bracket shear bond strength. Dental Press J Orthod 2018; 22:53-60. [PMID: 28902250 PMCID: PMC5573011 DOI: 10.1590/2177-6709.22.4.053-060.oar] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Many patients seeking orthodontic treatment already have incipient enamel lesions and should be placed under preventive treatments. The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the effect of CPP-ACP paste and CO2 laser irradiation on demineralized enamel microhardness and shear bond strength of orthodontic brackets. Methods: Eighty caries-free human premolars were subjected to a demineralization challenge using Streptococcus mutans. After demineralization, the samples were randomly divided into five equal experimental groups: Group 1 (control), the brackets were bonded without any surface treatment; Group 2, the enamel surfaces were treated with CPP-ACP paste for 4 minutes before bonding; Group 3, the teeth were irradiated with CO2 laser beams at a wavelength of 10.6 µm for 20 seconds. The samples in Groups 4 and 5 were treated with CO2 laser either before or through CPP-ACP application. SEM photomicrographs of a tooth from each group were taken to observe the enamel surface. The brackets were bonded to the buccal enamel using a conventional method. Shear bond strength of brackets and ARI scores were measured. Vickers microhardness was measured on the non-bonded enamel surface. Data were analyzed with ANOVA and Tukey test at the p< 0.05 level. Results: The mean shear bond strength and microhardness of the laser group were higher than those in the control group and this difference was statistically significant (p< 0.05). All groups showed a higher percentage of ARI score 4. Conclusion: CO2 laser at a wavelength of 10.6 µm significantly increased demineralized enamel microhardness and enhanced bonding to demineralized enamel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasrin Farhadian
- Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Dental Faculty, Orthodontics Department (Hamadan, Iran)
| | - Loghman Rezaei-Soufi
- University of Medical Sciences, Dental Research Center, Department of Restorative Dentistry. Hamadan (Hamadan, Iran)
| | | | - Maryam Farhadian
- Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Department of Biostatistics (Hamadan, Iran)
| | - Shahrzad Tamasoki
- Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Dental Faculty, Orthodontics Department (Hamadan, Iran)
| | - Milad Malekshoar
- Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Dental Faculty, Orthodontics Department (Hamadan, Iran)
| | - Bahareh Javanshir
- Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Dental Faculty, Orthodontics Department (Hamadan, Iran)
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Mahmoudzadeh M, Rezaei-Soufi L, Farhadian N, Jamalian SF, Akbarzadeh M, Momeni M, Basamtabar M. Effect of CO2 Laser and Fluoride Varnish Application on Microhardness of Enamel Surface Around Orthodontic Brackets. J Lasers Med Sci 2017; 9:43-49. [PMID: 29399311 DOI: 10.15171/jlms.2018.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Orthodontic treatment has many advantages such as esthetic improvement and self-esteem enhancement; yet it has some disadvantages such as increasing the risk of formation of white spot lesions, because it makes oral hygiene more difficult. It is rational to implement procedures to prevent these lesions. The present study was aimed to assess the effect of CO2 laser and fluoride varnish on the surface of the enamel surface microhardness around the orthodontic braces. Methods: Eighty extracted premolar teeth were selected, scaled, polished with nonfluoridated pumic and metal brackets were bonded to them. Then, they were randomly allocated to 5 groups: control (neither fluoride nor laser is used on enamel surfaces), fluoride (4 minutes fluoride varnish treatment of the enamel surfaces), CO2 laser (10.6 µm CO2 laser irradiation of the teeth), laserfluoride (fluoride application after laser irradiation) and fluoride-laser (fluoride was applied and then teeth were irradiated with laser). After surface treatment around brackets on enamel, the samples were stored in 0.1% thymol for less than 5 days and then they were exposed to a 10-day microbiological caries model. Microhardness values of enamel were evaluated with Vickers test. One sample of each group (5 teeth from 80 samples) was prepared for SEM (scanning electron microscopy) and the data from 75 remaining teeth were analyzed with analysis of variance (ANOVA) and chi-square tests (α =0.05). Results: Microhardness mean values from high to low were as follow: fluoride-laser, laser-fluoride, laser, fluoride and control. Microhardness in fluoride-laser group was significantly higher compared with that of the control group. Distribution adhesive remnant index (ARI) scores were significantly different between groups and most of bond failures occurred at the enamel-adhesive interface in groups 2 to 5 and at the adhesive-bracket interface in the control group. Conclusion: Combination of fluoride varnish and CO2 laser irradiation can reduce enamel demineralization around orthodontic brackets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Mahmoudzadeh
- Orthodontics Department, Dental Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Loghman Rezaei-Soufi
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Dental Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Nasrin Farhadian
- Orthodontics Department, Dental Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | | | - Mahdi Akbarzadeh
- Department of Biostatistics, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Mohammadali Momeni
- Orthodontics Department, Dental Faculty, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Chaleshtar, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Masome Basamtabar
- Orthodontic Department, Dental Faculty, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
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Kaur T, Tripathi T, Rai P, Kanase A. SEM Evaluation of Enamel Surface Changes and Enamel Microhardness around Orthodontic Brackets after Application of CO 2 Laser, Er,Cr:YSGG Laser and Fluoride Varnish: An In vivo Study. J Clin Diagn Res 2017; 11:ZC59-ZC63. [PMID: 29207835 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2017/30292.10603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Introduction One of the most undesirable consequences of orthodontic treatment is occurrence of enamel demineralization around orthodontic brackets. Numerous in vitro studies have reported the prevention of enamel demineralization by surface treatment with lasers and fluoride varnish. Aim To evaluate the changes on the enamel surface and microhardness around orthodontic brackets after surface treatment by CO2 laser, Er, Cr:YSGG laser and fluoride varnish in vivo. Materials and Methods A double blind interventional study was carried out on 100 premolars which were equally divided into five groups, out of which one was the control group (Group 0). The intervention groups (Group I to IV) comprised of patients requiring fixed orthodontic treatment with all 4 first premolars extraction. Brackets were bonded on all 80 premolars which were to be extracted. Enamel surface treatment of Groups I, II and III was done by CO2 laser, Er, Cr:YSGG laser and 5% sodium fluoride varnish respectively and Group IV did not receive any surface treatment. A modified T-loop was ligated to the bracket and after two months, the premolars were extracted. Surface changes were evaluated by Scanning Electron Microscopic (SEM) and microhardness testing. Comparison of mean microhardness between all the groups was assessed using post-hoc test with Bonferroni correction. Results Group I showed a melted enamel appearance with fine cracks and fissures while Group II showed a glossy, homogenous enamel surface with well coalesced enamel rods. Group III showed slight areas of erosions and Group IV presented areas of stripped enamel. Significant difference was observed between the mean microhardness (VHN) of Group I, Group II, Group III, Group IV and Group 0 with p<0.001. A significant difference of p<0.001 was observed while comparing Group I vs II,III,IV,0 and Group II vs III,IV,0. However, difference while comparing Group III vs IV was p=0.005 and difference between the mean microhardness of Group 0 vs Group III was non significant. Conclusion Surface treatment with Er,Cr:YSGG laser causes a positive alteration of the enamel surface increasing its ability to resist demineralization with optimum microhardness as compared to CO2 laser and sodium fluoride varnish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarundeep Kaur
- Postgraduate Student, Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics, Maulana Azad Institute of Dental Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Tulika Tripathi
- Senior Professor and Head, Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics, Maulana Azad Institute of Dental Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Priyank Rai
- Professor, Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics, Maulana Azad Institute of Dental Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Anup Kanase
- Professor, Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics, Maulana Azad Institute of Dental Sciences, New Delhi, India
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Paulos RS, Seino PY, Fukushima KA, Marques MM, de Almeida FCS, Ramalho KM, de Freitas PM, Brugnera A, Moreira MS. Effect of Nd:YAG and CO 2 Laser Irradiation on Prevention of Enamel Demineralization in Orthodontics: In Vitro Study. Photomed Laser Surg 2017; 35:282-286. [PMID: 28157423 DOI: 10.1089/pho.2016.4235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate Nd:YAG and CO2 laser effects in the prevention of demineralization in deeper layers of enamel via successive acid challenge cycles. BACKGROUND DATA Lasers are promising in the prevention of enamel demineralization around the orthodontic brackets; however, there are very few studies that evaluate if the effects of treatment could be extended after successive acid challenge cycles due to permanent enamel structural alterations. MATERIALS AND METHODS Human enamel samples were divided into five groups (n = 12): G1-application of 1.23% acidulated fluoride phosphate gel (AFP, control); G2-Nd:YAG laser irradiation (0.6 W, 84.9 J/cm2, 10 Hz, 110 μs, contact mode); G3-Nd:YAG laser irradiation associated with AFP; G4-CO2 laser irradiation (0.5 W, 28.6 J/cm2, 50 Hz, 5 μs, and 10 mm focal distance); and G5-CO2 laser irradiation associated with AFP. The samples were submitted to successive acid challenge cycles. Quantitative light-induced fluorescence and scanning electron microscopy were used to assess enamel demineralization. The data were statistically compared (α = 5%). RESULTS G1: 50.87 ± 4.57; G2: 47.72 ± 2.87; G3: 50.96 ± 4.01; G4: 28.21 ± 2.19; and G5: 30.13 ± 6.38. The CO2 laser groups had significantly lower mineral losses than those observed in all other groups after successive acid challenge cycles. CONCLUSIONS Only the CO2 laser (10.6 μm) irradiation prevents enamel demineralization around the orthodontic brackets even after exposure to successive acid challenges. The CO2 laser at 10.6 μm showed a deeper effect in enamel regarding caries prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato Siva Paulos
- 1 Master Program in Biodentistry, Ibirapuera University , São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Marcia Martins Marques
- 2 Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo , São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Aldo Brugnera
- 4 Department of Biomedicine Engineering, Camilo Castelo Branco University , São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Stella Moreira
- 1 Master Program in Biodentistry, Ibirapuera University , São Paulo, Brazil .,2 Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo , São Paulo, Brazil .,5 Universidade Nove de Julho , São Paulo, Brazil
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Meng M, Yang M, Lv C, Yang Q, Yang Z, Chen S. Effect of Low-Level Laser Therapy on Relapse of Rotated Teeth: A Systematic Review of Human and Animal Study. Photomed Laser Surg 2016; 35:3-11. [PMID: 27564090 DOI: 10.1089/pho.2015.4069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE AND BACKGROUND Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) has been used to reduce the relapse of orthodontically rotated teeth. However, controversial conclusions have been drawn by different authors. This review aimed to evaluate the efficacy of LLLT on relapse of corrected tooth rotations systematically by overall search of available studies and scientific assessment. METHODS A comprehensive electronic search was performed through PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, CENTRAL, PRL, and WHO ICTRP up to November 2015 with no language limitation. This systematic review was carried out according to Cochrane Handbook and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement. Risk of bias assessment was undertaken according to Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. Two review authors conducted the work of search, selection, and quality assessment independently in duplicate. RESULTS Out of 112 studies, two animal experiments and one human study were included. Degree and percentage of relapse of rotated teeth were compared between control and LLLT group. CONCLUSIONS According to the results of our systematic review, the effect of LLLT on relapse of corrected tooth rotations is related to energy density. Namely, low energy density seems to promote relapse, while high energy density might alleviate the relapse. Since available investigations are limited, more well-designed randomized controlled trials involving humans are needed to get more clinically significant conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingmei Meng
- 1 Department of Orthodontics, West China College of Stomatology, Sichuan University , Chengdu, China
| | - Min Yang
- 2 Department of Pharmacy, Mianyang Central Hospital , Mianyang, China
| | - Chunxiao Lv
- 1 Department of Orthodontics, West China College of Stomatology, Sichuan University , Chengdu, China
| | - Qingqing Yang
- 1 Department of Orthodontics, West China College of Stomatology, Sichuan University , Chengdu, China
| | - Zhenjin Yang
- 1 Department of Orthodontics, West China College of Stomatology, Sichuan University , Chengdu, China
| | - Song Chen
- 1 Department of Orthodontics, West China College of Stomatology, Sichuan University , Chengdu, China
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