Monomer release from orthodontic retentions: An in vitro study

Bisphenol A Release from Fiber-Reinforced vs. Conventional Stainless-Steel Fixed Retainers: An In Vitro Study

OBJECTIVES

The objectives of this study were to investigate in vitro BPA release from two common fiberglass fixed lingual canine-to-canine retainers and to compare these amounts with those released from a conventional multistranded stainless-steel orthodontic retainer.

METHODS

Fifty-four recently extracted teeth were divided into groups of six teeth each, formed in an arch shape. Three different retainer types were evaluated: Ribbond, EverStick Ortho and Wildcut wire. Three identical specimens were constructed for each retainer type. BPA release was determined with validated the liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method at 1 and 24 h, as well as at 7, 14 and 30 days. The method's limits of detection and quantification were 0.32 ng/mL and 0.96 ng/mL, respectively. A two-way mixed, repeated-measures analysis of variance with Greenhouse-Geisser correction was employed to verify the existence of any significant differences.

RESULTS

Higher levels of BPA were released from the polyethylene fiber and glass fiber retainer in comparison with the conventional retainer in the present study. The differences between the systems over time were not statistically significant at the 95% confidence level.

CONCLUSIONS

In vitro BPA release during the first month did not differ between the examined retainer types. The highest BPA concentrations were observed at 1 month.

Bisphenol A release from CAD/CAM splint materials

This study aimed to investigate the bisphenol A (BPA) release from four CAD/CAM splint materials: three polycarbonate-based (DD BioSplint C, Splint Plus Biostar, Temp Premium Flexible) and one polymethylmethacrylate-based (Temp Basic) material. From each material, ten cylindrical samples (n = 40) were immersed in high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) grade water following ISO 10993-12 and incubated for 24 h in an incubation shaker at 37°C and 112 rpm. Following BPA derivatization, analysis was performed by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). After 24 h of incubation, all investigated materials released significant amounts of BPA compared to water blanks. The material-dependent elution increased in the following order: DD BioSplint C < Splint Plus Biostar < Temp Basic < Temp Premium Flexible. Subtracting extraneous BPA, the concentrations ranged between 2.27 ng/mL and 12.65 ng/mL. After extrapolating the concentrations in relation to the average surface area of occlusal splints, the amount of BPA per mL exceeded the Tolerable Daily Intake (TDI) set by the European Union for a person weighing 70 kg by 1.32-6.16 times. Contrary to the release from previously investigated materials, BPA elution from CAD/CAM splint materials was highly elevated. Considering the increasing adaptation of CAD/CAM techniques, elution from them may represent a relevant BPA source in daily dental practice.

Release of leachable products from resinous compounds in the saliva of children with anterior open bite treated with spur

BACKGROUND

To evaluate the release of bisphenol-A glycidyl methacrylate (BisGMA), triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA), bisphenol A (BPA), and phthalates of the composite resin used in the bonding of spurs applied in the treatment of children with anterior open bite and its effects on human keratinocytes.

METHODOLOGY

Saliva samples of 22 children were collected before spur attachment (baseline) and 30 minutes (min) and 24 hours (h) after spur bonding. Analysis was performed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) and gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Standardized resin increments were added to three different dilutions of the cell culture medium. Keratinocytes (HaCaT) were cultivated in the conditioned media and evaluated for cell viability (MTT) and cell scratch assay.

RESULTS

The levels of BisGMA (1.74±0.27 μg/mL), TEGDMA (2.29±0.36 μg/mL), and BPA (3.264±0.88 μg/L) in the saliva after 30 min, in comparison to baseline (0±0 μg/mL, 0±0 μg/mL, and 1.15±0.21 μg/L, respectively), presented higher numbers. After 24 h, the levels of the monomers were similar to the baseline. Phthalates showed no significant difference among groups. HaCat cells showed increased viability and reduced cell migration over time after exposure to methacrylate-based resin composites.

CONCLUSION

Resin composites, used to attach spurs in children with anterior open bite during orthodontic treatment, release monomers after polymerization and can influence the behavior of human keratinocytes, even at very low concentrations. Orthodontists should be aware of the risks of the resinous compounds release and preventive procedures should be held to reduce patient exposure.

Physical/mechanical and antibacterial properties of orthodontic adhesives containing Sr-bioactive glass nanoparticles, calcium phosphate, and andrographolide

White spot lesions around orthodontic brackets are the major complication during fixed orthodontic treatment. This study prepared orthodontic adhesives for promoting mineral precipitation and reducing bacterial growth. Adhesives with added calcium phosphate monohydrate/Sr-bioactive glass nanoparticles (Sr/CaP) and andrographolide were prepared. The physical/mechanical and antibacterial properties of the adhesives were tested. The additives reduced the monomer conversion of the materials (62 to 47%). The addition of Sr/CaP and andrographolide increased the water sorption (from 23 to 46 μg/mm³) and water solubility (from 0.2 to 5.9 μg/mm³) but reduced the biaxial flexural strength (from 193 to 119 MPa) of the adhesives. The enamel bond strengths of the experimental adhesives (19–34 MPa) were comparable to that of the commercial material (p > 0.05). The Sr/CaP fillers promoted Ca, Sr, and P ion release and the precipitation of calcium phosphate at the debonded interface. An increase in the Sr/CaP concentration enhanced the inhibition of S. mutans by 18%, while the effect of andrographolide was not detected. The abilities of the adhesives to promote ion release, calcium phosphate precipitation, and the growth inhibition of cariogenic bacteria were expected to reduce the occurrence of white spot lesions. The additives reduced the physical/mechanical properties of the materials, but the corresponding values were within the acceptable range.

Meta-analytical analysis on components released from resin-based dental materials

OBJECTIVES

Resin-based materials are applied in every branch of dentistry. Due to their tendency to release substances in the oral environment, doubts have been raised about their actual safety. This review aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the last decade literature regarding the concentrations of elutable substances released from dental resin-based materials in different type of solvents.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

All the literature published on dental journals between January 2010 and April 2022 was searched using international databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science). Due to strict inclusion criteria, only 23 papers out of 877 were considered eligible. The concentration of eluted substances related to surface and volume of the sample was analyzed, considering data at 24 h as a reference. The total cumulative release was examined as well.

RESULTS

The most eluted substances were HEMA, TEGDMA, and BPA, while the less eluted were Bis-GMA and UDMA. Organic solvents caused significantly higher release of substances than water-based ones. A statistically significant inverse correlation between the release of molecules and their molecular mass was observed. A statistically significant positive correlation between the amount of released molecule and the specimen surface area was detected, as well as a weak positive correlation between the release and the specimen volume.

CONCLUSIONS

Type of solvent, molecular mass of eluates, and specimen surface and volume affect substances release from materials.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE

It could be advisable to rely on materials based on monomers with a reduced elution tendency for clinical procedures.

Elution study of acrylic monomers from orthodontic materials using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)

Purpose

Main goal of the study was the identification and quantitative analysis of monomer elution from materials commonly used in fixed orthodontic therapy. Studies have shown severe health effects of monomers including cytotoxic, allergenic or mutagenic potential and endocrine changes. This in vitro study focusses primarily on five resins which are usually processed intraorally and remain in the oral cavity long-term.

Methods

We tested the elution of monomers from specimens (7.5 mm × 1.5 mm) immersed in artificial saliva at body temperature (37 °C) for 30 min to 5 weeks. The used method is in accordance with DIN EN ISO 10993-13. The five tested materials were BrackFix® (Voco GmbH, Cuxhaven, Germany), Triad®Gel (DeguDent GmbH, Hanau, Germany), and Transbond™ XT, LR and Plus (3M Unitek, Monrovia, CA, USA). All aliquots were analyzed using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Data were statistically analyzed.

Results

All five analyzed materials eluted substances over a period of 5 weeks. Identified substances included bisphenol A (BPA), triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA) and urethane dimethacrylate (UDMA). BPA eluted from Transbond™ Plus, XT, LR and BrackFix®. The cumulated mean values after 35 days ranged from 16.04 to 64.83 ppm, depending on the material. TEGDMA eluted with a mean of 688.61 ppm from Transbond™ LR. UDMA with a mean of 1682.00 ppm from Triad®Gel. For each material the highest concentrations of all these substances were found in the first elution period. Other substances that were not equivocally identified or of low concentration also eluted.

Conclusion

Using the described method, it is possible to qualitatively and quantitatively determine the in vitro elution of monomers from orthodontic materials. The concentrations of the substances identified were below the current maximum recommended intake. However, a cumulative effect and low-dose effects should be considered for both patients and dental professionals, especially for young patients. Measures to reduce exposure patients and practitioners are suggested.

An integrative review on the toxicity of Bisphenol A (BPA) released from resin composites used in dentistry

The main aim of this study was to perform an integrative review on the release of bisphenol A (BPA) from resin-matrix composites and potential toxic effects. A bibliographic search was performed on the PubMed platform using the following keywords: "Bisphenol A" OR "BPA" AND "resin composite" OR "composite resin" AND "toxicity" OR "cytotoxicity" OR "release". Inclusion criteria involved in vitro and in vivo studies on the release and toxicity of BPA. Results highlighted the release of BPA from resin-matrix composites due to insufficient polymerization and/or degradation of the polymeric matrix. BPA is part of the organic matrix of resin-matrix composites and may be hydrolysed in human saliva, although studies report that low doses might not be detected by traditional chemical analysis. Studies exposing zebrafish embryos to different concentrations of Bis-GMA, showed 55% mortality at 10 μM Bis-GMA while 30% mortality was recorded at 1 μM Bis-GMA. In patients, a BPA concentration of around 2.09 × 10^-2 μg/ml was found in the saliva after placement of lingual orthodontic retainers with resin-matrix composites. Also, the BPA molecule can be swallowed and absorbed by the oral/gastrointestinal mucosa, which might result in systemic toxicity. The degradation of resin-matrix composites and release of BPA in oral environment are dependent on the organic matrix content and on the polymerization method. A increased release of BPA can lead to the absorption into oral and gastrointestinal mucosa with high risks of local and systemic toxicity.

Release and toxicity of bisphenol-A (BPA) contained in orthodontic adhesives: A systematic review

OBJECTIVE

The objectives of this systematic review of the literature are to search for BPA release from biomaterials used in orthodontics and to highlight their possible impact on human health.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) model, digital and manual searches were conducted in February 2020 in the database of CENTRAL, MEDLINE and EMBASE. Thirteen parameters relating to the release and biological effects of BPA were identified and analysed.

RESULTS

Thirty-one non-randomized clinical trials were included. In general, the level of evidence was low, and the risk of bias ranged from moderate to high. Furthermore, although at different concentrations, most of in vitro and in vivo studies found BPA release from orthodontic adhesives. The lack of standardized protocols and the clinical and methodological heterogeneity of the studies prevented a valid interpretation of the actual results. Concerning the possible toxicity of BPA, no conclusive scientific evidence could be drawn, but it seems that orthodontic biomaterials containing BPA have potential adverse biological effects in humans.

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION

Until we have solid evidence from clinical trials, clinicians should consider that orthodontic adhesives containing BPA have potential short- and long-term adverse biological effects in humans. Careful consideration should therefore be given to bonding, polymerization and debonding protocols in orthodontics.

Whitening Dentifrices Effect on Enamel with Orthodontic Braces after Simulated Brushing

Objective  This study aimed to evaluate in vitro the effects of whitening dentifrices on enamel color, the shear bond strength of orthodontic brackets and adhesive remnant index (ARI).

Materials and Methods  Eighty bovine teeth with brackets were randomly divided into four groups ( n = 20): control group (GC)–water, test group 1 (GT1)–Colgate Total 12, test group 2 (GT2)–Curaprox Black Is White, and group test 3 (GT3)–Luminous White. All groups were submitted to brushing, simulating 12 months. The specimens were exposed to spectrophotometer color evaluation and to a shear strength test in a universal test machine using a 300 kN load with a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min. The ARI was evaluated with a stereoscopic magnifying glass.

Statistical Analysis  Nonparametric Kruskal–Wallis and Dunn’s tests were used for the color analysis, and Friedman and Nemenyi tests were used to compare the times in the variable. To compare the shear force between the groups, the data were evaluated by one-way analysis of variance and Tukey’s test, and ARI was analyzed using Fisher’s exact test, always with a significance level of 5%.

Results  In the color analysis, GT3 presented the greatest progression in whitening effect. GT1 had greater shear strength than GT3 did ( p ≤ 0.05). For ARI, the score 1 was predominant in the GC and GT1. The GT2 and GT3 groups had scores of 3.

Conclusion  The whitening dentifrices promoted significant color change over the 12-month brushing time and may have interfered in the resistance to shear bond strength and ARI.