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Zhang Y, Wang X, Xu X, Feng S, Xia L. The Use of Eye-Tracking Technology in Dento-Maxillofacial Esthetics: A Systematic Review. J Craniofac Surg 2024; 35:e329-e333. [PMID: 38376176 DOI: 10.1097/scs.0000000000010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The use of eye-tracking technology in dental esthetics has gained popularity over the past decade because of its ability to assess observers' visual preferences in an objective manner. The goal of this study was to provide a comprehensive review of eye-tracking studies in dentistry, which could provide a reference for the rational and effective application of eye-tracking technology by dentists in the future. A comprehensive search of articles on eye tracking, published from January 1946 to June 2023, was conducted across several databases using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. The major criterion for inclusion was that the study evaluated the use of eye-tracking technology in the field of dentistry. Two independent reviewers screened the eligible studies. A total of 67 articles were identified, 41 of which met our inclusion criteria. The most common application of eye tracking was the assessment of perceptions of changes in specific dental conditions among different classes of observers. Overall differences between groups (different classes of observers, different types of conditions) among different areas or regions of interest were analyzed. This systematic review demonstrated the utility of eye-tracking technology as a quantifiable objective assessment and emerging research tool for evaluating outcomes in several domains of dentistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yimeng Zhang
- Department of Practical Teaching, School of Architecture and Art, North China University of Technology
| | - Xiaobo Wang
- Department of Urban Planning and Landscape, School of Architecture and Art, North China University of Technology
| | - Xi Xu
- Department of Craniomaxillofacial Surgery, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College. Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Shi Feng
- Department of Craniomaxillofacial Surgery, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College. Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Long Xia
- Department of Craniomaxillofacial Surgery, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College. Beijing, P.R. China
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Wang G, Saif BS, Cheng B, Li H, Li Y, Liu J, Ren X, Zou R, Wang F. Effect of breathing patterns on mandibular cortical bone quality in children and establishment of a preliminary screening model. BMC Oral Health 2023; 23:808. [PMID: 37891617 PMCID: PMC10612292 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-023-03406-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This retrospective study analyzed breathing patterns and age subgroups effect on cortical bone quality of the mandible in growing subjects, aiming to explore the application value of facial skeletal pattern combined with cortical bone density detection in early screening diagnosis of mouth breathing. METHODS One hundred twenty-six participants were divided into four groups: mouth breathing group (7-9, 10-12 years old) and nasal breathing group (7-9, 10-12 years old). The mandibular anterior, middle, and posterior cortical bone mineral density (CBMD), cortical bone width (MCW), ANB, and FMA values were measured. Independent T-test and Mann-Whitney U test were used to compare the measured values. Binary logistic regression was employed to analyze the correlation between measured variables and the children's breathing patterns. ROC analysis was used to determine the ability of the cortical bone density measurements in early screening diagnosis of MB. RESULTS Mouth breathing had a negative impact on CBMD and MCW of the pre-mandibular (Pog) in subjects aged 7-9 years and also impacted the development of (Pog) and submandibular (Me) sites in subjects aged 10-12 years. Older children in the nasal breathing group have higher CBMD, MCW, and SNB values and lower FMA values. Single-factor and multiple-factor logistic binary regression analysis showed that FMA, MSPogCBMD, MSPogMCW, and ANB are correlated factors for children at risk of mouth breathing. CONCLUSION Mouth breathing pattern is closely associated with decreased mandibular CBMD and MCW values in children aged 7-12, where the anterior (Pog) and inferior (Me) sites of anterior mandible are more significantly affected. Furthermore, in combination with facial skeletal pattern, it provides a basis for the early warning diagnosis of mouth breathing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaoli Wang
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, Clinical Research Center of Shaanxi Province for Dental and Maxillofacial Diseases, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710004, People's Republic of China
- Department of Orthodontics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Badr Sultan Saif
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, Clinical Research Center of Shaanxi Province for Dental and Maxillofacial Diseases, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710004, People's Republic of China
- Department of Orthodontics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Bo Cheng
- The Fourth Outpatient Department, Xi'An Jiaotong University Stomatological Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Hongfei Li
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, Clinical Research Center of Shaanxi Province for Dental and Maxillofacial Diseases, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710004, People's Republic of China
- Department of Orthodontics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yutong Li
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, Clinical Research Center of Shaanxi Province for Dental and Maxillofacial Diseases, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710004, People's Republic of China
- Department of Orthodontics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jiawen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, Clinical Research Center of Shaanxi Province for Dental and Maxillofacial Diseases, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710004, People's Republic of China
- Department of Orthodontics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaoyong Ren
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Rui Zou
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, Clinical Research Center of Shaanxi Province for Dental and Maxillofacial Diseases, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710004, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Orthodontics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Fei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, Clinical Research Center of Shaanxi Province for Dental and Maxillofacial Diseases, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710004, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Orthodontics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
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Xiao Z, Chen G, Zhao Y, Wang Y, Gu Y. Perceptual difference of smile aesthetics between 2-dimensional photographs and 3-dimensional dentofacial images: a cross-sectional study. BMC Oral Health 2023; 23:104. [PMID: 36797718 PMCID: PMC9933254 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-023-02798-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to compare the perceptual difference of smile aesthetics between 2D photographs and 3D dentofacial images as perceived by orthodontists and graduate students. METHODS Forty-eight subjects finished orthodontic treatment were recruited with 2D photographs of frontal, oblique and lateral views as well as 3D dentofacial images. Twelve senior orthodontists and 13 postgraduate students were asked to rate the 2D and 3D smile simulations based on visual analog scale (VAS) and to vote for smile features that affect the attractiveness of smile. At the end, they completed a questionnaire about their views on different smile simulations. Wilcoxon signed-rank, Bland-Altman analysis, and multiple linear regression were used to compare the ratings and votes of smile perception between raters and between records. RESULTS Orthodontists and postgraduate students rated smile consistently with 2D photographs, while orthodontists tended to give a higher rate for unattractive smiles and a lower rate for attractive smiles with 3D dentofacial images. The 3D dentofacial images were rated significantly lower than 2D photographs and the voting of most of the smile features showed significant negative main effect on VAS scores, while the effect of demographic characteristics of raters, voting on visible width of upper dentition and buccal corridor was not significant. In addition, a significant negative main effect of commissure and facial profile was found on the rating discrepancy between 2D and 3D images. CONCLUSIONS Senior orthodontists tend to perceived 3D images more conservatively in smile evaluation. 3D dentofacial images were rated lower than 2D photographs and most of the smile features affect the aesthetic perception of smile. The perceptual difference of commissure and facial profile contributed to the lower ratings in 3D dentofacial images.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoxing Xiao
- grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease & National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology & Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Computerized Dentistry Ministry of Health & NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental Materials, Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, No. 22 Zhongguancun South Avenue, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081 People’s Republic of China
| | - Gui Chen
- grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease & National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology & Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Computerized Dentistry Ministry of Health & NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental Materials, Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, No. 22 Zhongguancun South Avenue, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yijiao Zhao
- grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease % National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology & Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Computerized Dentistry Ministry of Health & NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental Materials, Center of Digital Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, No. 22 Zhongguancun South Avenue, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yong Wang
- grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease % National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology & Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Computerized Dentistry Ministry of Health & NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental Materials, Center of Digital Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, No. 22 Zhongguancun South Avenue, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan Gu
- National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease & National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology & Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Computerized Dentistry Ministry of Health & NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental Materials, Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, No. 22 Zhongguancun South Avenue, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China.
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Liu K, Zhang C, Zhang Y, Wang X, Guo Y, Wang X. Perception of the Nose and Lower Face Before and After Orthognathic Surgery in Subjects with Dento-maxillofacial Deformities: An Eye-Tracking Study. Aesthetic Plast Surg 2022; 46:1731-1737. [PMID: 35451608 DOI: 10.1007/s00266-022-02854-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dento-maxillofacial deformities are often associated with nasal deviation, and patients often complain of nasal deviation after orthognathic surgery. This study aimed to quantitatively evaluate the facial visual attention given to dento-maxillofacial deformities accompanying nasal deviation from the perspective of patients and determine whether orthognathic surgery could alter this outcome. METHODS The scanning paths of 137 patients were recorded using an eye-tracking device; recordings were made while the patients viewed images of dento-maxillofacial deformities associated with various degrees of nasal deviation before or after orthognathic surgery. Visual attention focused on the lower face and nose was analyzed. RESULTS When viewing postoperative faces, the participants focused more visual attention on noses and less on the lower face than they did on preoperative faces. Interestingly, for preoperative faces, nasal deviation could significantly increase participants' visual attention to the lower face, and visual attention to noses was significantly increased when noses were deviated 12°, while for postoperative faces, a nasal deviation of 4° or more was associated with a significant increase in participants' visual attention to the nose. CONCLUSIONS Patients tended to focus their visual attention on the lower region of preoperative faces and ignored nose irregularities. Orthognathic surgery can alter visual attention, shifting it from the lower face to the nose, and a deviation of 4° or more could be a potential concern for patients. Clinicians must inform patients preoperatively about preexisting nasal deviations, which can guide surgical planning and help manage patient expectations. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE IV This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .
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Romsics L, Segatto A, Boa K, Becsei R, Rózsa N, Párkányi L, Pinke I, Piffkó J, Segatto E. Patterns of Facial Profile Preference in a Large Sample of Dental Students: A Cross-Sectional Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18168554. [PMID: 34444300 PMCID: PMC8394490 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18168554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to explore dental students’ facial profile preferences in a large sample of students. Nine hundred and nineteen dental students of four dental schools were involved. As part of a larger study on dentofacial esthetics, six photo series consisting of one unaltered and four altered variants of the same female profile were distributed among the students. The altered features were ones that are esthetically significant according to the literature. The students had to indicate the photo in each series that they preferred. The data were analyzed in a regression model in which preference in the given photo series was the dependent variable and gender, grade of studies, and dental school were the factors. Eight hundred and sixty-one students (93.7%) responded. Gender and dental school were not associated with the observed preferences, but the grade of studies was associated for three of the modified parameters: chin prominence, the sagittal position of the maxillary dental arch, and the simultaneous modification of the prominence of the chin and the nose. This study has confirmed several earlier observations, and new observations have also been made. We have demonstrated that the anteroposterior position of the maxillary incisors may be an important determinant of profile esthetics, even if this position does not influence the situation of the soft tissues and if the forehead cannot be used as a reference. We have also shown that the harmony between the nose and the chin overrides the importance of their individual dimensions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lívia Romsics
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary; (L.R.); (K.B.); (R.B.); (J.P.)
| | | | - Kristóf Boa
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary; (L.R.); (K.B.); (R.B.); (J.P.)
| | - Roland Becsei
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary; (L.R.); (K.B.); (R.B.); (J.P.)
| | - Noémi Rózsa
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Semmelweis University, H-1085 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - László Párkányi
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary;
| | - Ildikó Pinke
- Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary;
| | - József Piffkó
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary; (L.R.); (K.B.); (R.B.); (J.P.)
| | - Emil Segatto
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary; (L.R.); (K.B.); (R.B.); (J.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +36-309-969-800
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Dong Q, Shi H, Jia Q, Tian Y, Zhi K, Zhang L. Analysis of Three-Dimensional Morphological Differences in the Mandible between Skeletal Class I and Class II with CBCT Fixed-Point Measurement Method. SCANNING 2021; 2021:9996857. [PMID: 34040691 PMCID: PMC8121591 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9996857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study was aimed at determining the three-dimensional differences in the mandible morphology between skeletal class I and II patients, at exploring the pathogenic mechanisms and morphological characteristics of skeletal class II, and at providing clinical references. The subjects were assigned to two groups according to the size of ANB angle: skeletal class I (2° < ANB angle < 5°) and skeletal class II (5° < ANB angle < 8°). After cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) scanning, 31 landmarks and 25 measurement items were determined by In Vivo Dental 5.1 software (Anatomage, CA) for statistical analysis. The results were as follows: Co-Go, Go-Me, and CdM-CdD in skeletal class II cases were smaller than those in skeletal class I, and GoR-Me-GoL, GoR-Me-CoL, and, Ig-Men were larger than those in skeletal class I cases. In conclusion, there were significant differences in the three-dimensional morphology of the mandible between skeletal class I and class II patients. The vertical growth of the ramus, the horizontal growth of the mandibular body, and the condyle in skeletal class II patients were smaller than those in skeletal class I cases. In skeletal class II, the growth of the anterior part of the mandible in the vertical direction was larger than that in skeletal class I, and the shape of the mandible was more extended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Dong
- Department of Stomatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003 Shandong, China
- School of Stomatology of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003 Shandong, China
| | - HaoYu Shi
- The Conversationalist Club, School of Stomatology, Shandong First Medical University, Tai'an, 271016 Shandong, China
| | - Qi Jia
- The Conversationalist Club, School of Stomatology, Shandong First Medical University, Tai'an, 271016 Shandong, China
| | - Yueyi Tian
- The Conversationalist Club, School of Stomatology, Shandong First Medical University, Tai'an, 271016 Shandong, China
| | - Keqian Zhi
- Department of Stomatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003 Shandong, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Department of Stomatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003 Shandong, China
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Fujii C, Onuma T, Nakamura F, Tome W, Sakai N, Sako N, Kitai N. Influence of dental education on eye gaze distribution when observing facial profiles with varying degrees of lip protrusion. J Dent Educ 2020; 85:476-482. [PMID: 33113591 DOI: 10.1002/jdd.12471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of the present study was to investigate the influence of dental education on eye gaze distribution when perceiving facial profile images with varying degrees of lip protrusion. METHODS Fifty-one subjects with dental education (dental-education group) and 47 without dental education (no-dental-education group) were included in this study. The eye gaze distribution of the subjects was recorded for 10 seconds using a non-contact eye tracker when determining whether or not the subjects judged each various facial profile image inappropriate. The facial profile images had varying degrees of upper-lip and lower-lip protrusion. The frequency of eye fixation (lasting >0.06 seconds) was counted. The duration was measured as the total time of eye fixation. The facial images were divided into 4 regions of interest (ROIs): the forehead (ROI-I); the orbit and nose root (ROI-II); the nose tip and upper lip (ROI-III); and the lower lip and chin (ROI-IV). The frequency and duration of eye fixation on each ROI was compared. RESULTS The frequency of eye fixation on ROI-II was greater in comparison to ROI-I and ROI-IV. The frequency of eye fixation on ROI-III was also greater in comparison to ROI-I and ROI-IV. The duration of eye fixation on ROI-III in the dental-education group was longer in comparison to the no-dental-education group. CONCLUSIONS Dental education influenced the eye fixation on the nose tip and upper lip when perceiving facial profile images.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chise Fujii
- Department of Orthodontics, Asahi University School of Dentistry, Mizuho, Gifu, Japan
| | - Takuya Onuma
- Department of Management and Business, Faculty of Humanity-Oriented Science and Engineering, Kindai University, Iizuka, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Fumihiko Nakamura
- Department of Oral Physiology, Asahi University School of Dentistry, Mizuho, Gifu, Japan
| | - Wakako Tome
- Department of Orthodontics, Asahi University School of Dentistry, Mizuho, Gifu, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Sakai
- Department of Psychology, Research Institute of Electrical Communication, Organization for Advanced Studies, and Yotta Informatics Research Center, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Noritaka Sako
- Department of Oral Physiology, Asahi University School of Dentistry, Mizuho, Gifu, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Kitai
- Department of Orthodontics, Asahi University School of Dentistry, Mizuho, Gifu, Japan
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