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Multicenter retrospective study to evaluate the impact of trabectedin plus pegylated liposomal doxorubicin on the subsequent treatment in women with recurrent, platinum-sensitive ovarian cancer. Anticancer Drugs 2019; 30:628-635. [DOI: 10.1097/cad.0000000000000794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Peng F, Zhong Y, Liu Y, Zhang Y, Xie Y, Lu Y, Zhang X, Li D. SPARC suppresses lymph node metastasis by regulating the expression of VEGFs in ovarian carcinoma. Int J Oncol 2017; 51:1920-1928. [PMID: 29075785 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2017.4168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymph node metastasis is one of the most valuable determinants for the prognosis of ovarian cancer. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying lymphangiogenesis in ovarian cancer is still poorly understood. Secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC), a Ca2+-binding matricellular glycoprotein that modulates cell adhesion, migration and differentiation, is thought to play a decisive role in tumor metastasis. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-C and VEGF-D contributes to tumor-associated lymphatic vessel growth, enhancing the metastatic spread of tumor cells to lymph nodes. The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship among SPARC, VEGFs and lymph node metastasis in ovarian cancer. We found that SKOV3 cells expressed high-level SPARC, much more than SKOV3-PM4 cells (a subline with high directional lymphatic metastatic potentials established from the metastatic lymph node generated by human ovarian carcinoma cell line SKOV3 in nude mice) did at both mRNA and protein levels. A SPARC-overexpressed SKOV3-PM4 cell line was constructed and it was found that upregulation of SPARC expression suppressed the growth, migration and invasion of SKOV3-PM4 cells as well as markedly reduced the expression of VEGF-D at both mRNA and protein level by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and western blot assay. In 47 of ovarian malignant tissues, the expression of SPARC, VEGF-C and VEGF-D were determined by immunohistochemistry. Lymphatic microvessel density (LVD) and microvessel density (MVD) were evaluated by immunostaining with CD34 and D2-40 antibodies, respectively. We found that SPARC expression was significantly lower in tissues with lymph node metastasis as compared to tissues without lymph node metastasis. SPARC expression was inversely associated with the degree of malignancy and it had a negative correlation with VEGF-C expression, VEGF-D expression, LVD and MVD which were actually higher for advanced tumors than for non-advanced tumors. These results suggest SPARC might function as a tumor suppressor inhibiting angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis in ovarian cancer by reducing the expression of VEGF-C and VEGF-D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenghui Peng
- Affliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
| | - Yanping Zhong
- Medical Scientific Research Center, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
| | - Yunfeng Liu
- Affliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
| | - Yueming Zhang
- Medical Scientific Research Center, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
| | - Yihong Xie
- Affliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
| | - Yingxin Lu
- Affliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
| | - Xinyin Zhang
- Affliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
| | - Danrong Li
- Affliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
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Tumbarello DA, Andrews MR, Brenton JD. SPARC Regulates Transforming Growth Factor Beta Induced (TGFBI) Extracellular Matrix Deposition and Paclitaxel Response in Ovarian Cancer Cells. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162698. [PMID: 27622658 PMCID: PMC5021370 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
TGFBI has been shown to sensitize ovarian cancer cells to the cytotoxic effects of paclitaxel via an integrin receptor-mediated mechanism that modulates microtubule stability. Herein, we determine that TGFBI localizes within organized fibrillar structures in mesothelial-derived ECM. We determined that suppression of SPARC expression by shRNA decreased the deposition of TGFBI in mesothelial-derived ECM, without affecting its overall protein expression or secretion. Conversely, overexpression of SPARC increased TGFBI deposition. A SPARC-YFP fusion construct expressed by the Met5a cell line co-localized with TGFBI in the cell-derived ECM. Interestingly, in vitro produced SPARC was capable of precipitating TGFBI from cell lysates dependent on an intact SPARC carboxy-terminus with in vitro binding assays verifying a direct interaction. The last 37 amino acids of SPARC were shown to be required for the TGFBI interaction while expression of a SPARC-YFP construct lacking this region (aa 1-256) did not interact and co-localize with TGFBI in the ECM. Furthermore, ovarian cancer cells have a reduced motility and decreased response to the chemotherapeutic agent paclitaxel when plated on ECM derived from mesothelial cells lacking SPARC compared to control mesothelial-derived ECM. In conclusion, SPARC regulates the fibrillar ECM deposition of TGFBI through a novel interaction, subsequently influencing cancer cell behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A. Tumbarello
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Robinson Way, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Melissa R. Andrews
- University of St Andrews, School of Medicine, MBSB, North Haugh, St Andrews, United Kingdom
| | - James D. Brenton
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Robinson Way, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Yoshida S, Wakisaka N, Kondo S, Moriyama-Kita M, Hirai N, Endo K, Tsuji A, Nakanishi Y, Murono S, Yoshizaki T. Expression of secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine is an independent prognostic indicator of a poor clinical outcome in oropharyngeal carcinoma patients. Acta Otolaryngol 2015; 136:189-94. [PMID: 26523779 DOI: 10.3109/00016489.2015.1103381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
CONCLUSION SPARC-expression is an indicator of the prognosis in terms of OS, independent of HPV-infection. HPV-negative patients with SPARC-Low show survival as favorable as HPV-positive patients, probably because of their higher salvage rate after relapse than SPARC-High patients. OBJECTIVE The objectives of the study were to clarify the correlation between the expression of secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) and HPV-status, and to determine the prognostic value of SPARC-expression in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) patients. METHODS Fifty-three formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissues were obtained from patients with OPSCC who underwent curative treatment. The SPARC protein was detected by immunohistochemistry. SPARC-expression level was divided into two categories, SPARC-High and SPARC-Low, according to the staining index. RESULTS Twenty-two out of the 53 OPSCC patients were HPV-positive. There was no significant correlation between the HPV-status and SPARC-expression level. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression analysis revealed that the HPV-status and SPARC-expression are independent prognostic indicators of favorable and unfavorable overall survival (OS) (p = 0.021 and p = 0.012), respectively. For disease-free survival, the HPV-status was the only predictive factor (p = 0.022). After stratification by the HPV-status, high SPARC-expression was a significant predictor of poor OS in HPV-negative OPSCC patients using Kaplan-Meier analysis and the log-rank test (p = 0.014). Ten out of 28 SPARC-Low patients relapsed, among which six patients (60%) were salvaged. However, 14 out of 25 SPARC-High patients relapsed, and only three patients (21.4%) were salvaged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Yoshida
- a Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science , Kanazawa University , Kanazawa , Japan
| | - Naohiro Wakisaka
- a Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science , Kanazawa University , Kanazawa , Japan
| | - Satoru Kondo
- a Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science , Kanazawa University , Kanazawa , Japan
| | - Makiko Moriyama-Kita
- a Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science , Kanazawa University , Kanazawa , Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Hirai
- a Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science , Kanazawa University , Kanazawa , Japan
| | - Kazuhira Endo
- a Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science , Kanazawa University , Kanazawa , Japan
| | - Akira Tsuji
- a Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science , Kanazawa University , Kanazawa , Japan
| | - Yosuke Nakanishi
- a Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science , Kanazawa University , Kanazawa , Japan
| | - Shigeyuki Murono
- a Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science , Kanazawa University , Kanazawa , Japan
| | - Tomokazu Yoshizaki
- a Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science , Kanazawa University , Kanazawa , Japan
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Abstract
Reciprocal interactions between tumor and stromal cells propel cancer progression and metastasis. A complete understanding of the complex contributions of the tumor stroma to cancer progression necessitates a careful examination of the extracellular matrix (ECM), which is largely synthesized and modulated by cancer-associated fibroblasts. This structurally supportive meshwork serves as a signaling scaffold for a myriad of biologic processes and responses favoring tumor progression. The ECM is a repository for growth factors and cytokines that promote tumor growth, proliferation, and metastasis through diverse interactions with soluble and insoluble ECM components. Growth factors activated by proteases are involved in the initiation of cell signaling pathways essential to invasion and survival. Various transmembrane proteins produced by the cancer stroma bind the collagen and fibronectin-rich matrix to induce proliferation, adhesion, and migration of cancer cells, as well as protease activation. Integrins are critical liaisons between tumor cells and the surrounding stroma, and with their mechano-sensing ability, induce cell signaling pathways associated with contractility and migration. Proteoglycans also bind and interact with various matrix proteins in the tumor microenvironment to promote cancer progression. Together, these components function to mediate cross-talk between tumor cells and fibroblasts ultimately to promote tumor survival and metastasis. These stromal factors, which may be expressed differentially according to cancer stage, have prognostic utility and potential. This review examines changes in the ECM of cancer-associated fibroblasts induced through carcinogenesis, and the impact of these changes on cancer progression. The implication is that cancer progression, even in epithelial cancers, may be based in large part on changes in signaling from cancer-associated stromal cells. These changes may provide early prognostic indicators to further stratify patients during treatment or alter the timing of their follow-up visits and observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fayth L Miles
- Center for Translational Cancer Research, University of Delaware, 326 Wolf Hall, Biology, Newark, DE 19716.
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Tumour-microenvironment interactions: role of tumour stroma and proteins produced by cancer-associated fibroblasts in chemotherapy response. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2013; 36:95-112. [PMID: 23494412 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-013-0127-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cytotoxic chemotherapy improves survival for some, but not all, cancer patients. Non-responders may experience unnecessary toxicity and cancer progression, thus creating an urgent need for biomarkers that can predict the response to chemotherapy. So far, the search for such biomarkers has primarily been focused on the cancer cells and less on their surrounding stroma. This stroma is known to act as a key regulator of tumour progression and, in addition, has been associated with drug delivery and drug efficacy. Fibroblasts represent the major cell type in cancer-associated stroma and they secrete extracellular matrix proteins as well as growth factors. This Medline-based literature review summarises the results from studies on epithelial cancers and aimed at investigating relationships between the quantity and quality of the intra-tumoral stroma, the cancer-associated fibroblasts, the proteins they produce and the concomitant response to chemotherapy. Biomarkers were selected for review that are known to affect cancer-related characteristics and patient prognosis. RESULTS The current literature supports the hypothesis that biomarkers derived from the tumour stroma may be useful to predict response to chemotherapy. This notion appears to be related to the overall quantity and cellularity of the intra-tumoural stroma and the predominant constituents of the extracellular matrix. CONCLUSION Increasing evidence is emerging showing that tumour-stroma interactions may not only affect tumour progression and patient prognosis, but also the response to chemotherapy. The tumour stroma-derived biomarkers that appear to be most appropriate to determine the patient's response to chemotherapy vary by tumour origin and the availability of pre-treatment tissue. For patients scheduled for adjuvant chemotherapy, the most promising biomarker appears to be the PLAU: SERPINE complex, whereas for patients scheduled for neo-adjuvant chemotherapy the tumour stroma quantity appears to be most relevant.
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Said N, Frierson HF, Sanchez-Carbayo M, Brekken RA, Theodorescu D. Loss of SPARC in bladder cancer enhances carcinogenesis and progression. J Clin Invest 2013; 123:751-66. [PMID: 23321672 DOI: 10.1172/jci64782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2012] [Accepted: 11/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) has been implicated in multiple aspects of human cancer. However, its role in bladder carcinogenesis and metastasis are unclear,with some studies suggesting it may be a promoter and others arguing the opposite. Using a chemical carcinogenesis model in Sparc-deficient mice and their wild-type littermates, we found that loss of SPARC accelerated the development of urothelial preneoplasia (atypia and dysplasia), neoplasia, and metastasis and was associated with decreased survival. SPARC reduced carcinogen-induced inflammation and accumulation of reactive oxygen species as well as urothelial cell proliferation. Loss of SPARC was associated with an inflammatory phenotype of tumor-associated macrophages and fibroblasts, with concomitant increased activation of urothelial and stromal NF-κB and AP1 in vivo and in vitro. Syngeneic spontaneous and experimental metastasis models revealed that tumor- and stroma-derived SPARC reduced tumor growth and metastasis through inhibition of cancer-associated inflammation and lung colonization. In human bladder tumor tissues, the frequency and intensity of SPARC expression were inversely correlated with disease-specific survival. These results indicate that SPARC is produced by benign and malignant compartments of bladder carcinomas where it functions to suppress bladder carcinogenesis, progression, and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neveen Said
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
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Tumbarello DA, Temple J, Brenton JD. ß3 integrin modulates transforming growth factor beta induced (TGFBI) function and paclitaxel response in ovarian cancer cells. Mol Cancer 2012; 11:36. [PMID: 22640878 PMCID: PMC3442987 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-11-36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2011] [Accepted: 05/28/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The extracellular matrix (ECM) has a key role in facilitating the progression of ovarian cancer and we have shown recently that the secreted ECM protein TGFBI modulates the response of ovarian cancer to paclitaxel-induced cell death. Results We have determined TGFBI signaling from the extracellular environment is preferential for the cell surface αvß3 integrin heterodimer, in contrast to periostin, a TGFBI paralogue, which signals primarily via a ß1 integrin-mediated pathway. We demonstrate that suppression of ß1 integrin expression, in ß3 integrin-expressing ovarian cancer cells, increases adhesion to rTGFBI. In addition, Syndecan-1 and −4 expression is dispensable for adhesion to rTGFBI and loss of Syndecan-1 cooperates with the loss of ß1 integrin to further enhance adhesion to rTGFBI. The RGD motif present in the carboxy-terminus of TGFBI is necessary, but not sufficient, for SKOV3 cell adhesion and is dispensable for adhesion of ovarian cancer cells lacking ß3 integrin expression. In contrast to TGFBI, the carboxy-terminus of periostin, lacking a RGD motif, is unable to support adhesion of ovarian cancer cells. Suppression of ß3 integrin in SKOV3 cells increases resistance to paclitaxel-induced cell death while suppression of ß1 integrin has no effect. Furthermore, suppression of TGFBI expression stimulates a paclitaxel resistant phenotype while suppression of fibronectin expression, which primarily signals through a ß1 integrin-mediated pathway, increases paclitaxel sensitivity. Conclusions Therefore, different ECM components use distinct signaling mechanisms in ovarian cancer cells and in particular, TGFBI preferentially interacts through a ß3 integrin receptor mediated mechanism to regulate the response of cells to paclitaxel-induced cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Tumbarello
- Cancer Research UK, Cambridge Research Institute, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, United Kingdom
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Schultz CR, Golembieski WA, King DA, Brown SL, Brodie C, Rempel SA. Inhibition of HSP27 alone or in combination with pAKT inhibition as therapeutic approaches to target SPARC-induced glioma cell survival. Mol Cancer 2012; 11:20. [PMID: 22480225 PMCID: PMC3349587 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-11-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2011] [Accepted: 04/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The current treatment regimen for glioma patients is surgery, followed by radiation therapy plus temozolomide (TMZ), followed by 6 months of adjuvant TMZ. Despite this aggressive treatment regimen, the overall survival of all surgically treated GBM patients remains dismal, and additional or different therapies are required. Depending on the cancer type, SPARC has been proposed both as a therapeutic target and as a therapeutic agent. In glioma, SPARC promotes invasion via upregulation of the p38 MAPK/MAPKAPK2/HSP27 signaling pathway, and promotes tumor cell survival by upregulating pAKT. As HSP27 and AKT interact to regulate the activity of each other, we determined whether inhibition of HSP27 was better than targeting SPARC as a therapeutic approach to inhibit both SPARC-induced glioma cell invasion and survival. Results Our studies found the following. 1) SPARC increases the expression of tumor cell pro-survival and pro-death protein signaling in balance, and, as a net result, tumor cell survival remains unchanged. 2) Suppressing SPARC increases tumor cell survival, indicating it is not a good therapeutic target. 3) Suppressing HSP27 decreases tumor cell survival in all gliomas, but is more effective in SPARC-expressing tumor cells due to the removal of HSP27 inhibition of SPARC-induced pro-apoptotic signaling. 4) Suppressing total AKT1/2 paradoxically enhanced tumor cell survival, indicating that AKT1 or 2 are poor therapeutic targets. 5) However, inhibiting pAKT suppresses tumor cell survival. 6) Inhibiting both HSP27 and pAKT synergistically decreases tumor cell survival. 7) There appears to be a complex feedback system between SPARC, HSP27, and AKT. 8) This interaction is likely influenced by PTEN status. With respect to chemosensitization, we found the following. 1) SPARC enhances pro-apoptotic signaling in cells exposed to TMZ. 2) Despite this enhanced signaling, SPARC protects cells against TMZ. 3) This protection can be reduced by inhibiting pAKT. 4) Combined inhibition of HSP27 and pAKT is more effective than TMZ treatment alone. Conclusions We conclude that inhibition of HSP27 alone, or in combination with pAKT inhibitor IV, may be an effective therapeutic approach to inhibit SPARC-induced glioma cell invasion and survival in SPARC-positive/PTEN-wildtype and SPARC-positive/PTEN-null tumors, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad R Schultz
- The Barbara Jane Levy Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
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Greenaway JB, Koehler A, McCulloch CA, Petrik J, Brown TJ, Ringuette MJ. The impact of the ovarian microenvironment on the anti-tumor effect of SPARC on ovarian cancer. Biochem Cell Biol 2011; 90:96-107. [PMID: 22003835 DOI: 10.1139/o11-047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A lack of host-derived SPARC promotes disease progression in an intraperitoneal (IP) ID8 mouse model of epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). Since orthotopic injection (OT) of ID8 cells better recapitulates high-grade serous cancer, we examined the impact of host-derived SPARC following OT injection. Sparc(-/-) and wild-type (WT) mice were injected with ID8 cells either OT or IP and tumors were analyzed at the moribund stage. Sparc(-/-) mice had reduced survival and fewer well-defined abdominal lesions compared with WT controls after IP injection, whereas no differences were observed in survival or abdominal lesions between Sparc(-/-) and WT mice after OT injection. No differences in mass or collagen content were observed in ovarian tumors between OT-injected Sparc(-/-) and WT mice. The abdominal wall of the IP-injected Sparc(-/-) mice exhibited immature and less abundant collagen fibrils compared with WT mice both in injected and non-injected controls. In contrast to human EOC, SPARC was expressed by the tumor cells but was absent in reactive stroma of WT mice. Exposure to the ovarian microenvironment through OT injections alters the metastatic behaviour of ID8 cells, which is not affected by the absence of host-derived SPARC.
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Affiliation(s)
- James B Greenaway
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON M5T 3H7, Canada
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He Q, Wei J, Zhang J, Jiang H, Wang S, Zhou X, Zhang Z, Huang G, Watanabe H, Su J. Aberrant methylation of secreted protein, acidic and rich in cysteine in human laryngeal and hypopharyngeal carcinoma. Oncol Lett 2011; 2:725-729. [PMID: 22848256 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2011.297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2010] [Accepted: 04/12/2011] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Secreted protein, acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) has been found to be involved in various stages of tumor progression such as migration, invasion, extracellular matrix deposition and angiogenesis. To obtain an insight into the role of SPARC in the progression of laryngeal and hypopharyngeal carcinoma, we investigated SPARC transcription levels and promoter methylation in carcinoma cell lines and primary tumors. Reverse transcription-PCR showed that SPARC was silenced in laryngeal and hypopharyngeal carcinoma cell lines, in which aberrant promoter methylation was detected. Hypermethylation of SPARC was detected in 56.1% (23/41) of laryngeal carcinoma and 70.0% (7/10) of hypopharyngeal carcinoma biopsies, but only in 11.1% (1/9) of normal epithelial specimens by a methylation-specific PCR assay. Bisulphite genomic sequencing indicated that CpG sites in the SPARC promoter were heavily methylated in cell lines and primary tumors. Moreover, pharmacological demethylation treatment rescued SPARC expression with 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5-aza-dC) in the laryngeal carcinoma cell lines. SPARC promoter hypermethylation was significantly correlated with lymph node metastasis (p<0.01). Our findings suggest that hypermethylation of SPARC is a frequent and tumor-specific event in laryngeal and hypopharyngeal carcinomas and may serve as a biomolecular marker for diagnosis and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian He
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, P.R. China
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Sprenger CC, Plymate SR, Reed MJ. Aging-related alterations in the extracellular matrix modulate the microenvironment and influence tumor progression. Int J Cancer 2010; 127:2739-48. [PMID: 21351253 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.25615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2010] [Accepted: 07/29/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Age is the greatest risk factor for the development of epithelial cancers. In this minireview, we will examine key extracellular matrix and matricellular components, their changes with aging, and discuss how these alterations might influence the subsequent progression of cancer in the aged host. Because of the tight correlation between advanced age and the prevalence of prostate cancer, we will use prostate cancer as the model throughout this minireview.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia C Sprenger
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gerontology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
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Chlenski A, Cohn SL. Modulation of matrix remodeling by SPARC in neoplastic progression. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2009; 21:55-65. [PMID: 19958839 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2009.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2009] [Accepted: 11/20/2009] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
SPARC is a matricellular glycoprotein that mediates interactions between cells and their microenvironment. It is produced at sites of tissue remodeling, where it regulates matrix deposition and turnover, cell adhesion, and signaling by extracellular factors, exerting profound effects on tissue architecture and cell physiology. During extensive matrix remodeling in neoplastic progression, SPARC is expressed in cancer-associated stroma and in malignant cells of some types, affecting tumor development, invasion, metastases, angiogenesis and inflammation. SPARC-induced changes in the tumor microenvironment can suppress or promote progression of different cancers depending on the tissue and cell type. Understanding the mechanism of matrix remodeling and its regulation by SPARC is essential for the development of new treatment strategies for highly aggressive cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Chlenski
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology/Oncology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, United States.
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Arnold SA, Brekken RA. SPARC: a matricellular regulator of tumorigenesis. J Cell Commun Signal 2009; 3:255-73. [PMID: 19809893 PMCID: PMC2778590 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-009-0072-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2009] [Accepted: 09/14/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Although many clinical studies have found a correlation of SPARC expression with malignant progression and patient survival, the mechanisms for SPARC function in tumorigenesis and metastasis remain elusive. The activity of SPARC is context- and cell-type-dependent, which is highlighted by the fact that SPARC has shown seemingly contradictory effects on tumor progression in both clinical correlative studies and in animal models. The capacity of SPARC to dictate tumorigenic phenotype has been attributed to its effects on the bioavailability and signaling of integrins and growth factors/chemokines. These molecular pathways contribute to many physiological events affecting malignant progression, including extracellular matrix remodeling, angiogenesis, immune modulation and metastasis. Given that SPARC is credited with such varied activities, this review presents a comprehensive account of the divergent effects of SPARC in human cancers and mouse models, as well as a description of the potential mechanisms by which SPARC mediates these effects. We aim to provide insight into how a matricellular protein such as SPARC might generate paradoxical, yet relevant, tumor outcomes in order to unify an apparently incongruent collection of scientific literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanna A Arnold
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, Division of Surgical Oncology and Departments of Surgery and Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390-8593 USA
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