Chat Generative Pre-trained Transformer: why we should embrace this technology

Performance Evaluation of Large Language Models in Cervical Cancer Management Based on a Standardized Questionnaire: Comparative Study

BACKGROUND

Cervical cancer remains the fourth leading cause of death among women globally, with a particularly severe burden in low-resource settings. A comprehensive approach-from screening to diagnosis and treatment-is essential for effective prevention and management. Large language models (LLMs) have emerged as potential tools to support health care, though their specific role in cervical cancer management remains underexplored.

OBJECTIVE

This study aims to systematically evaluate the performance and interpretability of LLMs in cervical cancer management.

METHODS

Models were selected from the AlpacaEval leaderboard version 2.0 and based on the capabilities of our computer. The questions inputted into the models cover aspects of general knowledge, screening, diagnosis, and treatment, according to guidelines. The prompt was developed using the Context, Objective, Style, Tone, Audience, and Response (CO-STAR) framework. Responses were evaluated for accuracy, guideline compliance, clarity, and practicality, graded as A, B, C, and D with corresponding scores of 3, 2, 1, and 0. The effective rate was calculated as the ratio of A and B responses to the total number of designed questions. Local Interpretable Model-Agnostic Explanations (LIME) was used to explain and enhance physicians' trust in model outputs within the medical context.

RESULTS

Nine models were included in this study, and a set of 100 standardized questions covering general information, screening, diagnosis, and treatment was designed based on international and national guidelines. Seven models (ChatGPT-4.0 Turbo, Claude 2, Gemini Pro, Mistral-7B-v0.2, Starling-LM-7B alpha, HuatuoGPT, and BioMedLM 2.7B) provided stable responses. Among all the models included, ChatGPT-4.0 Turbo ranked first with a mean score of 2.67 (95% CI 2.54-2.80; effective rate 94.00%) with a prompt and 2.52 (95% CI 2.37-2.67; effective rate 87.00%) without a prompt, outperforming the other 8 models (P<.001). Regardless of prompts, QiZhenGPT consistently ranked among the lowest-performing models, with P<.01 in comparisons against all models except BioMedLM. Interpretability analysis showed that prompts improved alignment with human annotations for proprietary models (median intersection over union 0.43), while medical-specialized models exhibited limited improvement.

CONCLUSIONS

Proprietary LLMs, particularly ChatGPT-4.0 Turbo and Claude 2, show promise in clinical decision-making involving logical analysis. The use of prompts can enhance the accuracy of some models in cervical cancer management to varying degrees. Medical-specialized models, such as HuatuoGPT and BioMedLM, did not perform as well as expected in this study. By contrast, proprietary models, particularly those augmented with prompts, demonstrated notable accuracy and interpretability in medical tasks, such as cervical cancer management. However, this study underscores the need for further research to explore the practical application of LLMs in medical practice.

Exploring the Efficacy of Artificial Intelligence: A Comprehensive Analysis of CHAT-GPT's Accuracy and Completeness in Addressing Urinary Incontinence Queries

BACKGROUND

Artificial intelligence models are increasingly gaining popularity among patients and healthcare professionals. While it is impossible to restrict patient's access to different sources of information on the Internet, healthcare professional needs to be aware of the content-quality available across different platforms.

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the accuracy and completeness of Chat Generative Pretrained Transformer (ChatGPT) in addressing frequently asked questions related to the management and treatment of female urinary incontinence (UI), compared to recommendations from guidelines.

METHODS

This is a cross-sectional study. Two researchers developed 14 frequently asked questions related to UI. Then, they were inserted into the ChatGPT platform on September 16, 2023. The accuracy (scores from 1 to 5) and completeness (score from 1 to 3) of ChatGPT's answers were assessed individually by two experienced researchers in the Women's Health field, following the recommendations proposed by the guidelines for UI.

RESULTS

Most of the answers were classified as "more correct than incorrect" (n = 6), followed by "incorrect information than correct" (n = 3), "approximately equal correct and incorrect" (n = 2), "near all correct" (n = 2, and "correct" (n = 1). Regarding the appropriateness, most of the answers were classified as adequate, as they provided the minimum information expected to be classified as correct.

CONCLUSION

These results showed an inconsistency when evaluating the accuracy of answers generated by ChatGPT compared by scientific guidelines. Almost all the answers did not bring the complete content expected or reported in previous guidelines, which highlights to healthcare professionals and scientific community a concern about using artificial intelligence in patient counseling.

Exploring the Limits of Artificial Intelligence for Referencing Scientific Articles

OBJECTIVE

 To evaluate the reliability of three artificial intelligence (AI) chatbots (ChatGPT, Google Bard, and Chatsonic) in generating accurate references from existing obstetric literature.

STUDY DESIGN

 Between mid-March and late April 2023, ChatGPT, Google Bard, and Chatsonic were prompted to provide references for specific obstetrical randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published in 2020. RCTs were considered for inclusion if they were mentioned in a previous article that primarily evaluated RCTs published by the top medical and obstetrics and gynecology journals with the highest impact factors in 2020 as well as RCTs published in a new journal focused on publishing obstetric RCTs. The selection of the three AI models was based on their popularity, performance in natural language processing, and public availability. Data collection involved prompting the AI chatbots to provide references according to a standardized protocol. The primary evaluation metric was the accuracy of each AI model in correctly citing references, including authors, publication title, journal name, and digital object identifier (DOI). Statistical analysis was performed using a permutation test to compare the performance of the AI models.

RESULTS

 Among the 44 RCTs analyzed, Google Bard demonstrated the highest accuracy, correctly citing 13.6% of the requested RCTs, whereas ChatGPT and Chatsonic exhibited lower accuracy rates of 2.4 and 0%, respectively. Google Bard often substantially outperformed Chatsonic and ChatGPT in correctly citing the studied reference components. The majority of references from all AI models studied were noted to provide DOIs for unrelated studies or DOIs that do not exist.

CONCLUSION

 To ensure the reliability of scientific information being disseminated, authors must exercise caution when utilizing AI for scientific writing and literature search. However, despite their limitations, collaborative partnerships between AI systems and researchers have the potential to drive synergistic advancements, leading to improved patient care and outcomes.

KEY POINTS

· AI chatbots often cite scientific articles incorrectly.. · AI chatbots can create false references.. · Responsible AI use in research is vital..

Promoting informed approaches in precision oncology and clinical trial participation for Black patients with cancer: Community-engaged development and pilot testing of a digital intervention

BACKGROUND

Black patients with cancer are less likely to receive precision cancer treatments than White patients and are underrepresented in clinical trials. To address these disparities, the study aimed to develop and pilot-test a digital intervention to improve Black patients' knowledge about precision oncology and clinical trials, empower patients to increase relevant discussion, and promote informed decision-making.

METHODS

A community-engaged approach, including a Community Advisory Board and two rounds of key informant interviews with Black patients with cancer, their relatives, and providers (n = 48) was used to develop and refine the multimedia digital intervention. Thematic analysis was conducted for qualitative data. The intervention was then pilot-tested with 30 Black patients with cancer to assess feasibility, acceptability, appropriateness, knowledge, decision self-efficacy, and patient empowerment; Wilcoxon matched pairs signed-rank test was used to analyze quantitative data.

RESULTS

The digital tool was found to be feasible, acceptable, and culturally appropriate. Key informants shared their preferences and recommendations for the digital intervention and helped improve cultural appropriateness through user and usability testing. In the pilot test, appreciable improvement was found in participants' knowledge about precision oncology (z = -2.04, p = .052), knowledge about clinical trials (z = -3.14, p = .001), and decisional self-efficacy for targeted/immune therapy (z = -1.96, p = .0495).

CONCLUSIONS

The digital intervention could be a promising interactive decision-support tool for increasing Black patients' participation in clinical trials and receipt of precision treatments, including immunotherapy. Its use in clinical practice may reduce disparities in oncology care and research.

PLAIN LANGUAGE SUMMARY

We developed a digital interactive decision support tool for Black patients with cancer by convening a Community Advisory Board and conducting interviews with Black patients with cancer, their relatives, and providers. We then pilot-tested the intervention with newly diagnosed Black patients with cancer and found appreciable improvement in participants' knowledge about precision oncology, knowledge about clinical trials, and confidence in making decisions for targeted/immune therapy. Our digital tool has great potential to be an affordable and scalable solution for empowering and educating Black patients with cancer to help them make informed decisions about precision oncology and clinical trials and ultimately reducing racial disparities.

AI-Assisted Rational Design and Activity Prediction of Biological Elements for Optimizing Transcription-Factor-Based Biosensors

The rational design, activity prediction, and adaptive application of biological elements (bio-elements) are crucial research fields in synthetic biology. Currently, a major challenge in the field is efficiently designing desired bio-elements and accurately predicting their activity using vast datasets. The advancement of artificial intelligence (AI) technology has enabled machine learning and deep learning algorithms to excel in uncovering patterns in bio-element data and predicting their performance. This review explores the application of AI algorithms in the rational design of bio-elements, activity prediction, and the regulation of transcription-factor-based biosensor response performance using AI-designed elements. We discuss the advantages, adaptability, and biological challenges addressed by the AI algorithms in various applications, highlighting their powerful potential in analyzing biological data. Furthermore, we propose innovative solutions to the challenges faced by AI algorithms in the field and suggest future research directions. By consolidating current research and demonstrating the practical applications and future potential of AI in synthetic biology, this review provides valuable insights for advancing both academic research and practical applications in biotechnology.

A chatbot based question and answer system for the auxiliary diagnosis of chronic diseases based on large language model

In recent years, artificial intelligence has made remarkable strides, improving various aspects of our daily lives. One notable application is in intelligent chatbots that use deep learning models. These systems have shown tremendous promise in the medical sector, enhancing healthcare quality, treatment efficiency, and cost-effectiveness. However, their role in aiding disease diagnosis, particularly chronic conditions, remains underexplored. Addressing this issue, this study employs large language models from the GPT series, in conjunction with deep learning techniques, to design and develop a diagnostic system targeted at chronic diseases. Specifically, performed transfer learning and fine-tuning on the GPT-2 model, enabling it to assist in accurately diagnosing 24 common chronic diseases. To provide a user-friendly interface and seamless interactive experience, we further developed a dialog-based interface, naming it Chat Ella. This system can make precise predictions for chronic diseases based on the symptoms described by users. Experimental results indicate that our model achieved an accuracy rate of 97.50% on the validation set, and an area under the curve (AUC) value reaching 99.91%. Moreover, conducted user satisfaction tests, which revealed that 68.7% of participants approved of Chat Ella, while 45.3% of participants found the system made daily medical consultations more convenient. It can rapidly and accurately assess a patient's condition based on the symptoms described and provide timely feedback, making it of significant value in the design of medical auxiliary products for household use.

Possible benefits, challenges, pitfalls, and future perspective of using ChatGPT in pathology

The much-hyped artificial intelligence (AI) model called ChatGPT developed by Open AI can have great benefits for physicians, especially pathologists, by saving time so that they can use their time for more significant work. Generative AI is a special class of AI model, which uses patterns and structures learned from existing data and can create new data. Utilizing ChatGPT in Pathology offers a multitude of benefits, encompassing the summarization of patient records and its promising prospects in Digital Pathology, as well as its valuable contributions to education and research in this field. However, certain roadblocks need to be dealt like integrating ChatGPT with image analysis which will act as a revolution in the field of pathology by increasing diagnostic accuracy and precision. The challenges with the use of ChatGPT encompass biases from its training data, the need for ample input data, potential risks related to bias and transparency, and the potential adverse outcomes arising from inaccurate content generation. Generation of meaningful insights from the textual information which will be efficient in processing different types of image data, such as medical images, and pathology slides. Due consideration should be given to ethical and legal issues including bias.

Artificial Intelligence-Generated Social Media Content Creation and Management Strategies for Plastic Surgeons

BACKGROUND

Social media platforms have come to represent integral components of the professional marketing and advertising strategy for plastic surgeons. Effective and consistent content development, however, remains technically demanding and time consuming, prompting most to employ, at non-negligible costs, social media marketing specialists for content planning and development.

OBJECTIVES

In the present study, we aimed to investigate the ability of presently available artificial intelligence (AI) models to assist plastic surgeons in their social media content development and sharing plans.

METHODS

An AI large language model was prompted on the study's objectives through a series of standardized user interactions. Social media platforms of interest, on which the AI model was prompted, included Instagram, TikTok, and X (formerly Twitter).

RESULTS

A 1-year, entirely AI-generated social media plan, comprising a total of 1091 posts for the 3 aforementioned social media platforms, is presented. Themes of the AI-generated content proposed for each platform were classified in 6 categories, including patient-related, practice-related, educational, "uplifting," interactive, and promotional posts. Overall, 91 publicly recognized holidays and observant and awareness days were incorporated into the content calendars. The AI model demonstrated an ability to differentiate between the distinct formats of each of the 3 social media platforms investigated, generating unique ideas for each, and providing detailed content development and posting instructions, scripts, and post captions, leveraging features specific to each platform.

CONCLUSIONS

By providing detailed and actionable social media content creation and posting plans to plastic surgeons, presently available AI models can be readily leveraged to assist in and significantly alleviate the burden associated with social media account management, content generation, and potentially patient conversion.

The Effect of Human-Computer Interaction on New Applications by Exploring the Use Case of ChatGPT in Healthcare Services

Human-Computer interaction (HCI) is a domain that focuses on growing the interaction between humans and computer systems by designing and developing user interfaces that are efficient and delightful to use. In this chapter, the authors focus on the importance of deep human-computer interaction on new applications with an emphasis on using ChatGPT applications in the health services domain. This chapter provides full details on the importance of executing ChatGPT in various health-related scenarios while highlighting the importance of HCI to enhance user interactions in personalized medical advice in a ChatGPT application. This chapter concludes that the capabilities of ChatGPT and artificial intelligence applications can revolutionize the healthcare industry by enhancing the accessibility and effectiveness of new media communications between the user and applications while creating innovative resolutions to improve healthcare services.

Exploring the landscape of AI-assisted decision-making in head and neck cancer treatment: a comparative analysis of NCCN guidelines and ChatGPT responses

PURPOSE

Recent breakthroughs in natural language processing and machine learning, exemplified by ChatGPT, have spurred a paradigm shift in healthcare. Released by OpenAI in November 2022, ChatGPT rapidly gained global attention. Trained on massive text datasets, this large language model holds immense potential to revolutionize healthcare. However, existing literature often overlooks the need for rigorous validation and real-world applicability.

METHODS

This head-to-head comparative study assesses ChatGPT's capabilities in providing therapeutic recommendations for head and neck cancers. Simulating every NCCN Guidelines scenarios. ChatGPT is queried on primary treatments, adjuvant treatment, and follow-up, with responses compared to the NCCN Guidelines. Performance metrics, including sensitivity, specificity, and F1 score, are employed for assessment.

RESULTS

The study includes 68 hypothetical cases and 204 clinical scenarios. ChatGPT exhibits promising capabilities in addressing NCCN-related queries, achieving high sensitivity and overall accuracy across primary treatment, adjuvant treatment, and follow-up. The study's metrics showcase robustness in providing relevant suggestions. However, a few inaccuracies are noted, especially in primary treatment scenarios.

CONCLUSION

Our study highlights the proficiency of ChatGPT in providing treatment suggestions. The model's alignment with the NCCN Guidelines sets the stage for a nuanced exploration of AI's evolving role in oncological decision support. However, challenges related to the interpretability of AI in clinical decision-making and the importance of clinicians understanding the underlying principles of AI models remain unexplored. As AI continues to advance, collaborative efforts between models and medical experts are deemed essential for unlocking new frontiers in personalized cancer care.

ChatGPT in maternal-fetal medicine practice: a primer for clinicians

ChatGPT (Generative Pre-trained Transformer), a language model that was developed by OpenAI and launched in November 2022, generates human-like responses to prompts using deep-learning technology. The integration of large language processing models into healthcare has the potential to improve the accessibility of medical information for both patients and health professionals alike. In this commentary, we demonstrated the ability of ChatGPT to produce patient information sheets. Four board-certified, maternal-fetal medicine attending physicians rated the accuracy and humanness of the information according to 2 predefined scales of accuracy and completeness. The median score for accuracy of information was rated 4.8 on a 6-point scale and the median score for completeness of information was 2.2 on a 3-point scale for the 5 patient information leaflets generated by ChatGPT. Concerns raised included the omission of clinically important information for patient counseling in some patient information leaflets and the inability to verify the source of information because ChatGPT does not provide references. ChatGPT is a powerful tool that has the potential to enhance patient care, but such a tool requires extensive validation and is perhaps best considered as an adjunct to clinical practice rather than as a tool to be used freely by the public for healthcare information.

Potential applications of ChatGPT in obstetrics and gynecology in Korea: a review article

The use of chatbot technology, particularly chat generative pre-trained transformer (ChatGPT) with an impressive 175 billion parameters, has garnered significant attention across various domains, including Obstetrics and Gynecology (OBGYN). This comprehensive review delves into the transformative potential of chatbots with a special focus on ChatGPT as a leading artificial intelligence (AI) technology. Moreover, ChatGPT harnesses the power of deep learning algorithms to generate responses that closely mimic human language, opening up myriad applications in medicine, research, and education. In the field of medicine, ChatGPT plays a pivotal role in diagnosis, treatment, and personalized patient education. Notably, the technology has demonstrated remarkable capabilities, surpassing human performance in OBGYN examinations, and delivering highly accurate diagnoses. However, challenges remain, including the need to verify the accuracy of the information and address the ethical considerations and limitations. In the wide scope of chatbot technology, AI systems play a vital role in healthcare processes, including documentation, diagnosis, research, and education. Although promising, the limitations and occasional inaccuracies require validation by healthcare professionals. This review also examined global chatbot adoption in healthcare, emphasizing the need for user awareness to ensure patient safety. Chatbot technology holds great promise in OBGYN and medicine, offering innovative solutions while necessitating responsible integration to ensure patient care and safety.

Large Language Models and Artificial Intelligence: A Primer for Plastic Surgeons on the Demonstrated and Potential Applications, Promises, and Limitations of ChatGPT

BACKGROUND

The rapidly evolving field of artificial intelligence (AI) holds great potential for plastic surgeons. ChatGPT, a recently released AI large language model (LLM), promises applications across many disciplines, including healthcare.

OBJECTIVES

The aim of this article was to provide a primer for plastic surgeons on AI, LLM, and ChatGPT, including an analysis of current demonstrated and proposed clinical applications.

METHODS

A systematic review was performed identifying medical and surgical literature on ChatGPT's proposed clinical applications. Variables assessed included applications investigated, command tasks provided, user input information, AI-emulated human skills, output validation, and reported limitations.

RESULTS

The analysis included 175 articles reporting on 13 plastic surgery applications and 116 additional clinical applications, categorized by field and purpose. Thirty-four applications within plastic surgery are thus proposed, with relevance to different target audiences, including attending plastic surgeons (n = 17, 50%), trainees/educators (n = 8, 24.0%), researchers/scholars (n = 7, 21%), and patients (n = 2, 6%). The 15 identified limitations of ChatGPT were categorized by training data, algorithm, and ethical considerations.

CONCLUSIONS

Widespread use of ChatGPT in plastic surgery will depend on rigorous research of proposed applications to validate performance and address limitations. This systemic review aims to guide research, development, and regulation to safely adopt AI in plastic surgery.

Evaluation of ChatGPT's Real-Life Implementation in Undergraduate Dental Education: Mixed Methods Study

BACKGROUND

The recent artificial intelligence tool ChatGPT seems to offer a range of benefits in academic education while also raising concerns. Relevant literature encompasses issues of plagiarism and academic dishonesty, as well as pedagogy and educational affordances; yet, no real-life implementation of ChatGPT in the educational process has been reported to our knowledge so far.

OBJECTIVE

This mixed methods study aimed to evaluate the implementation of ChatGPT in the educational process, both quantitatively and qualitatively.

METHODS

In March 2023, a total of 77 second-year dental students of the European University Cyprus were divided into 2 groups and asked to compose a learning assignment on "Radiation Biology and Radiation Protection in the Dental Office," working collaboratively in small subgroups, as part of the educational semester program of the Dentomaxillofacial Radiology module. Careful planning ensured a seamless integration of ChatGPT, addressing potential challenges. One group searched the internet for scientific resources to perform the task and the other group used ChatGPT for this purpose. Both groups developed a PowerPoint (Microsoft Corp) presentation based on their research and presented it in class. The ChatGPT group students additionally registered all interactions with the language model during the prompting process and evaluated the final outcome; they also answered an open-ended evaluation questionnaire, including questions on their learning experience. Finally, all students undertook a knowledge examination on the topic, and the grades between the 2 groups were compared statistically, whereas the free-text comments of the questionnaires were thematically analyzed.

RESULTS

Out of the 77 students, 39 were assigned to the ChatGPT group and 38 to the literature research group. Seventy students undertook the multiple choice question knowledge examination, and examination grades ranged from 5 to 10 on the 0-10 grading scale. The Mann-Whitney U test showed that students of the ChatGPT group performed significantly better (P=.045) than students of the literature research group. The evaluation questionnaires revealed the benefits (human-like interface, immediate response, and wide knowledge base), the limitations (need for rephrasing the prompts to get a relevant answer, general content, false citations, and incapability to provide images or videos), and the prospects (in education, clinical practice, continuing education, and research) of ChatGPT.

CONCLUSIONS

Students using ChatGPT for their learning assignments performed significantly better in the knowledge examination than their fellow students who used the literature research methodology. Students adapted quickly to the technological environment of the language model, recognized its opportunities and limitations, and used it creatively and efficiently. Implications for practice: the study underscores the adaptability of students to technological innovations including ChatGPT and its potential to enhance educational outcomes. Educators should consider integrating ChatGPT into curriculum design; awareness programs are warranted to educate both students and educators about the limitations of ChatGPT, encouraging critical engagement and responsible use.

Opportunities, Challenges, and Future Directions of Generative Artificial Intelligence in Medical Education: Scoping Review

BACKGROUND

Generative artificial intelligence (AI) technologies are increasingly being utilized across various fields, with considerable interest and concern regarding their potential application in medical education. These technologies, such as Chat GPT and Bard, can generate new content and have a wide range of possible applications.

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to synthesize the potential opportunities and limitations of generative AI in medical education. It sought to identify prevalent themes within recent literature regarding potential applications and challenges of generative AI in medical education and use these to guide future areas for exploration.

METHODS

We conducted a scoping review, following the framework by Arksey and O'Malley, of English language articles published from 2022 onward that discussed generative AI in the context of medical education. A literature search was performed using PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases. We screened articles for inclusion, extracted data from relevant studies, and completed a quantitative and qualitative synthesis of the data.

RESULTS

Thematic analysis revealed diverse potential applications for generative AI in medical education, including self-directed learning, simulation scenarios, and writing assistance. However, the literature also highlighted significant challenges, such as issues with academic integrity, data accuracy, and potential detriments to learning. Based on these themes and the current state of the literature, we propose the following 3 key areas for investigation: developing learners' skills to evaluate AI critically, rethinking assessment methodology, and studying human-AI interactions.

CONCLUSIONS

The integration of generative AI in medical education presents exciting opportunities, alongside considerable challenges. There is a need to develop new skills and competencies related to AI as well as thoughtful, nuanced approaches to examine the growing use of generative AI in medical education.

Exploring the Potential of Chatbots in Critical Care Nephrology

The exponential growth of artificial intelligence (AI) has allowed for its integration into multiple sectors, including, notably, healthcare. Chatbots have emerged as a pivotal resource for improving patient outcomes and assisting healthcare practitioners through various AI-based technologies. In critical care, kidney-related conditions play a significant role in determining patient outcomes. This article examines the potential for integrating chatbots into the workflows of critical care nephrology to optimize patient care. We detail their specific applications in critical care nephrology, such as managing acute kidney injury, alert systems, and continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT); facilitating discussions around palliative care; and bolstering collaboration within a multidisciplinary team. Chatbots have the potential to augment real-time data availability, evaluate renal health, identify potential risk factors, build predictive models, and monitor patient progress. Moreover, they provide a platform for enhancing communication and education for both patients and healthcare providers, paving the way for enriched knowledge and honed professional skills. However, it is vital to recognize the inherent challenges and limitations when using chatbots in this domain. Here, we provide an in-depth exploration of the concerns tied to chatbots' accuracy, dependability, data protection and security, transparency, potential algorithmic biases, and ethical implications in critical care nephrology. While human discernment and intervention are indispensable, especially in complex medical scenarios or intricate situations, the sustained advancements in AI signal that the integration of precision-engineered chatbot algorithms within critical care nephrology has considerable potential to elevate patient care and pivotal outcome metrics in the future.

Examining the Validity of ChatGPT in Identifying Relevant Nephrology Literature: Findings and Implications

Literature reviews are valuable for summarizing and evaluating the available evidence in various medical fields, including nephrology. However, identifying and exploring the potential sources requires focus and time devoted to literature searching for clinicians and researchers. ChatGPT is a novel artificial intelligence (AI) large language model (LLM) renowned for its exceptional ability to generate human-like responses across various tasks. However, whether ChatGPT can effectively assist medical professionals in identifying relevant literature is unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the effectiveness of ChatGPT in identifying references to literature reviews in nephrology. We keyed the prompt "Please provide the references in Vancouver style and their links in recent literature on… name of the topic" into ChatGPT-3.5 (03/23 Version). We selected all the results provided by ChatGPT and assessed them for existence, relevance, and author/link correctness. We recorded each resource's citations, authors, title, journal name, publication year, digital object identifier (DOI), and link. The relevance and correctness of each resource were verified by searching on Google Scholar. Of the total 610 references in the nephrology literature, only 378 (62%) of the references provided by ChatGPT existed, while 31% were fabricated, and 7% of citations were incomplete references. Notably, only 122 (20%) of references were authentic. Additionally, 256 (68%) of the links in the references were found to be incorrect, and the DOI was inaccurate in 206 (54%) of the references. Moreover, among those with a link provided, the link was correct in only 20% of cases, and 3% of the references were irrelevant. Notably, an analysis of specific topics in electrolyte, hemodialysis, and kidney stones found that >60% of the references were inaccurate or misleading, with less reliable authorship and links provided by ChatGPT. Based on our findings, the use of ChatGPT as a sole resource for identifying references to literature reviews in nephrology is not recommended. Future studies could explore ways to improve AI language models' performance in identifying relevant nephrology literature.

ChatGPT: a pioneering approach to complex prenatal differential diagnosis

This commentary examines how ChatGPT can assist healthcare teams in the prenatal diagnosis of rare and complex cases by creating a differential diagnoses based on deidentified clinical findings, while also acknowledging its limitations.

Diagnostic and Management Performance of ChatGPT in Obstetrics and Gynecology

OBJECTIVES

The use of artificial intelligence (AI) in clinical patient management and medical education has been advancing over time. ChatGPT was developed and trained recently, using a large quantity of textual data from the internet. Medical science is expected to be transformed by its use. The present study was conducted to evaluate the diagnostic and management performance of the ChatGPT AI model in obstetrics and gynecology.

DESIGN

A cross-sectional study was conducted.

PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS

This study was conducted in Iran in March 2023. Medical histories and examination results of 30 cases were determined in six areas of obstetrics and gynecology. The cases were presented to a gynecologist and ChatGPT for diagnosis and management. Answers from the gynecologist and ChatGPT were compared, and the diagnostic and management performance of ChatGPT were determined.

RESULTS

Ninety percent (27 of 30) of the cases in obstetrics and gynecology were correctly handled by ChatGPT. Its responses were eloquent, informed, and free of a significant number of errors or misinformation. Even when the answers provided by ChatGPT were incorrect, the responses contained a logical explanation about the case as well as information provided in the question stem.

LIMITATIONS

The data used in this study were taken from the electronic book and may reflect bias in the diagnosis of ChatGPT.

CONCLUSIONS

This is the first evaluation of ChatGPT's performance in diagnosis and management in the field of obstetrics and gynecology. It appears that ChatGPT has potential applications in the practice of medicine and is (currently) free and simple to use. However, several ethical considerations and limitations such as bias, validity, copyright infringement, and plagiarism need to be addressed in future studies.