Expression of cytokeratin 14, cytokeratin 19 and E-Cadherin in ameloblastoma correlates with the cytodifferentiation of enamel organ

Novel Insight of Cytokeratin 14 as a Biomarker in Diagnosing Bladder Cancer

Bladder cancer is the ninth most common type of cancer occurring in men. Screening for bladder cancer is often difficult due to limited proper modality and symptoms that is mild and unspecific. Leaving it untreated leads to greater morbidity and mortality. Therefore, finding a simple biomarker for screening purpose is necessary. Cytokeratin (CK) has been studied extensively as cancer biomarker. Detectable soluble CK was found in body fluid, including urine, and histological specimen using immunoassays. The level of its expression is mainly affected by cell proliferation, apoptosis, and cellular stress. CK 14, which is type I CK, was detected in the basal layer of epithelial cells and specific for squamous type of epithelial cell. CK 14 analysis in bladder cancer has revealed numerous functions such as predicting the development of bladder cancer, differentiating cancer origins, stratifying bladder cancer patients based on disease severity, and predicting bladder cancer recurrence. Its potential to become excellent biomarker makes it subject of interest in research development.

Expression of ameloblastin in the human tooth germ and ameloblastoma

OBJECTIVE

To analyse the immunohistochemical expression of ameloblastin in the bell stage of tooth germ and compare with ameloblastoma to determine the level of differentiation of tumour cells.

STUDY DESIGN

This study included eleven human tooth germs with four in the early and seven in the late bell stage, and six selected archival tissue samples of ameloblastomas were studied using haematoxylin and eosin, Masson's trichrome and ameloblastin.

RESULTS

All eleven tooth germs reacted positively to ameloblastin with a characteristic inverted and sequential pattern of expression in the acellular zone of the dental papilla and enamel organ. Of the six cases of ameloblastoma, five cases showed a variable level of expression of ameloblastin in the tumour cells, whereas in one case, ameloblastin was negative in the tumour cells but positive in the stromal fibrous tissue collar.

CONCLUSION

Expression of ameloblastin in human tooth germ is related to differentiation and mineralization, and it correlates with the state of differentiation of the tumour cells in ameloblastoma.