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Developmental function of Piezo1 in mouse submandibular gland morphogenesis. Histochem Cell Biol 2023:10.1007/s00418-023-02181-w. [PMID: 36814002 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-023-02181-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Mechanically activated factors are important in organogenesis, especially in the formation of secretory organs, such as salivary glands. Piezo-type mechanosensitive ion channel component 1 (Piezo1), although previously studied as a physical modulator of the mechanotransduction, was firstly evaluated on its developmental function in this study. The detailed localization and expression pattern of Piezo1 during mouse submandibular gland (SMG) development were analyzed using immunohistochemistry and RT-qPCR, respectively. The specific expression pattern of Piezo1 was examined in acinar-forming epithelial cells at embryonic day 14 (E14) and E16, which are important developmental stages for acinar cell differentiation. To understand the precise function of Piezo1 in SMG development, siRNA against Piezo1 (siPiezo1) was employed as a loss-of-function approach, during in vitro organ cultivation of SMG at E14 for the designated period. Alterations in the histomorphology and expression patterns of related signaling molecules, including Bmp2, Fgf4, Fgf10, Gli1, Gli3, Ptch1, Shh, and Tgfβ-3, were examined in acinar-forming cells after 1 and 2 days of cultivation. Particularly, altered localization patterns of differentiation-related signaling molecules including Aquaporin5, E-cadherin, Vimentin, and cytokeratins would suggest that Piezo1 modulates the early differentiation of acinar cells in SMGs by modulating the Shh signaling pathway.
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2
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Su Y, Xing H, Kang J, Bai L, Zhang L. Role of the hedgehog signaling pathway in rheumatic diseases: An overview. Front Immunol 2022; 13:940455. [PMID: 36105801 PMCID: PMC9466598 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.940455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway is an evolutionarily conserved signal transduction pathway that plays an important regulatory role during embryonic development, cell proliferation, and differentiation of vertebrates, and it is often inhibited in adult tissues. Recent evidence has shown that Hh signaling also plays a key role in rheumatic diseases, as alterations in their number or function have been identified in rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, systemic sclerosis, and Sjogren's Syndrome. As a result, emerging studies have focused on the blockade of this pathogenic axis as a promising therapeutic target in several autoimmune disorders; nevertheless, a greater understanding of its contribution still requires further investigation. This review aims to elucidate the most recent studies and literature data on the pathogenetic role of Hh signaling in rheumatic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Liyun Zhang
- Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
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3
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Suzuki A, Ogata K, Iwata J. Cell signaling regulation in salivary gland development. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:3299-3315. [PMID: 33449148 PMCID: PMC11071883 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03741-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian salivary gland develops as a highly branched structure designed to produce and secrete saliva. This review focuses on research conducted on mammalian salivary gland development, particularly on the differentiation of acinar, ductal, and myoepithelial cells. We discuss recent studies that provide conceptual advances in the understanding of the molecular mechanisms of salivary gland development. In addition, we describe the organogenesis of submandibular glands (SMGs), model systems used for the study of SMG development, and the key signaling pathways as well as cellular processes involved in salivary gland development. The findings from the recent studies elucidating the identity of stem/progenitor cells in the SMGs, and the process by which they are directed along a series of cell fate decisions to form functional glands, are also discussed. Advances in genetic tools and tissue engineering strategies will significantly increase our knowledge about the mechanisms by which signaling pathways and cells establish tissue architecture and function during salivary gland development, which may also be conserved in the growth and development of other organ systems. An increased knowledge of organ development mechanisms will have profound implications in the design of therapies for the regrowth or repair of injured tissues. In addition, understanding how the processes of cell survival, expansion, specification, movement, and communication with neighboring cells are regulated under physiological and pathological conditions is critical to the development of future treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Suzuki
- Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), 1941 East Road, BBS 4208, Houston, TX, 77054, USA
- Center for Craniofacial Research, UTHealth, Houston, TX, 77054, USA
| | - Kenichi Ogata
- Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), 1941 East Road, BBS 4208, Houston, TX, 77054, USA
- Center for Craniofacial Research, UTHealth, Houston, TX, 77054, USA
- Section of Oral and Maxillofacial Oncology, Division of Maxillofacial Diagnostic and Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Junichi Iwata
- Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), 1941 East Road, BBS 4208, Houston, TX, 77054, USA.
- Center for Craniofacial Research, UTHealth, Houston, TX, 77054, USA.
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4
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Radiation-Induced Salivary Gland Dysfunction: Mechanisms, Therapeutics and Future Directions. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9124095. [PMID: 33353023 PMCID: PMC7767137 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9124095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Salivary glands sustain collateral damage following radiotherapy (RT) to treat cancers of the head and neck, leading to complications, including mucositis, xerostomia and hyposalivation. Despite salivary gland-sparing techniques and modified dosing strategies, long-term hypofunction remains a significant problem. Current therapeutic interventions provide temporary symptom relief, but do not address irreversible glandular damage. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of mechanisms involved in RT-induced hyposalivation and provide a framework for future mechanistic studies. One glaring gap in published studies investigating RT-induced mechanisms of salivary gland dysfunction concerns the effect of irradiation on adjacent non-irradiated tissue via paracrine, autocrine and direct cell-cell interactions, coined the bystander effect in other models of RT-induced damage. We hypothesize that purinergic receptor signaling involving P2 nucleotide receptors may play a key role in mediating the bystander effect. We also discuss promising new therapeutic approaches to prevent salivary gland damage due to RT.
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Aure M, Symonds J, Mays J, Hoffman M. Epithelial Cell Lineage and Signaling in Murine Salivary Glands. J Dent Res 2019; 98:1186-1194. [PMID: 31331226 PMCID: PMC6755719 DOI: 10.1177/0022034519864592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Maintaining salivary gland function is critical for oral health. Loss of saliva is a common side effect of therapeutic irradiation for head and neck cancer or autoimmune diseases such as Sjögren's syndrome. There is no curative treatment, and current strategies proposed for functional regeneration include gene therapy to reengineer surviving salivary gland tissue, cell-based transplant therapy, use of bioengineered glands, and development of drugs/biologics to stimulate in vivo regeneration or increase secretion. Understanding the genetic and cellular mechanisms required for development and homeostasis of adult glands is essential to the success of these proposed treatments. Recent advances in genetic lineage tracing provide insight into epithelial lineage relationships during murine salivary gland development. During early fetal gland development, epithelial cells expressing keratin 14 (K14) Sox2, Sox9, Sox10, and Trp63 give rise to all adult epithelium, but as development proceeds, lineage restriction occurs, resulting in separate lineages of myoepithelial, ductal, and acinar cells in postnatal glands. Several niche signals have been identified that regulate epithelial development and lineage restriction. Fibroblast growth factor signaling is essential for gland development, and other important factors that influence epithelial patterning and maturation include the Wnt, Hedgehog, retinoic acid, and Hippo signaling pathways. In addition, other cell types in the local microenvironment, such as endothelial and neuronal cells, can influence epithelial development. Emerging evidence also suggests that specific epithelial cells will respond to different types of salivary gland damage, depending on the cause and severity of damage and the resulting damaged microenvironment. Understanding how regeneration occurs and which cell types are affected, as well as which signaling factors drive cell lineage decisions, provides specific targets to manipulate cell fate and improve regeneration. Taken together, these recent advances in understanding cell lineages and the signaling factors that drive cell fate changes provide a guide to develop novel regenerative treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- M.H. Aure
- Matrix and Morphogenesis Section, National
Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD,
USA
- Oral Immunobiology Unit, National Institute of
Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - J.M. Symonds
- Matrix and Morphogenesis Section, National
Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD,
USA
- Current address: Chromodex Spherix Consulting,
Rockville, MD, USA
| | - J.W. Mays
- Oral Immunobiology Unit, National Institute of
Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - M.P. Hoffman
- Matrix and Morphogenesis Section, National
Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD,
USA
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6
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Miao N, Zhan Y, Xu Y, Yuan H, Qin C, Lin F, Xie X, Mu S, Yuan M, Mu H, Guo S, Li Y, Zhang B. Loss of Fam20c causes defects in the acinar and duct structure of salivary glands in mice. Int J Mol Med 2019; 43:2103-2117. [PMID: 30864688 PMCID: PMC6443332 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2019.4126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Family with sequence similarity 20-member C (FAM20C), a recently characterized Golgi kinase, performs numerous biological functions by phosphorylating more than 100 secreted proteins. However, the role of FAM20C in the salivary glands remains undefined. The present study demonstrated that FAM20C is mainly located in the cytoplasm of duct epithelial cells in the salivary glands. Fam20cf/f; Mmtv-Cre mice were created in which Fam20c was inactivated in the salivary gland cells and observed that the number of ducts and the ductal cross-sectional area increased significantly, while the number of acinar cells was reduced. The granular convoluted tubules (GCTs) exhibited an accumulation of aberrant secretory granules, along with a reduced expression and altered distribution patterns of β nerve growth factor, α-amylase and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) 4. This abnormality suggested that the GCT cells were immature and exhibited defects in developmental and secretory functions. In accordance with the morphological alterations and the reduced number of acinar cells, FAM20C deficiency in the salivary glands significantly decreased the salivary flow rate. The Na+, Cl− and K+ concentrations in the saliva were all significantly increased due to dysfunction of the ducts. Furthermore, Fam20c deficiency significantly increased BMP2 and BMP7 expression, decreased BMP4 expression, and attenuated the canonical and noncanonical BMP signaling pathways in the salivary glands. Collectively, the results of the present study demonstrate that FAM20C is a key regulator of acinar and duct structure and duct maturation and provide a novel avenue for investigating novel therapeutic targets for oral diseases including xerostomia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Miao
- Institute of Hard Tissue Development and Regeneration, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
| | - Yuanbo Zhan
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Mucosa, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
| | - Yingying Xu
- Institute of Hard Tissue Development and Regeneration, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
| | - Haoze Yuan
- Institute of Hard Tissue Development and Regeneration, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
| | - Chunlin Qin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX 75246, USA
| | - Feng Lin
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
| | - Xiaohua Xie
- Institute of Hard Tissue Development and Regeneration, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
| | - Sen Mu
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Mucosa, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
| | - Mengtong Yuan
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
| | - Haibin Mu
- Institute of Hard Tissue Development and Regeneration, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
| | - Shouli Guo
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
| | - Ying Li
- Institute of Hard Tissue Development and Regeneration, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Institute of Hard Tissue Development and Regeneration, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
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7
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Lin P, Pang Q, Wang P, Lv X, Liu L, Li A. The targeted regulation of Gli1 by miR-361 to inhibit epithelia-mesenchymal transition and invasion of esophageal carcinoma cells. Cancer Biomark 2018; 21:489-498. [PMID: 29125483 DOI: 10.3233/cbm-170802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Epithelia-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is critical for invasion and metastasis of esophageal carcinoma. Gli1, a transcriptional factor in Hedgehog pathway, is correlated with EMT, invasion and metastasis of tumors. However, its role in esophageal cancer is still unknown. Bioinformatics analysis revealed relationship between microRNA (miR)-361 and 3'-UTR of Gli1 gene. This study thus investigated the role of miR-361 and Gli1 in invasion and metastasis of esophageal cancer. Both tumor and adjacent tissues were collected from 58 esophageal cancer patients to test the expressions of miR-361 and Gli1, the relationship of which was confirmed by dual-luciferase reporter gene assay. Cultured esophageal cancer cells EC9706 were transfected with mimic NC, miR-361 mimic, si-NC, si-Gli1, miR-361 mimics+si-Glil, pQC or pQC-FU-Gli1. Transwell and colony formation assays were performed for cell invasion and attachment-independent growth. Expressions of Gli1, Snail, E-cadherin and N-cadherin proteins were revealed by Western blotting. The expression of Gli1 was significantly elevated in esophageal cancer tissues, along with lower miR-361 expression which was correlated with TNM stage. MiR-361 inhibited the expression of Gli1 via targeting on 3'-UTR of Gli1 gene. The transfection of miR-361 mimics and/or si-Gli1 significantly suppressed the growth of malignant cells. The over-expression of miR-361 and/or silencing of Gli1 decreased intracellular expression of Gli1, Snail and N-cadherin, and increased E-cadherin expression to suppress EMT and invasion of tumor cells while the opposite effects were obtained by over-expression of Gli1. Abnormal elevation of Gli1 and decrease of miR-361 were found in esophageal cancer tissues. MiR-361 weakened invasion of cancer cells and impeded EMT process via the inhibition of Gli1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingping Lin
- Radiotherapy Department, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Qingsong Pang
- Radiotherapy Department, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Radiotherapy Department, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiying Lv
- Ocology Department, Chengde Medical College Affiliated Hospital, Chengde, Hebei, China
| | - Lanfang Liu
- Ocology Department, Chengde Medical College Affiliated Hospital, Chengde, Hebei, China
| | - Aike Li
- Ocology Department, Chengde Medical College Affiliated Hospital, Chengde, Hebei, China
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8
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Peng X, Varendi K, Maimets M, Andressoo JO, Coppes RP. Role of glial-cell-derived neurotrophic factor in salivary gland stem cell response to irradiation. Radiother Oncol 2017; 124:448-454. [PMID: 28784438 DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2017.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Recently, stem cell therapy has been proposed to allow regeneration of radiation damaged salivary glands. It has been suggested that glial-cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) promotes survival of mice salivary gland stem cells (mSGSCs). The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of GDNF in the modulation of mSGSC response to irradiation and subsequent salivary gland regeneration. METHODS Salivary gland sphere derived cells of Gdnf hypermorphic (Gdnfwt/hyper) and wild type mice (Gdnfwt/wt) were irradiated (IR) with γ-rays at 0, 1, 2, 4 and 8Gy. mSGSC survival and stemness were assessed by calculating surviving fraction measured as post-IR sphere forming potential and population doublings. Flow cytometry was used to determine the CD24hi/CD29hi stem cell (SC) population. QPCR and immunofluorescence was used to detect GDNF expression. RESULTS The IR survival responses of mSGSCs were similar albeit resulted in larger spheres and an increased cell number in the Gdnfwt/hyper compared to Gdnfwt/wt group. Indeed, mSGSC of Gdnfwt/hyper mice showed high sphere forming efficiency upon replating. Interestingly, GDNF expression co-localized with receptor tyrosine kinase (RET) and was upregulated after IR in vitro and in vivo, but normalized in vivo after mSGSC transplantation. CONCLUSION GDNF does not protect mSGSCs against irradiation but seems to promote mSGSCs proliferation through the GDNF-RET signaling pathway. Post-transplantation stimulation of GDNF/RET pathway may enhance the regenerative potential of mSGSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Peng
- Departments of Cell Biology and Radiation Oncology, University Medical Centrum Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Kärt Varendi
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Martti Maimets
- Departments of Cell Biology and Radiation Oncology, University Medical Centrum Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands; BRIC-Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jaan-Olle Andressoo
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Finland; Institute of Biosciences and Medical Technology - BioMediTech, University of Tampere, Finland
| | - Rob P Coppes
- Departments of Cell Biology and Radiation Oncology, University Medical Centrum Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands.
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9
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Hai B, Zhao Q, Qin L, Rangaraj D, Gutti VR, Liu F. Rescue Effects and Underlying Mechanisms of Intragland Shh Gene Delivery on Irradiation-Induced Hyposalivation. Hum Gene Ther 2016; 27:390-9. [PMID: 27021743 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2016.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Irreversible hypofunction of salivary glands is common in head and neck cancer survivors treated with radiotherapy and can only be temporarily relieved with current treatments. We found in an inducible sonic hedgehog (Shh) transgenic mouse model that transient activation of the Hedgehog pathway after irradiation rescued salivary gland function in males by preserving salivary stem/progenitor cells and parasympathetic innervation. To translate these findings into feasible clinical application, we evaluated the effects of Shh gene transfer to salivary glands of wild-type mice on irradiation-induced hyposalivation. Shh or control GFP gene was delivered by noninvasive retrograde ductal instillation of corresponding adenoviral vectors. In both male and female mice, Shh gene delivery efficiently activated Hedgehog/Gli signaling, and significantly improved stimulated saliva secretion and preserved saliva-producing acinar cells after irradiation. In addition to preserving parasympathetic innervation through induction of neurotrophic factors, Shh gene delivery also alleviated the irradiation damage of the microvasculature, likely via inducing angiogenic factors, but did not expand the progeny of cells responsive to Hedgehog/Gli signaling. These data indicate that transient activation of the Hedgehog pathway by gene delivery is promising to rescue salivary function after irradiation in both sexes, and the Hedgehog/Gli pathway may function mainly in cell nonautonomous manners to achieve the rescue effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Hai
- 1 Institute for Regenerative Medicine, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center , Temple, Texas
| | - Qingguo Zhao
- 1 Institute for Regenerative Medicine, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center , Temple, Texas
| | - Lizheng Qin
- 1 Institute for Regenerative Medicine, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center , Temple, Texas.,2 Beijing Stomatological Hospital, Capital Medical University , Beijing, China
| | | | - Veera R Gutti
- 3 Department of Radiation Oncology, Baylor Scott & White Hospital , Temple, Texas
| | - Fei Liu
- 1 Institute for Regenerative Medicine, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center , Temple, Texas
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10
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Vidal MTA, Lourenço SV, Soares FA, Gurgel CA, Studart EJB, Valverde LDF, Araújo IBDO, Ramos EAG, Xavier FCDA, dos Santos JN. The sonic hedgehog signaling pathway contributes to the development of salivary gland neoplasms regardless of perineural infiltration. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:9587-601. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-016-4841-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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Mattingly A, Finley JK, Knox SM. Salivary gland development and disease. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2015; 4:573-90. [PMID: 25970268 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Revised: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian salivary glands synthesize and secrete saliva via a vast interconnected network of epithelial tubes attached to secretory end units. The extensive morphogenesis required to establish this organ is dependent on interactions between multiple cell types (epithelial, mesenchymal, endothelial, and neuronal) and the engagement of a wide range of signaling pathways. Here we describe critical regulators of salivary gland development and discuss how mutations in these impact human organogenesis. In particular, we explore the genetic contribution of growth factor pathways, nerve-derived factors and extracellular matrix molecules to salivary gland formation in mice and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Mattingly
- Department of Cell & Tissue Biology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Jennifer K Finley
- Department of Cell & Tissue Biology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Sarah M Knox
- Department of Cell & Tissue Biology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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12
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Xiao N, Lin Y, Cao H, Sirjani D, Giaccia AJ, Koong AC, Kong CS, Diehn M, Le QT. Neurotrophic factor GDNF promotes survival of salivary stem cells. J Clin Invest 2014; 124:3364-77. [PMID: 25036711 DOI: 10.1172/jci74096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cell-based regenerative therapy is a promising treatment for head and neck cancer patients that suffer from chronic dry mouth (xerostomia) due to salivary gland injury from radiation therapy. Current xerostomia therapies only provide temporary symptom relief, while permanent restoration of salivary function is not currently feasible. Here, we identified and characterized a stem cell population from adult murine submandibular glands. Of the different cells isolated from the submandibular gland, this specific population, Lin-CD24+c-Kit+Sca1+, possessed the highest capacity for proliferation, self renewal, and differentiation during serial passage in vitro. Serial transplantations of this stem cell population into the submandibular gland of irradiated mice successfully restored saliva secretion and increased the number of functional acini. Gene-expression analysis revealed that glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (Gdnf) is highly expressed in Lin-CD24+c-Kit+Sca1+ stem cells. Furthermore, GDNF expression was upregulated upon radiation therapy in submandibular glands of both mice and humans. Administration of GDNF improved saliva production and enriched the number of functional acini in submandibular glands of irradiated animals and enhanced salisphere formation in cultured salivary stem cells, but did not accelerate growth of head and neck cancer cells. These data indicate that modulation of the GDNF pathway may have potential therapeutic benefit for management of radiation-induced xerostomia.
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13
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Nye MD, Almada LL, Fernandez-Barrena MG, Marks DL, Elsawa SF, Vrabel A, Tolosa EJ, Ellenrieder V, Fernandez-Zapico ME. The transcription factor GLI1 interacts with SMAD proteins to modulate transforming growth factor β-induced gene expression in a p300/CREB-binding protein-associated factor (PCAF)-dependent manner. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:15495-506. [PMID: 24739390 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.545194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The biological role of the transcription factor GLI1 in the regulation of tumor growth is well established; however, the molecular events modulating this phenomenon remain elusive. Here, we demonstrate a novel mechanism underlying the role of GLI1 as an effector of TGFβ signaling in the regulation of gene expression in cancer cells. TGFβ stimulates GLI1 activity in cancer cells and requires its transcriptional activity to induce BCL2 expression. Analysis of the mechanism regulating this interplay identified a new transcriptional complex including GLI1 and the TGFβ-regulated transcription factor, SMAD4. We demonstrate that SMAD4 physically interacts with GLI1 for concerted regulation of gene expression and cellular survival. Activation of the TGFβ pathway induces GLI1-SMAD4 complex binding to the BCL2 promoter whereas disruption of the complex through SMAD4 RNAi depletion impairs GLI1-mediated transcription of BCL2 and cellular survival. Further characterization demonstrated that SMAD2 and the histone acetyltransferase, PCAF, participate in this regulatory mechanism. Both proteins bind to the BCL2 promoter and are required for TGFβ- and GLI1-stimulated gene expression. Moreover, SMAD2/4 RNAi experiments showed that these factors are required for the recruitment of GLI1 to the BCL2 promoter. Finally, we determined whether this novel GLI1 transcriptional pathway could regulate other TGFβ targets. We found that two additional TGFβ-stimulated genes, INTERLEUKIN-7 and CYCLIN D1, are dependent upon the intact GLI1-SMAD-PCAF complex for transcriptional activation. Collectively, these results define a novel epigenetic mechanism that uses the transcription factor GLI1 and its associated complex as a central effector to regulate gene expression in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica D Nye
- From the Schulze Center for Novel Therapeutics, Division of Oncology Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Luciana L Almada
- From the Schulze Center for Novel Therapeutics, Division of Oncology Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Maite G Fernandez-Barrena
- From the Schulze Center for Novel Therapeutics, Division of Oncology Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - David L Marks
- From the Schulze Center for Novel Therapeutics, Division of Oncology Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Sherine F Elsawa
- the Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Illinois University, De Kalb, Illinois 60115
| | - Anne Vrabel
- From the Schulze Center for Novel Therapeutics, Division of Oncology Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Ezequiel J Tolosa
- From the Schulze Center for Novel Therapeutics, Division of Oncology Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Volker Ellenrieder
- the Signaling and Transcription Laboratory, Department of Gastroenterology, Philipps-University of Marburg, 35037 Marburg, Germany, and
| | - Martin E Fernandez-Zapico
- From the Schulze Center for Novel Therapeutics, Division of Oncology Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, the Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
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Liu F, Wang S. Molecular cues for development and regeneration of salivary glands. Histol Histopathol 2013; 29:305-12. [PMID: 24189993 DOI: 10.14670/hh-29.305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The hypofunction of salivary glands caused by Sjögren's Syndrome or radiotherapy for head and neck cancer significantly compromises the quality of life of millions patients. Currently no curative treatment is available for the irreversible hyposalivation, whereas regenerative strategies targeting salivary stem/progenitor cells are promising. However, the success of these strategies is constrained by the lack of insights on the molecular cues of salivary gland regeneration. Recent advances in the molecular controls of salivary gland morphogenesis provided valuable clues for identifying potential regenerative cues. A complicated network of signaling molecules between epithelia, mesenchyme, endothelia, extracellular matrix and innervating nerves orchestrate the salivary gland organogenesis. Here we discuss the roles of several cross-talking intercellular signaling pathways, i.e., FGF, Wnt, Hedgehog, Eda, Notch, Chrm1/HB-EGF and Laminin/Integrin pathways, in the development of salivary glands and their potentials to promote salivary regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Liu
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine at Scott and White, Molecular and Cellular Medicine Department, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Temple, Texas, USA.
| | - Songlin Wang
- Salivary Gland Disease Center and Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, China.
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Hai B, Qin L, Yang Z, Zhao Q, Shangguan L, Ti X, Zhao Y, Kim S, Rangaraj D, Liu F. Transient activation of hedgehog pathway rescued irradiation-induced hyposalivation by preserving salivary stem/progenitor cells and parasympathetic innervation. Clin Cancer Res 2013; 20:140-150. [PMID: 24150232 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-1434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the effects and mechanisms of transient activation of the Hedgehog pathway on rescuing radiotherapy-induced hyposalivation in survivors of head and neck cancer. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Mouse salivary glands and cultured human salivary epithelial cells were irradiated by a single 15-Gy dose. The Hedgehog pathway was transiently activated in mouse salivary glands, by briefly overexpressing the Sonic hedgehog (Shh) transgene or administrating smoothened agonist, and in human salivary epithelial cells, by infecting with adenovirus encoding Gli1. The activity of Hedgehog signaling was examined by the expression of the Ptch1-lacZ reporter and endogenous Hedgehog target genes. The salivary flow rate was measured following pilocarpine stimulation. Salivary stem/progenitor cells (SSPC), parasympathetic innervation, and expression of related genes were examined by flow cytometry, salisphere assay, immunohistochemistry, quantitative reverse transcription PCR, Western blotting, and ELISA. RESULTS Irradiation does not activate Hedgehog signaling in mouse salivary glands. Transient Shh overexpression activated the Hedgehog pathway in ductal epithelia and, after irradiation, rescued salivary function in male mice, which is related with preservation of functional SSPCs and parasympathetic innervation. The preservation of SSPCs was likely mediated by the rescue of signaling activities of the Bmi1 and Chrm1-HB-EGF pathways. The preservation of parasympathetic innervation was associated with the rescue of the expression of neurotrophic factors such as Bdnf and Nrtn. The expression of genes related with maintenance of SSPCs and parasympathetic innervation in female salivary glands and cultured human salivary epithelial cells was similarly affected by irradiation and transient Hedgehog activation. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that transient activation of the Hedgehog pathway has the potential to restore salivary gland function after irradiation-induced dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Hai
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine at Scott & White, Molecular and Cellular Medicine Department, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Temple, Texas 76502, USA
| | - Lizheng Qin
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine at Scott & White, Molecular and Cellular Medicine Department, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Temple, Texas 76502, USA.,Beijing Stomatological Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Zhenhua Yang
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine at Scott & White, Molecular and Cellular Medicine Department, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Temple, Texas 76502, USA.,Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Qingguo Zhao
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine at Scott & White, Molecular and Cellular Medicine Department, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Temple, Texas 76502, USA
| | - Lei Shangguan
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine at Scott & White, Molecular and Cellular Medicine Department, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Temple, Texas 76502, USA.,Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Xinyu Ti
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine at Scott & White, Molecular and Cellular Medicine Department, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Temple, Texas 76502, USA.,Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Yanqiu Zhao
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine at Scott & White, Molecular and Cellular Medicine Department, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Temple, Texas 76502, USA.,Lutheran Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11220, USA
| | - Sangroh Kim
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Scott and White Hospital, Temple, Texas 76502, USA
| | - Dharanipathy Rangaraj
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Scott and White Hospital, Temple, Texas 76502, USA
| | - Fei Liu
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine at Scott & White, Molecular and Cellular Medicine Department, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Temple, Texas 76502, USA
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Zheng X, Rumie Vittar NB, Gai X, Fernandez-Barrena MG, Moser CD, Hu C, Almada LL, McCleary-Wheeler AL, Elsawa SF, Vrabel AM, Shire AM, Comba A, Thorgeirsson SS, Kim Y, Liu Q, Fernandez-Zapico ME, Roberts LR. The transcription factor GLI1 mediates TGFβ1 driven EMT in hepatocellular carcinoma via a SNAI1-dependent mechanism. PLoS One 2012. [PMID: 23185371 PMCID: PMC3501480 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) during hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) progression is well established, however the regulatory mechanisms modulating this phenomenon remain unclear. Here, we demonstrate that transcription factor glioma-associated oncogene 1 (GLI1) modulates EMT through direct up-regulation of SNAI1 and serves as a downstream effector of the transforming growth factor-β1 (TGFβ1) pathway, a well-known regulator of EMT in cancer cells. Overexpression of GLI1 increased proliferation, viability, migration, invasion, and colony formation by HCC cells. Conversely, GLI1 knockdown led to a decrease in all the above-mentioned cancer-associated phenotypes in HCC cells. Further analysis of GLI1 regulated cellular functions showed that this transcription factor is able to induce EMT and identified SNAI1 as a transcriptional target of GLI1 mediating this cellular effect in HCC cells. Moreover, we demonstrated that an intact GLI1-SNAI1 axis is required by TGFβ1 to induce EMT in these cells. Together, these findings define a novel cellular mechanism regulated by GLI1, which controls the growth and EMT phenotype in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zheng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Natalia B. Rumie Vittar
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- Schulze Center for Novel Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Xiaohong Gai
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Maite G. Fernandez-Barrena
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- Schulze Center for Novel Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Catherine D. Moser
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Chunling Hu
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Luciana L. Almada
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- Schulze Center for Novel Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Angela L. McCleary-Wheeler
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- Schulze Center for Novel Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Sherine F. Elsawa
- Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- Schulze Center for Novel Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Anne M. Vrabel
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- Schulze Center for Novel Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Abdirashid M. Shire
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Andrea Comba
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- Schulze Center for Novel Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Snorri S. Thorgeirsson
- Laboratory of Experimental Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Youngsoo Kim
- Isis Pharmaceuticals Inc., Carlsbad, California, United States of America
| | - Qingguang Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Martin E. Fernandez-Zapico
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- Schulze Center for Novel Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Lewis R. Roberts
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Marongiu F, Doratiotto S, Sini M, Serra MP, Laconi E. Cancer as a disease of tissue pattern formation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 47:175-207. [DOI: 10.1016/j.proghi.2012.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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18
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Babonis LS, Brischoux F. Perspectives on the convergent evolution of tetrapod salt glands. Integr Comp Biol 2012; 52:245-56. [PMID: 22586069 DOI: 10.1093/icb/ics073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Since their discovery in 1958, the function of specialized salt-secreting glands in tetrapods has been studied in great detail, and such studies continue to contribute to a general understanding of transport mechanisms of epithelial water and ions. Interestingly, during that same time period, there have been only few attempts to understand the convergent evolution of this tissue, likely as a result of the paucity of taxonomic, embryological, and molecular data available. In this review, we synthesize the available data regarding the distribution of salt glands across extant and extinct tetrapod lineages and the anatomical position of the salt gland in each taxon. Further, we use these data to develop hypotheses about the various factors that have influenced the convergent evolution of salt glands across taxa with special focus on the variation in the anatomical position of the glands and on the molecular mechanisms that may have facilitated the development of a salt gland by co-option of a nonsalt-secreting ancestral gland. It is our hope that this review will stimulate renewed interest in the topic of the convergent evolution of salt glands and inspire future empirical studies aimed at evaluating the hypotheses we lay out herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie S Babonis
- Kewalo Marine Laboratory, PBRC/University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA.
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