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Sharkey C, Long X, Al-Faouri R, Strand D, Olumi AF, Wang Z. Enhanced prostatic Esr1 + luminal epithelial cells in the absence of SRD5A2. J Pathol 2024; 263:300-314. [PMID: 38606616 PMCID: PMC11166526 DOI: 10.1002/path.6283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Steroid 5α reductase 2 (SRD5A2) converts testosterone to dihydrotestosterone and is crucial for prostatic development. 5α reductase inhibitors (5ARI) reduce prostate size in benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) and ameliorate lower urinary tract symptoms secondary to BPH. However, the mechanisms of 5ARI functioning are still not fully understood. Here, we used a Srd5a2-/- mouse model and employed single-cell RNA sequencing to explore the impact of SRD5A2 absence on prostate cellular heterogeneity. Significant alterations in luminal epithelial cell (LE) populations were observed, alongside an increased proportion and proliferative phenotype of estrogen receptor 1 (ESR1)+ LE2 cells, following an SRD5A2-independent ESR1 differentiation trajectory. LE2 cells exhibited enhanced estrogen response gene signatures, suggesting an alternative pathway for prostate growth when SRD5A2 is absent. Human prostate biopsy analysis revealed an inverse correlation between the expressions of SRD5A2 and LE2 markers (ESR1/PKCα), and an inverse correlation between SRD5A2 and the clinical efficiency of 5ARI. These findings provide insights into 5ARI resistance mechanisms and potential alternative therapies for BPH-related lower urinary tract symptoms. © 2024 The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Sharkey
- Department of Surgery, Division of Urologic Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xingbo Long
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Ra’ad Al-Faouri
- Department of Surgery, Division of Urologic Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Douglas Strand
- Department of Urology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Aria F. Olumi
- Department of Surgery, Division of Urologic Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zongwei Wang
- Department of Surgery, Division of Urologic Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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2
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Lin Z, Liu Z, Niu Y. Exploring the Enigma of 5-ARIs Resistance in Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia: Paving the Path for Personalized Medicine. Curr Urol Rep 2023; 24:579-589. [PMID: 37987980 DOI: 10.1007/s11934-023-01188-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Despite the widespread utilization of 5-alpha reductase inhibitors (5-ARIs) for managing benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), certain BPH patients exhibit unresponsiveness to 5-ARIs therapy. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the current perspectives on the mechanisms of 5-ARIs resistance in BPH patients and integrates potential biomarkers and underlying therapeutic options for 5-ARIs resistance. These findings may facilitate the development of novel or optimize more effective treatment options, and promote personalized medicine for BPH. RECENT FINDINGS The pathways contributing to resistance against 5-ARIs in certain BPH patients encompass epigenetic modifications, shifts in hormone levels, autophagic processes, and variations in androgen receptor structures, and these pathways may ultimately be attributed to inflammation. Promisingly, novel biomarkers, including intravesical prostatic protrusion, inflammatory factors, and single nucleotide polymorphisms, may offer predictive insights into the responsiveness to 5-ARIs therapy, empowering physicians to fine-tune treatment strategies. Additionally, on the horizon, GV1001 and mTOR inhibitors have emerged as potential alternative therapeutic modalities for addressing BPH in the future. After extensive investigation into BPH's pathological processes and molecular landscape, it is now recognized that diverse pathophysiological mechanisms may contribute to different BPH subtypes among individuals. This insight necessitates the adoption of personalized treatment strategies, moving beyond the prevailing one-size-fits-all paradigm centered around 5-ARIs. The imperative for early identification of individuals prone to treatment resistance will drive physicians to proactively stratify risk and adapt treatment tactics in future practice. This personalized medicine approach marks a progression from the current standard treatment model, emerging as the future trajectory in BPH management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhemin Lin
- Department of Urology, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100038, China
| | - Zhanliang Liu
- Department of Urology, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100038, China
| | - Yinong Niu
- Department of Urology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China.
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Liu Z, Lin Z, Cao F, Jiang M, jin S, Cui Y, Niu YN. Upregulation of mir-1199-5p is associated with reduced type 2 5-α reductase expression in benign prostatic hyperplasia. BMC Urol 2022; 22:172. [PMID: 36344974 PMCID: PMC9639318 DOI: 10.1186/s12894-022-01121-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background
5-α reductase inhibitors (5-ARIs) are first-line drugs for managing benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Unfortunately, some patients do not respond to 5-ARI therapy and may even show worsening symptoms. The decreased expression of steroid 5-α reductase type 2(SRD5A2) in BPH tissues may explain the failure of 5-ARI therapy, however, the mechanisms underlying SRD5A2 decreased remained unelucidated. Objectives
To investigate microRNA-mediated regulation of the expression of SRD5A2 resulting in 5-ARI therapy failure. Materials and methods
The expression of SRD5A2 and microRNAs in BPH tissues and prostate cells were detected by immunohistochemistry, western blotting, and quantitative real-time PCR. Dual-luciferase reporter assay was performed to confirm that microRNA directly combine to SRD5A2 mRNA. The apoptosis of prostatic cells was detected by flow cytometry. Results
SRD5A2 expression was variable; it was negative, weak, and strong in 13.6%, 28.8%, and 57.6% of BPH tissues respectively. The normal human prostatic epithelial cell line RWPE-1 strongly expressed SRD5A2, whereas the immortalized human prostatic epithelial cell line BPH-1 weakly expressed SRD5A2. miR-1199-5p expression was remarkably higher in BPH-1 than in RWPE-1 cells(P<0.001), and miR-1199-5p expression was significantly upregulated in BPH tissues with negative SRD5A2 expression than those with positive SRD5A2 expression. Transfection of miR-1199-5p mimics in RWPE-1 cells led to a marked decrease in SRD5A2 expression, whereas miR-1199-5p inhibitor increased SRD5A2 expression in BPH-1 cells. Dual-luciferase reporter assay showed that miR-1199-5p could bind the 3′untranslated region of SRD5A2 mRNA. miR-1199-5p also decreased the RWPE-1 sensibility to finasteride, an inhibitor of SRD5A2. Conclusion
Our results show that SRD5A2 expression varies in BPH tissues and miR-1199-5p might be one of the several factors contributing to differential SRD5A2 expression in BPH patients. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12894-022-01121-5.
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Sallam M, Benotmane MA, Baatout S, Guns PJ, Aerts A. Radiation-induced cardiovascular disease: an overlooked role for DNA methylation? Epigenetics 2022; 17:59-80. [PMID: 33522387 PMCID: PMC8812767 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2021.1873628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy in cancer treatment involves the use of ionizing radiation for cancer cell killing. Although radiotherapy has shown significant improvements on cancer recurrence and mortality, several radiation-induced adverse effects have been documented. Of these adverse effects, radiation-induced cardiovascular disease (CVD) is particularly prominent among patients receiving mediastinal radiotherapy, such as breast cancer and Hodgkin's lymphoma patients. A number of mechanisms of radiation-induced CVD pathogenesis have been proposed such as endothelial inflammatory activation, premature endothelial senescence, increased ROS and mitochondrial dysfunction. However, current research seems to point to a so-far unexamined and potentially novel involvement of epigenetics in radiation-induced CVD pathogenesis. Firstly, epigenetic mechanisms have been implicated in CVD pathophysiology. In addition, several studies have shown that ionizing radiation can cause epigenetic modifications, especially DNA methylation alterations. As a result, this review aims to provide a summary of the current literature linking DNA methylation to radiation-induced CVD and thereby explore DNA methylation as a possible contributor to radiation-induced CVD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magy Sallam
- Radiobiology Unit, Institute for Environment, Health and Safety, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCK CEN), Mol, Belgium
- Laboratory of Physiopharmacology, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Mohammed Abderrafi Benotmane
- Radiobiology Unit, Institute for Environment, Health and Safety, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCK CEN), Mol, Belgium
| | - Sarah Baatout
- Radiobiology Unit, Institute for Environment, Health and Safety, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCK CEN), Mol, Belgium
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Pieter-Jan Guns
- Laboratory of Physiopharmacology, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - An Aerts
- Radiobiology Unit, Institute for Environment, Health and Safety, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCK CEN), Mol, Belgium
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Lin ZM, Fan DD, Jin S, Liu ZL, Niu YN. Methylated CpG dinucleotides in the 5-α reductase 2 gene may explain finasteride resistance in benign prostatic enlargement patients. Asian J Androl 2021; 23:266-272. [PMID: 33243958 PMCID: PMC8152415 DOI: 10.4103/aja.aja_63_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The inhibition of 5-α reductase type 2 (SRD5A2) by finasteride is commonly used for the management of urinary obstruction resulting from benign prostatic enlargement (BPE). Certain BPE patients showing no SRD5A2 protein expression are resistant to finasteride therapy. Our previous work showed that methylated cytosine-phosphate-guanine (CpG) islands in the SRD5A2 gene might account for the absence or reduction of SRD5A2 protein expression. Here, we found that the expression of the SRD5A2 protein was variable and that weak expression of the SRD5A2 protein (scored 0–100) occurred in 10.0% (4/40) of benign adult prostates. We showed that the expression of SRD5A2 was negatively correlated with DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) expression. In vitro SRD5A2-negative BPH-1 cells were resistant to finasteride treatment, and SRD5A2 was re-expressed in BPH-1 cells when SRD5A2 was demethylated by 5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5-Aza-CdR) or N-phthalyl-L-tryptophan (RG108). Furthermore, we determined the exact methylation ratios of CpG dinucleotides in a CpG island of SRD5A2 through MassArray quantitative methylation analysis. Ten methylated CpG dinucleotides, including four CpG dinucleotides in the promoter and six CpG dinucleotides in the first exon, were found in a CpG island located from −400 bp to +600 bp in SRD5A2, which might lead to the silencing of SRD5A2 and the absence or reduction of SRD5A2 protein expression. Finasteride cannot exert a therapeutic effect on patients lacking SRD5A2, which may partially account for the resistance to finasteride observed in certain BPE patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe-Min Lin
- Department of Urology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100016, China
| | - Dong-Dong Fan
- Department of Urology, Beijing Miyun Teaching Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 101500, China
| | - Song Jin
- Department of Urology, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, Tsinghua University, Beijing 102218, China
| | - Zhan-Liang Liu
- Department of Urology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100016, China
| | - Yi-Nong Niu
- Department of Urology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100016, China
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Robitaille J, Langlois VS. Consequences of steroid-5α-reductase deficiency and inhibition in vertebrates. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2020; 290:113400. [PMID: 31981690 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2020.113400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
In 1974, a lack of 5α-dihydrotestosterone (5α-DHT), the most potent androgen across species except for fish, was shown to be the origin of a type of pseudohermaphrodism in which boys have female-like external genitalia. This human intersex condition is linked to a mutation in the steroid-5α-reductase type 2 (SRD5α2) gene, which usually produces an important enzyme capable of reducing the Δ4-ene of steroid C-19 and C-21 into a 5α-stereoisomer. Seeing the potential of SRD5α2 as a target for androgen synthesis, pharmaceutical companies developed 5α-reductase inhibitors (5ARIs), such as finasteride (FIN) and dutasteride (DUT) to target SRD5α2 in benign prostatic hyperplasia and androgenic alopecia. In addition to human treatment, the development of 5ARIs also enabled further research of SRD5α functions. Therefore, this review details the morphological, physiological, and molecular effects of the lack of SRD5α activity induced by both SRD5α mutations and inhibitor exposures across species. More specifically, data highlights 1) the role of 5α-DHT in the development of male secondary sexual organs in vertebrates and sex determination in non-mammalian vertebrates, 2) the role of SRD5α1 in the synthesis of the neurosteroid allopregnanolone (ALLO) and 5α-androstane-3α,17β-diol (3α-diol), which are involved in anxiety and sexual behavior, respectively, and 3) the role of SRD5α3 in N-glycosylation. This review also features the lesser known functions of SRD5αs in steroid degradation in the uterus during pregnancy and glucocorticoid clearance in the liver. Additionally, the review describes the regulation of SRD5αs by the receptors of androgens, progesterone, estrogen, and thyroid hormones, as well as their differential DNA methylation. Factors known to be involved in their differential methylation are age, inflammation, and mental stimulation. Overall, this review helps shed light on the various essential functions of SRD5αs across species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Robitaille
- Centre Eau Terre Environnement, Institut national de la recherche scientifique (INRS), Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Valerie S Langlois
- Centre Eau Terre Environnement, Institut national de la recherche scientifique (INRS), Quebec City, QC, Canada.
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Wang Z, Deng T, Long X, Lin X, Wu S, Wang H, Ge R, Zhang Z, Wu CL, Taplin ME, Olumi AF. Methylation of SRD5A2 promoter predicts a better outcome for castration-resistant prostate cancer patients undergoing androgen deprivation therapy. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0229754. [PMID: 32134978 PMCID: PMC7058338 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine whether SRD5A2 promoter methylation is associated with cancer progression during androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) in CRPC. PATIENTS AND METHODS In a Local CRPC cohort, 42 prostatic specimens were collected from patients who were diagnosed as CRPC and underwent transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) at Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH). In a metastatic CRPC (Met CRPC) cohort, 12 metastatic biopsies were collected from CRPC patients who would be treated with abiraterone plus dutasteride (Clinical Trial NCT01393730). As controls, 36 benign prostatic specimens were collected from patients undergoing prostate reduction surgery for symptoms of bladder outlet obstruction secondary to benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). The methylation status of cytosine-phosphate-guanine (CpG) site(s) at SRD5A2 promoter regions was tested. RESULTS Compared with benign prostatic tissue, CRPC samples demonstrated higher SRD5A2 methylation in the whole promoter region (Local CRPC cohort: P < 0.001; Met CRPC cohort: P <0.05). In Local CRPC cohort, a higher ratio of methylation was correlated with better OS (R2 = 0.33, P = 0.013). Hypermethylation of specific regions (nucleotides -434 to -4 [CpG# -39 to CpG# -2]) was associated with a better OS (11.3±5.8 vs 6.4±4.4 years, P = 0.001) and PFS (8.4±5.4 vs 4.5±3.9 years, P = 0.003) with cutoff value of 37.9%. Multivariate analysis showed that SRD5A2 methylation was associated with OS independently (whole promoter region: P = 0.035; specific region: P = 0.02). CONCLUSION Our study demonstrate that SRD5A2 methylation in promoter regions, specifically at CpG# -39 to -2, is significantly associated with better survival for CRPC patients treated with ADT. Recognition of epigenetic modifications of SRD5A2 may affect the choices and sequence of available therapies for management of CRPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongwei Wang
- Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Urology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Tuo Deng
- Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Department of Urology, Minimally Invasive Surgery center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, Guangzhou Institute of Urology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xingbo Long
- Department of Urology, Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xueming Lin
- Department of Pathology and Urology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Department of Urology, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Shulin Wu
- Department of Pathology and Urology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Hongbo Wang
- Department of Pathology and Urology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Rongbin Ge
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States of America
| | - Zhenwei Zhang
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Chin-Lee Wu
- Department of Pathology and Urology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Mary-Ellen Taplin
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Aria F. Olumi
- Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
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Obesity-associated inflammation induces androgenic to estrogenic switch in the prostate gland. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2020; 23:465-474. [PMID: 32029929 DOI: 10.1038/s41391-020-0208-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Our patient cohort revealed that obesity is strongly associated with steroid-5α reductase type 2 (SRD5A2) promoter methylation and reduced protein expression. The underlying mechanism of prostatic growth in this population is poorly understood. Here we addressed the question of how obesity, inflammation, and steroid hormones affect the development of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). MATERIAL AND METHODS We used preadipocytes, macrophages, primary human prostatic stromal cells, prostate tissues from high-fat diet-induced obese mice, and 35 prostate specimens that were collected from patients who underwent transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP). RNA was isolated and quantified with RT-PCR. Genome DNA was extracted and SRD5A2 promoter methylation was determined. Sex hormones were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Protein was extracted and determined by ELISA test. RESULTS In prostatic tissues with obesity, the levels of inflammatory mediators were elevated. SRD5A2 promoter methylation was promoted, but SRD5A2 expression was inhibited. Inflammatory mediators and saturated fatty acid synergistically regulated aromatase activity. Obesity promoted an androgenic to estrogenic switch in the prostate. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that obesity-associated inflammation induces androgenic to estrogenic switch in the prostate gland, which may serve as an effective strategy for alternative therapies for management of lower urinary tract symptoms associated with BPH in select individuals.
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Lloyd GL, Marks JM, Ricke WA. Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia and Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms: What Is the Role and Significance of Inflammation? Curr Urol Rep 2019; 20:54. [PMID: 31377881 PMCID: PMC7339114 DOI: 10.1007/s11934-019-0917-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this review is to summarize the role and significance of inflammation as a putative additional factor contributing to lower urinary tract symptoms and the progression of benign prostatic hyperplasia. We review (1) the histologic definition of prostatic inflammation and its prevalence, (2) the effects inflammation in the prostate including on risk of acute urinary retention, and (3) the effects of systemic inflammation on the prostate and on voiding. RECENT FINDINGS Inflammation is a highly prevalent finding in the prostate, both on a histological and biochemical level. Men with inflammation have higher IPSS scores and increased prostate size; however, these differences appear to be imperceptibly small. Men with inflammation do experience a significantly increased risk of developing acute urinary retention, an event that is associated with significant morbidity. Recently, attempts have been made to identify more specific biochemical markers of local inflammation, and to identify regional patterns of inflamed tissue within the prostate which may be associated with higher IPSS scores, accelerated progression, and AUR. The effects of systemic inflammatory states, most notably MetS, and their role in LUTS have also been examined. Inflammation is a common finding in prostates of aging men, but its contribution to lower urinary tract symptoms and benign prostatic hyperplasia progression appears to be small when considered as a clinically relevant entity. Advances in the understanding of different forms of inflammation, and their impact when experienced in different locations within the prostate, may refine this knowledge. Systemic inflammation affects voiding, including in the absence of a prostate, but again significant effects of systemic inflammation on the prostate itself are also difficult to demonstrate. Prostatic inflammation is associated with a significantly increased risk of acute urinary retention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Granville L Lloyd
- Department of Surgery, Rocky Mountain Regional Veterans Hospital, University of Colorado Anschutz School of Medicine, 1700 N Wheeling Street, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
| | - Jeffrey M Marks
- Division of Urology, UCSOM, Academic Office One Bldg., Room #5602, 12631 East 17th Ave., M/S C-319, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - William A Ricke
- Department of Urology, Wisconsin Institutes for Medical Research, University of Wisconsin, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
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Melcangi RC, Casarini L, Marino M, Santi D, Sperduti S, Giatti S, Diviccaro S, Grimoldi M, Caruso D, Cavaletti G, Simoni M. Altered methylation pattern of the SRD5A2 gene in the cerebrospinal fluid of post-finasteride patients: a pilot study. Endocr Connect 2019; 8:1118-1125. [PMID: 31272082 PMCID: PMC6652249 DOI: 10.1530/ec-19-0199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Post-finasteride syndrome (PFS) occurs in patients with androgenic alopecia after suspension of the finasteride treatment, leading to a large variety of persistent side effects. Despite the severity of the clinical picture, the mechanism underlying the PFS symptoms onset and persistence is still unclear. OBJECTIVE To study whether epigenetic modifications occur in PFS patients. METHODS Retrospective analysis of a multicentric, prospective, longitudinal, case-control clinical trial, enrolling 16 PFS patients, compared to 20 age-matched healthy men. Main outcomes were methylation pattern of SRD5A1 and SRD5A2 promoters and concentration of 11 neuroactive steroids, measured by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, in blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples. RESULTS SRD5A1 and SRD5A2 methylation analysis was performed in all blood samples (n = 16 PFS patients and n = 20 controls), in 16 CSF samples from PFS patients and in 13 CSF samples from controls. The SRD5A2 promoter was more frequently methylated in CSF of PFS patients compared to controls (56.3 vs 7.7%). No promoter methylation was detected in blood samples in both groups. No methylation occurred in the SRD5A1 promoter of both groups. Unmethylated controls compared to unmethylated SRD5A2 patients showed higher pregnenolone, dihydrotestosterone and dihydroprogesterone, together with lower testosterone CSF levels. Andrological and neurological assessments did not differ between methylated and unmethylated subjects. CONCLUSIONS For the first time, we demonstrate a tissue-specific methylation pattern of SRD5A2 promoter in PFS patients. Although we cannot conclude whether this pattern is prenatally established or induced by finasteride treatment, it could represent an important mechanism of neuroactive steroid levels and behavioural disturbances previously described in PFS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Cosimo Melcangi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Livio Casarini
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
- Center for Genomic Research, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Marco Marino
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
- Center for Genomic Research, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Daniele Santi
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
- Department of Medical Specialties, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Samantha Sperduti
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
- Center for Genomic Research, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Silvia Giatti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Diviccaro
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Grimoldi
- Neurology Division, Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Donatella Caruso
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Guido Cavaletti
- Experimental Neurology Unit and Milan Center for Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Manuela Simoni
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
- Center for Genomic Research, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
- Department of Medical Specialties, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Modena, Modena, Italy
- Correspondence should be addressed to M Simoni:
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Katharopoulos E, Sauter K, Pandey AV, Flück CE. In silico and functional studies reveal novel loss-of-function variants of SRD5A2, but no variants explaining excess 5α-reductase activity. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 190:263-272. [PMID: 30703436 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Androgens are steroid hormones essential for human male and female development. Steroid reductases 5α (SRD5As) are key enzymes in androgen biosynthesis. Mutations in the human SRD5A2 are known to cause loss-of-function and severe 46,XY undervirilization. Gain-of-function variants have been suggested in androgen excess syndromes, but have not been found so far. Therefore we searched for gain-of-function mutations in the human SRD5A2 gene which might explain hyperandrogenic disorders such as the polycystic ovary syndrome, premature adrenarche and prostate cancer. We screened databases for candidate variants and characterised them in silico with the help of a novel SRD5A2 model. We selected 9 coding SNPs (A49T, R50A, P106L, P106A, N122A, L167S, R168C, P173S, R227Q) that have not been described in manifesting individuals, and assessed their enzyme kinetic properties in HEK293 cells. SRD5A2 activity was assessed by conversion of testosterone (T), progesterone (Prog) and androstenedione (Δ4A) to their 5α-reduced metabolites. Variants R50A and P173S showed partial activity with substrates T (34% and 28%) and Δ4A (37% and 22%). With substrate Prog variants P106L, P106A, L167S and R168C in addition showed partial activity (15% to 64%). Functional testing of all other variants showed loss-of-function. As predicted in our in silico analysis, all coding SNPs affected enzyme activity, however none of them showed gain-of-function. Thus excess 5α-reductase activity might be rather regulated at the (post)-transcriptional and/or post-translational level. However through this work seven new coding SNPs were characterised which might be of clinical relevance. It is possible that individuals carrying these SNPs show a minor phenotype that is not yet identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efstathios Katharopoulos
- Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Inselspital, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland; Department of BioMedical Research, University Hospital Inselspital, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland; Graduate School of Bern, University of Bern, 3000 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Kay Sauter
- Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Inselspital, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland; Department of BioMedical Research, University Hospital Inselspital, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Amit V Pandey
- Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Inselspital, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland; Department of BioMedical Research, University Hospital Inselspital, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Christa E Flück
- Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Inselspital, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland; Department of BioMedical Research, University Hospital Inselspital, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland.
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12
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Joseph DB, Strand DW, Vezina CM. DNA methylation in development and disease: an overview for prostate researchers. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL UROLOGY 2018; 6:197-218. [PMID: 30697577 PMCID: PMC6334199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Epigenetic mechanisms including DNA methylation are critical regulators of organismal development and tissue homeostasis. DNA methylation is the transfer of methyl groups to cytosines, which adds an additional layer of complexity to the genome. DNA methylation marks are recognized by the cellular machinery to regulate transcription. Disruption of DNA methylation with aging or exposure to environmental toxins can change susceptibility to disease or trigger processes that lead to disease. In this review, we provide an overview of the DNA methylation machinery. More specifically, we describe DNA methylation in the context of prostate development, prostate cancer, and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) as well as the impact of dietary and environmental factors on DNA methylation in the prostate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diya B Joseph
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Douglas W Strand
- Department of Urology, UT Southwestern Medical CenterDallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Chad M Vezina
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadison, WI 53706, USA
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13
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De Nunzio C, Presicce F, Tubaro A. Inflammatory mediators in the development and progression of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Nat Rev Urol 2018; 13:613-26. [PMID: 27686153 DOI: 10.1038/nrurol.2016.168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is the most common urological disease in elderly men. Epidemiological data suggest a causal link between this condition and prostatic inflammation. The prostate is an immune-competent organ characterized by the presence of a complex immune system. Several stimuli, including infectious agents, urinary reflux, metabolic syndrome, the ageing process, and autoimmune response, have been described as triggers for the dysregulation of the prostatic immune system via different molecular pathways involving the development of inflammatory infiltrates. From a pathophysiological standpoint, subsequent tissue damage and chronic tissue healing could result in the development of BPH nodules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cosimo De Nunzio
- Department of Urology, Sant'Andrea Hospital, 'Sapienza' University of Rome, Via di Grottarossa 1035-1039, 00189, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Presicce
- Department of Urology, Sant'Andrea Hospital, 'Sapienza' University of Rome, Via di Grottarossa 1035-1039, 00189, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Tubaro
- Department of Urology, Sant'Andrea Hospital, 'Sapienza' University of Rome, Via di Grottarossa 1035-1039, 00189, Rome, Italy
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14
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Wang Z, Olumi AF. Metformin: an antiproliferative agent and methylation regulator in treating prostatic disease? Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2018; 314:F407-F411. [PMID: 29117997 PMCID: PMC5899225 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00443.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Existing drugs that have been used in clinical practice for other purposes can prove useful for reutilization, since much of the safety profile and pharmacokinetics have been completed. Therefore, the drugs can enter clinical practice for a variety of causes with less regulatory burden. Metformin may prove to be such a drug; it may have a role in other diseases, besides the management of diabetes. In this perspective, we provide our findings and understanding of metformin as an alternative way to treat urological abnormal proliferation. We propose the potential mechanisms into two hallmarks: direct antiproliferative function via insulin-like growth factor (IGF) signaling pathway and epigenetic modulating via adjusting DNA methylation. These specific hallmarks may ultimately contribute to a better understanding of metformin in treating prostatic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongwei Wang
- Department of Urology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Aria F. Olumi
- Department of Urology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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15
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Wang Z, Hu L, Salari K, Bechis SK, Ge R, Wu S, Rassoulian C, Pham J, Wu CL, Tabatabaei S, Strand DW, Olumi AF. Androgenic to oestrogenic switch in the human adult prostate gland is regulated by epigenetic silencing of steroid 5α-reductase 2. J Pathol 2017; 243:457-467. [PMID: 28940538 DOI: 10.1002/path.4985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Benign prostatic hyperplasia is the most common proliferative abnormality of the prostate. All men experience some prostatic growth as they age, but the rate of growth varies among individuals. Steroid 5α-reductase 2 (SRD5A2) is a critical enzyme for prostatic development and growth. Previous work indicates that one-third of adult prostatic samples do not express SRD5A2, secondary to epigenetic modifications. Here we show that the level of oestradiol is dramatically elevated, concomitant with significant upregulation of oestrogen response genes, in prostatic samples with methylation at the SRD5A2 promoter. The phosphorylation of oestrogen receptor-α in prostatic stroma is upregulated when SRD5A2 expression is absent. We show that tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α suppresses SRD5A2 mRNA and protein expression, and simultaneously promotes expression of aromatase, the enzyme responsible for conversion of testosterone to oestradiol. Concomitant suppression of SRD5A2 and treatment with TNF-α synergistically upregulate the aromatase levels. The data suggest that, in the absence of prostatic SRD5A2, there is an androgenic to oestrogenic switch. These findings have broad implications for choosing appropriate classes of medications for the management of benign and malignant prostatic diseases. Copyright © 2017 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongwei Wang
- Department of Urology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Libing Hu
- Department of Urology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Urology, Yan'an Affiliated hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yunnan, PR China
| | - Keyan Salari
- Department of Urology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Seth K Bechis
- Department of Urology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rongbin Ge
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical Center, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Shulin Wu
- Department of Urology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Cyrus Rassoulian
- Department of Urology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jonathan Pham
- Department of Urology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Chin-Lee Wu
- Department of Urology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shahin Tabatabaei
- Department of Urology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Douglas W Strand
- Department of Urology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Aria F Olumi
- Department of Urology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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16
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Vaidyanathan V, Naidu V, Karunasinghe N, Kao CHJ, Pallati R, Jabed A, Marlow G, Kallingappa P, Ferguson LR. Effect of ageing and single nucleotide polymorphisms associated with the risk of aggressive prostate cancer in a New Zealand population. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2017; 13:1967-1980. [PMID: 28783191 DOI: 10.1039/c7mb00203c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is one of the most significant male health concerns worldwide, and various researchers carrying out molecular diagnostics have indicated that genetic interactions with biological and behavioral factors play an important role in the overall risk and prognosis of this disease. Single nucleotide polymorphisms are increasingly becoming strong biomarker candidates to identify the susceptibility of individuals to prostate cancer. We carried out risk association of different stages of prostate cancer to a number of single nucleotide polymorphisms to identify the susceptible alleles in a New Zealand population and checked the interaction with environmental factors as well. We identified a number of single nucleotide polymorphisms to have associations specifically to the risk of prostate cancer and aggressiveness of the disease, and also certain single nucleotide polymorphisms to be vulnerable to the reported behavioral factors. We have addressed "special" environmental conditions prevalent in New Zealand, which can be used as a model for a bigger worldwide study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkatesh Vaidyanathan
- Discipline of Nutrition and Dietetics, FM & HS, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand.
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17
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Xu H, Chen Y, Chen Q, Xu H, Wang Y, Yu J, Zhou J, Wang Z, Xu B. DNMT1 regulates IL-6- and TGF-β1-induced epithelial mesenchymal transition in prostate epithelial cells. Eur J Histochem 2017; 61:2775. [PMID: 28735516 PMCID: PMC5432940 DOI: 10.4081/ejh.2017.2775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2017] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Xu
- Department of Emergency, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine.
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18
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Das Post-Finasterid-Syndrom. GYNAKOLOGISCHE ENDOKRINOLOGIE 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10304-017-0126-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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19
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Conserved effect of aging on DNA methylation and association with EZH2 polycomb protein in mice and humans. Mech Ageing Dev 2017; 162:27-37. [PMID: 28249716 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2017.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In humans, DNA methylation at specific CpG sites can be used to estimate the 'epigenetic clock', a biomarker of aging and health. The mechanisms that regulate the aging epigenome and level of conservation are not entirely clear. We performed affinity-based enrichment with methyl-CpG binding domain protein followed by high-throughput sequencing (MBD-seq) to assay DNA methylation in mouse samples. Consistent with previous reports, aging is associated with increase in methylation at CpG islands that likely overlap regulatory regions of genes that have been implicated in cancers (e.g., C1ql3, Srd5a2 and Ptk7). The differentially methylated regions in mice have high sequence conservation in humans and the pattern of methylation is also largely conserved between the two species. Based on human ENCODE data, these sites are targeted by polycomb proteins, including EZH2. Chromatin immunoprecipitation confirmed that these regions interact with EZH2 in mice as well, and there may be reduction in EZH2 occupancy with age at C1ql3. This adds to the growing evidence that EZH2 is part of the protein machinery that shapes the aging epigenome. The conservation in both sequence and methylation patterns of the age-dependent CpGs indicate that the epigenetic clock is a fundamental feature of aging in mammals.
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20
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Yang Y, Hu S, Liu J, Cui Y, Fan Y, Lv T, Liu L, Li J, He Q, Han W, Yu W, Sun Y, Jin J. CD8+ T cells promote proliferation of benign prostatic hyperplasia epithelial cells under low androgen level via modulation of CCL5/STAT5/CCND1 signaling pathway. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42893. [PMID: 28216616 PMCID: PMC5316951 DOI: 10.1038/srep42893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies by our group have shown that low intra-prostatic dihydrotestosterone (DHT) induced BPH epithelial cells (BECs) to recruit CD8+ T cells. However, the influence of the recruited CD8+ T cells on BECs under a low androgen level is still unknown. Here, we found CD8+ T cells have the capacity to promote proliferation of BECs in low androgen condition. Mechanism dissection revealed that interaction between CD8+ T cells and BECs through secretion of CCL5 might promote the phosphorylation of STAT5 and a higher expression of CCND1 in BECs. Suppressed CCL5/STAT5 signals via CCL5 neutralizing antibody or STAT5 inhibitor Pimozide led to reverse CD8+ T cell-enhanced BECs proliferation. IHC analysis from Finasteride treated patients showed PCNA expression in BECs was highly correlated to the level of CD8+ T cell infiltration and the expression of CCL5. Consequently, our data indicated infiltrating CD8+ T cells could promote the proliferation of BECs in low androgen condition via modulation of CCL5/STAT5/CCND1 signaling. The increased secretion of CCL5 from the CD8+ T cells/BECs interaction might help BECs survive in a low DHT environment. Targeting these signals may provide a new potential therapeutic approach to better treat BPH patients who failed the therapy of 5α-reductase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital and Institute of Urology, Peking University, Beijing 100034, China.,National Research Center for Genitourinary Oncology, Beijing 100034, China.,Urogenital Diseases (male) Molecular Diagnosis and Treatment Center, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Shuai Hu
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital and Institute of Urology, Peking University, Beijing 100034, China.,National Research Center for Genitourinary Oncology, Beijing 100034, China.,Urogenital Diseases (male) Molecular Diagnosis and Treatment Center, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Urology, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi 276003, Shandong, China
| | - Yun Cui
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital and Institute of Urology, Peking University, Beijing 100034, China.,National Research Center for Genitourinary Oncology, Beijing 100034, China.,Urogenital Diseases (male) Molecular Diagnosis and Treatment Center, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Yu Fan
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital and Institute of Urology, Peking University, Beijing 100034, China.,National Research Center for Genitourinary Oncology, Beijing 100034, China.,Urogenital Diseases (male) Molecular Diagnosis and Treatment Center, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Tianjing Lv
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital and Institute of Urology, Peking University, Beijing 100034, China.,National Research Center for Genitourinary Oncology, Beijing 100034, China.,Urogenital Diseases (male) Molecular Diagnosis and Treatment Center, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Libo Liu
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital and Institute of Urology, Peking University, Beijing 100034, China.,National Research Center for Genitourinary Oncology, Beijing 100034, China.,Urogenital Diseases (male) Molecular Diagnosis and Treatment Center, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital and Institute of Urology, Peking University, Beijing 100034, China.,National Research Center for Genitourinary Oncology, Beijing 100034, China.,Urogenital Diseases (male) Molecular Diagnosis and Treatment Center, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Qun He
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital and Institute of Urology, Peking University, Beijing 100034, China.,National Research Center for Genitourinary Oncology, Beijing 100034, China.,Urogenital Diseases (male) Molecular Diagnosis and Treatment Center, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Wenke Han
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital and Institute of Urology, Peking University, Beijing 100034, China.,National Research Center for Genitourinary Oncology, Beijing 100034, China.,Urogenital Diseases (male) Molecular Diagnosis and Treatment Center, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Wei Yu
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital and Institute of Urology, Peking University, Beijing 100034, China.,National Research Center for Genitourinary Oncology, Beijing 100034, China.,Urogenital Diseases (male) Molecular Diagnosis and Treatment Center, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Yin Sun
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester 14642, NY, USA
| | - Jie Jin
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital and Institute of Urology, Peking University, Beijing 100034, China.,National Research Center for Genitourinary Oncology, Beijing 100034, China.,Urogenital Diseases (male) Molecular Diagnosis and Treatment Center, Beijing 100034, China
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21
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Influence of Age and Obesity on 5α-Reductase 2 Gene Expression. CURRENT BLADDER DYSFUNCTION REPORTS 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11884-016-0361-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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22
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Pournara A, Kippler M, Holmlund T, Ceder R, Grafström R, Vahter M, Broberg K, Wallberg AE. Arsenic alters global histone modifications in lymphocytes in vitro and in vivo. Cell Biol Toxicol 2016; 32:275-84. [PMID: 27165195 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-016-9334-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic, an established carcinogen and toxicant, occurs in drinking water and food and affects millions of people worldwide. Arsenic appears to interfere with gene expression through epigenetic processes, such as DNA methylation and post-translational histone modifications. We investigated the effects of arsenic on histone residues in vivo as well as in vitro. Analysis of H3K9Ac and H3K9me3 in CD4+ and CD8+ sorted blood cells from individuals exposed to arsenic through drinking water in the Argentinean Andes showed a significant decrease in global H3K9me3 in CD4+ cells, but not CD8+ cells, with increasing arsenic exposure. In vitro studies of inorganic arsenic-treated T lymphocytes (Jurkat and CCRF-CEM, 0.1, 1, and 100 μg/L) showed arsenic-related modifications of H3K9Ac and changes in the levels of the histone deacetylating enzyme HDAC2 at very low arsenic concentrations. Further, in vitro exposure of kidney HEK293 cells to arsenic (1 and 5 μM) altered the protein levels of PCNA and DNMT1, parts of a gene expression repressor complex, as well as MAML1. MAML1 co-localized and interacted with components of this complex in HEK293 cells, and in silico studies indicated that MAML1 expression correlate with HDAC2 and DNMT1 expression in kidney cells. In conclusion, our data suggest that arsenic exposure may lead to changes in the global levels of H3K9me3 and H3K9Ac in lymphocytes. Also, we show that arsenic exposure affects the expression of PCNA and DNMT1-proteins that are part of a gene expression silencing complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angeliki Pournara
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria Kippler
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Teresa Holmlund
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rebecca Ceder
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Roland Grafström
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marie Vahter
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karin Broberg
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Annika E Wallberg
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.
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23
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Heidegger I, Höfer J, Luger M, Pichler R, Klocker H, Horninger W, Steiner E, Jochberger S, Culig Z. Is Eotaxin-1 a serum and urinary biomarker for prostate cancer detection and recurrence? Prostate 2015; 75:1904-9. [PMID: 26306920 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES Eotaxin-1 (CCL11) is a protein expressed in various tissues influencing immunoregulatory processes by acting as selective eosinophil chemo-attractant. In prostate cancer (PCa), the expression and functional role of CCL11 have not been intensively investigated so far. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the diagnostic or prognostic potential of Eotaxin-1 in PCa patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS We analyzed serum from 140 patients who have undergone prostate biopsy due to elevated prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels as well as serum of 20 individuals with PSA levels < 1ng/ml (healthy control group). Moreover, 40 urine samples were analyzed. A custom-made Q-Plex array ELISA (Quansys Biosciences) for the detection of Eotaxin-1 was performed and Q-View Software used for quantification. In addition, clinical courses of patients documented in our Prostate Biobank database were analyzed. ROC and survival analyses were used to determine the diagnostic and prognostic power of Eotaxin-1 levels. RESULTS Serum Eotaxin-1 levels were significantly decreased in PCa (P = 0.006) as well as in benign prostate hyperplasia (P = 0.0006) compared to the control group. ROC analysis revealed that Eotaxin-1 is a significant marker to distinguish PCa from disease-free prostate. Moreover, we found that Eotaxin-1 expression is significantly decreased in Gleason score (GS) 6 (P = 0.0135) and GS 8 (P = 0.0057) patients compared to samples of healthy men, respectively. However, PCa aggressiveness was not predictable by Eotaxin-1 levels. In line with serum analyses, urine Eotaxin-1 was significantly decreased in patients with PCa compared to cancer-free individuals (P = 0.0185) but was not different between cancers of different GS. Patientś follow-up analyses showed no significant correlation between serum Eotaxin-1 levels and time to biochemical recurrence. Survival analyses also revealed no significant changes in progression-free survival among low (≤ 112.2 pg/ml) and high (> 112.2 pg/ml) Eotaxin-1 serum levels. CONCLUSION Although this study has not established a prognostic role of Eotaxin-1 in PCa patients, this chemokine may serve as a diagnostic marker to distinguish between disease-free prostate and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julia Höfer
- Department of Urology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Markus Luger
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Renate Pichler
- Department of Urology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Helmut Klocker
- Department of Urology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | | | - Stefan Jochberger
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Zoran Culig
- Department of Urology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
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24
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Differential Response to Medical Therapy for Male Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms. CURRENT BLADDER DYSFUNCTION REPORTS 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11884-015-0295-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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25
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Bechis SK, Otsetov AG, Ge R, Wang Z, Vangel MG, Wu CL, Tabatabaei S, Olumi AF. Age and Obesity Promote Methylation and Suppression of 5α-Reductase 2: Implications for Personalized Therapy of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia. J Urol 2015; 194:1031-7. [PMID: 25916673 DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2015.04.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE In men with symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia 5α-reductase inhibitors are a main modality of treatment. More than 30% of men do not respond to the therapeutic effects of 5α-reductase inhibitors. We have found that a third of adult prostate samples do not express 5α-reductase type 2 secondary to epigenetic modifications. We evaluated whether 5α-reductase type 2 expression in benign prostatic hyperplasia specimens from symptomatic men was linked to methylation of the 5α-reductase type 2 gene promoter. We also identified associations with age, obesity, cardiac risk factors and prostate specific antigen. MATERIALS AND METHODS Prostate samples from men undergoing transurethral prostate resection were used. We determined 5α-reductase type 2 protein expression and gene promoter methylation status by common assays. Clinical variables included age, body mass index, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, prostate specific antigen and prostate volume. Univariate and multivariate statistical analyses were performed followed by stepwise logistic regression modeling. RESULTS Body mass index and age significantly correlated with methylation of the 5α-reductase type 2 gene promoter (p <0.05) whereas prostate volume, prostate specific antigen or benign prostatic hyperplasia medication did not correlate. Methylation highly correlated with 5α-reductase protein expression (p <0.0001). In a predictive model increasing age and body mass index significantly predicted methylation status and protein expression (p <0.01). CONCLUSIONS Increasing age and body mass index correlate with increased 5α-reductase type 2 gene promoter methylation and decreased protein expression in men with symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia. These results highlight the interplay among age, obesity and gene regulation. Our findings suggest an individualized epigenetic signature for symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia, which may be important to choose appropriate personalized treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth K Bechis
- Department of Urology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Alexander G Otsetov
- Department of Urology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Rongbin Ge
- Department of Urology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Zongwei Wang
- Department of Urology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Mark G Vangel
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Biostatistics Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Chin-Lee Wu
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Shahin Tabatabaei
- Department of Urology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Aria F Olumi
- Department of Urology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
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26
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Isaacs JT. Lessons learned about prostatic transformation from the age-related methylation of 5α-reductase type 2 gene. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2015; 185:614-6. [PMID: 25700984 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2015.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Revised: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This commentary highlights the article by Ge et al, which proposes the use of methylation and expression of SRD5A2 as a gene signature to tailor therapies for prostatic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- John T Isaacs
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins and The Brady Urologic Institute, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
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